Temperature-induced ordering of metal/adsorbate structures at electrochemical interfaces.

The influence of temperature changes in water-based electrolytes on the atomic structure at the electrochemical interface has been studied using in situ surface X-ray scattering (SXS) in combination with cyclic voltammetry. Results are presented for the potential-dependent surface reconstruction of Au(100), the adsorption and ordering of bromide anions on the Au(100) surface, and the adsorption and oxidation of CO on Pt(111) in pure HClO(4) and in the presence of anions. These systems represent a range of structural phenomena, namely metal surface restructuring and ordering transitions in both nonreactive spectator species and reactive adsorbate layers. The key effect of temperature appears to be in controlling the kinetics of the surface reactions that involve oxygenated species, such as hydroxyl adsorption and oxide formation. The results indicate that temperature effects should be considered in the determination of structure-function relationships in many important electrochemical systems.

Not Enough Time in the Day: A Qualitative Assessment of In-School Physical Activity Policy as Viewed by Administrators, Teachers, and Students.

BACKGROUND: In recent decades, the alignment of health and education has been at the forefront of school reform. Whereas the establishment of national in-school physical activity (ISPA) recommendations and state-level mandates demonstrates success, there has been less achievement in areas that address health disparities. The purpose of this investigation was to explore barriers and facilitators to implementing state-mandated ISPA policies in the Mississippi Delta. METHODS: Focus groups or interviews were conducted with district administrators, school principals, teachers, and students. A total of 2 semistructured moderator guides were developed to focus on (1) student ISPA practices and preferences and (2) facilitators and barriers to implementing ISPA policies and practices. RESULTS: A total of 6 themes were developed. In that, 2 themes addressed participant-described barriers (primary challenges and interferences and excuses). Three themes highlighted participant-described facilitators (compromises, things that work, and being active at school). Finally, 1 theme encompassed the participant-described need to address educating the whole child. CONCLUSIONS: There is a critical need for meaningful and relevant solutions to circumvent challenges to implementing ISPA policies and practices in the Mississippi Delta. The Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child model offers a broad means of visualizing rural, low-income, racially concentrated schools to circumvent challenges and foster ISPA policies and practices.

Recurrence of a non-seminomatous germ cell tumor in the seminal vesicle 20 years after initial diagnosis and treatment.

We present a case of a pathologic stage 1, right sided, non-seminomatous germ cell tumor recurrence in the left seminal vesicle, 20 years after initial diagnosis and treatment. The patient was treated with three salvage cycles of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatinum. At 24 months of follow-up after completion of chemotherapy, digital rectal and TRUS examinations revealed complete resolution of the lesion. We believe that this tumor is a late metastasis to the contralateral seminal vesicle.

From ultra-high vacuum to the electrochemical interface: x-ray scattering studies of model electrocatalysts.

In-situ surface X-ray scattering (SXS) has become a powerful probe of the atomic structure at the metal-electrolyte interface. In this paper we describe an experiment in which a Pt(111) sample is prepared under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions to have a p(2 x 2) oxygen layer adsorbed on the surface. The surface is then studied using SXS under UHV conditions before successive transfer to a bulk water environment and then to the electrochemical environment (0.1 M KOH solution) under an applied electrode potential. The Pt surface structure is examined in detail using crystal truncation rod (CTR) measurements under these different conditions. Finally, some suggestions for future experiments on alloy materials, using the same methodology, are proposed and discussed in relation to previous results.