Neuropsychological stimulation of executive functions in children with typical development: A systematic review.

This systematic review aimed to characterize empirical studies on neuropsychological interventions to stimulate executive functions in children with typical development. Searches were conducted according to the PRISMA method. Nineteen (19) studies on the analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention programs in pre-school and school children were obtained. There was a predominance of studies that used computerized cognitive training, most of them involving the stimulation of working memory. Others used pen and paper forms, or hybrid tasks, and some programs used a school curriculum approach aiming to improve self-regulation. Results provide preliminary evidence on the effectiveness of such on the executive performance in children with typical development. Each executive component, as well as each type of intervention has its peculiarities. Computerized trainings and pen and paper tasks tend to improve the targeted executive functions, but transfer effects are still inconsistent. Regarding the effects of programs using school curriculum approach, they seem to be more generalizable, with functionality gains accomplishing mainly socio-emotional regulation. Multimodal approaches may be even more effective. Follow-up studies should be targeted in order to track the maintenance of direct and transfer effects regarding mainly cognitive and social development associated to school achievement.

Estilos parentais e a relação com traços de personalidade de crianças em idade escolar / Parenting styles and relationship with personality traits of school children

As relações entre os cuidadores e as crianças têm se mostrado fundamentais para o desenvolvimento infantil. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a relação entre estilos parentais (EP) com os traços de personalidade das crianças. Participaram 50 mães e seus filhos de 10 a 12 anos, de três escolas públicas. O questionário sociodemográfico e o Inventário de Estilos Parentais (IEP) foram respondidos pelas mães e o IEP e o Questionário de Personalidade Junior-Eysenck pelas crianças. Foi realizado o teste de normalidade Kolmogorov-Smirnova e após os dados mostrarem seguir distribuição normal, utilizou-se a análise de correlação de Pearson através do Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) com um nível de significância p ≤ 0,05. Houve divergência quanto à percepção das crianças em relação ao EP adotado pelas mães e da visão das mães sob seus estilos EP frente aos filhos. Associações significativas demonstraram a existência da relação entre os EP das mães e os traços de personalidade de seus filhos. A punição, disciplina relaxada, monitoria negativa, negligência e abuso se correlacionaram de forma positiva, com intensidade de fraca a moderada, principalmente com os traços de personalidade psicoticismo e neuroticismo.

Relationships between caregivers and children have been fundamental to child development. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between these parenting styles (EP) with the children's personality traits. Fifty mothers and their children aged 10 to 12 years, from three public schools participated. The sociodemographic questionnaire and the Parenting Styles Inventory (IEP) were answered by the mothers and the IEP and the Junior-Eysenck Personality Questionnaire by the children. The Kolmogorov-Smirnova normality test was performed and after the data showed to follow normal distribution, using a Pearson correlation analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) with a significance level p ≤ 0.05. There was disagreement regarding the children's perception of the EP adopted by the mothers and the mothers' view under their EP styles in relation to their children. Relevant associations demonstrated the existence of a relationship between the mothers' EPs and their children's personality traits. Punishment, relaxed discipline, negative monitoring, neglect and abuse were positively correlated, with weak to moderate intensity, mainly with personality traits, psychoticism and neuroticism.