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1.
Cell ; 185(5): 872-880.e3, 2022 03 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35123650

RESUMO

Although infections among vaccinated individuals lead to milder COVID-19 symptoms relative to those in unvaccinated subjects, the specificity and durability of antibody responses elicited by breakthrough cases remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that breakthrough infections induce serum-binding and -neutralizing antibody responses that are markedly more potent, durable, and resilient to spike mutations observed in variants than those in subjects who received only 2 doses of vaccine. However, we show that breakthrough cases, subjects who were vaccinated after infection, and individuals vaccinated three times have serum-neutralizing activity of comparable magnitude and breadth, indicating that an increased number of exposures to SARS-CoV-2 antigen(s) enhance the quality of antibody responses. Neutralization of SARS-CoV was moderate, however, underscoring the importance of developing vaccines eliciting broad sarbecovirus immunity for pandemic preparedness.

2.
Cell ; 185(13): 2279-2291.e17, 2022 06 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35700730

RESUMO

The isolation of CCoV-HuPn-2018 from a child respiratory swab indicates that more coronaviruses are spilling over to humans than previously appreciated. We determined the structures of the CCoV-HuPn-2018 spike glycoprotein trimer in two distinct conformational states and showed that its domain 0 recognizes sialosides. We identified that the CCoV-HuPn-2018 spike binds canine, feline, and porcine aminopeptidase N (APN) orthologs, which serve as entry receptors, and determined the structure of the receptor-binding B domain in complex with canine APN. The introduction of an oligosaccharide at position N739 of human APN renders cells susceptible to CCoV-HuPn-2018 spike-mediated entry, suggesting that single-nucleotide polymorphisms might account for viral detection in some individuals. Human polyclonal plasma antibodies elicited by HCoV-229E infection and a porcine coronavirus monoclonal antibody inhibit CCoV-HuPn-2018 spike-mediated entry, underscoring the cross-neutralizing activity among ɑ-coronaviruses. These data pave the way for vaccine and therapeutic development targeting this zoonotic pathogen representing the eighth human-infecting coronavirus.


Assuntos
Coronavirus Humano 229E , Infecções por Coronavirus , Coronavirus , Animais , Antígenos CD13/química , Antígenos CD13/metabolismo , Gatos , Linhagem Celular , Coronavirus/metabolismo , Coronavirus Humano 229E/metabolismo , Cães , Humanos , Receptores Virais/metabolismo , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Suínos
3.
Cell ; 184(12): 3086-3108, 2021 06 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34087172

RESUMO

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have revolutionized the treatment of several human diseases, including cancer and autoimmunity and inflammatory conditions, and represent a new frontier for the treatment of infectious diseases. In the last 20 years, innovative methods have allowed the rapid isolation of mAbs from convalescent subjects, humanized mice, or libraries assembled in vitro and have proven that mAbs can be effective countermeasures against emerging pathogens. During the past year, an unprecedentedly large number of mAbs have been developed to fight coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Lessons learned from this pandemic will pave the way for the development of more mAb-based therapeutics for other infectious diseases. Here, we provide an overview of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing mAbs, including their origin, specificity, structure, antiviral and immunological mechanisms of action, and resistance to circulating variants, as well as a snapshot of the clinical trials of approved or late-stage mAb therapeutics.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/química , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/imunologia , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/química , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/química , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Antivirais/química , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/uso terapêutico , COVID-19/patologia , COVID-19/virologia , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19
4.
Cell ; 184(9): 2332-2347.e16, 2021 04 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33761326

RESUMO

The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein contains an immunodominant receptor-binding domain (RBD) targeted by most neutralizing antibodies (Abs) in COVID-19 patient plasma. Little is known about neutralizing Abs binding to epitopes outside the RBD and their contribution to protection. Here, we describe 41 human monoclonal Abs (mAbs) derived from memory B cells, which recognize the SARS-CoV-2 S N-terminal domain (NTD) and show that a subset of them neutralize SARS-CoV-2 ultrapotently. We define an antigenic map of the SARS-CoV-2 NTD and identify a supersite (designated site i) recognized by all known NTD-specific neutralizing mAbs. These mAbs inhibit cell-to-cell fusion, activate effector functions, and protect Syrian hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 challenge, albeit selecting escape mutants in some animals. Indeed, several SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 lineages, harbor frequent mutations within the NTD supersite, suggesting ongoing selective pressure and the importance of NTD-specific neutralizing mAbs for protective immunity and vaccine design.


Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/química , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/virologia , Cricetinae , Mapeamento de Epitopos , Variação Genética , Modelos Moleculares , Mutação/genética , Testes de Neutralização , Domínios Proteicos , RNA Viral/genética , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , SARS-CoV-2/ultraestrutura
5.
Cell ; 184(21): 5432-5447.e16, 2021 10 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34619077

RESUMO

Understanding vaccine-elicited protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants and other sarbecoviruses is key for guiding public health policies. We show that a clinical stage multivalent SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain nanoparticle (RBD-NP) vaccine protects mice from SARS-CoV-2 challenge after a single immunization, indicating a potential dose-sparing strategy. We benchmarked serum neutralizing activity elicited by RBD-NPs in non-human primates against a lead prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike (HexaPro) using a panel of circulating mutants. Polyclonal antibodies elicited by both vaccines are similarly resilient to many RBD residue substitutions tested, although mutations at and surrounding position 484 have negative consequences for neutralization. Mosaic and cocktail nanoparticle immunogens displaying multiple sarbecovirus RBDs elicit broad neutralizing activity in mice and protect mice against SARS-CoV challenge even in the absence of SARS-CoV RBD in the vaccine. This study provides proof of principle that multivalent sarbecovirus RBD-NPs induce heterotypic protection and motivates advancing such broadly protective sarbecovirus vaccines to the clinic.

6.
Annu Rev Immunol ; 31: 705-42, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23330954

RESUMO

A fascinating aspect of viral evolution relates to the ability of viruses to escape the adaptive immune response. The widely held view has been that the great variability of viral glycoproteins would be an absolute obstacle to the development of antibody-based therapies or vaccines that could confer broad and long-lasting protection. In the past five years, new approaches have been developed to interrogate human memory B cells and plasma cells with high efficiency and to isolate several broadly neutralizing antiviral antibodies against highly variable pathogens such as HIV-1 and influenza virus. These antibodies not only provide new tools for prophylaxis and therapy for viral diseases but also identify conserved epitopes that may be used to design new vaccines capable of conferring broader protection.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/fisiologia , Testes de Neutralização/métodos , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Humanos , Imunização Passiva/métodos , Influenza Humana/imunologia , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/virologia , Terapia de Alvo Molecular/métodos
7.
Cell ; 183(4): 1024-1042.e21, 2020 11 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32991844

RESUMO

Analysis of the specificity and kinetics of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection is crucial for understanding immune protection and identifying targets for vaccine design. In a cohort of 647 SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects, we found that both the magnitude of Ab responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleoprotein and nAb titers correlate with clinical scores. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) is immunodominant and the target of 90% of the neutralizing activity present in SARS-CoV-2 immune sera. Whereas overall RBD-specific serum IgG titers waned with a half-life of 49 days, nAb titers and avidity increased over time for some individuals, consistent with affinity maturation. We structurally defined an RBD antigenic map and serologically quantified serum Abs specific for distinct RBD epitopes leading to the identification of two major receptor-binding motif antigenic sites. Our results explain the immunodominance of the receptor-binding motif and will guide the design of COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutics.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Mapeamento de Epitopos/métodos , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Anticorpos Monoclonais/química , Anticorpos Monoclonais/genética , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/química , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/química , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Reações Antígeno-Anticorpo , Betacoronavirus/imunologia , Betacoronavirus/isolamento & purificação , Betacoronavirus/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/patologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Epitopos/química , Epitopos/imunologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina A/sangue , Imunoglobulina A/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/imunologia , Cinética , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Pandemias , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/química , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Pneumonia Viral/patologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Ligação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos/imunologia , Estrutura Quaternária de Proteína , SARS-CoV-2 , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/química , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo
8.
Cell ; 176(5): 1026-1039.e15, 2019 02 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30712865

RESUMO

Recent outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome, along with the threat of a future coronavirus-mediated pandemic, underscore the importance of finding ways to combat these viruses. The trimeric spike transmembrane glycoprotein S mediates entry into host cells and is the major target of neutralizing antibodies. To understand the humoral immune response elicited upon natural infections with coronaviruses, we structurally characterized the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV S glycoproteins in complex with neutralizing antibodies isolated from human survivors. Although the two antibodies studied blocked attachment to the host cell receptor, only the anti-SARS-CoV S antibody triggered fusogenic conformational changes via receptor functional mimicry. These results provide a structural framework for understanding coronavirus neutralization by human antibodies and shed light on activation of coronavirus membrane fusion, which takes place through a receptor-driven ratcheting mechanism.


Assuntos
Coronavirus/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/ultraestrutura , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Chlorocebus aethiops , Coronavirus/metabolismo , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Imunidade Humoral/imunologia , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio/imunologia , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio/metabolismo , Mimetismo Molecular/imunologia , Ligação Proteica , Receptores Virais/metabolismo , Coronavírus Relacionado à Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/imunologia , Coronavírus Relacionado à Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave/metabolismo , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/fisiologia , Células Vero , Internalização do Vírus
9.
Cell ; 171(1): 229-241.e15, 2017 Sep 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28938115

RESUMO

Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, causes devastating congenital birth defects. We isolated a human monoclonal antibody (mAb), ZKA190, that potently cross-neutralizes multi-lineage ZIKV strains. ZKA190 is highly effective in vivo in preventing morbidity and mortality of ZIKV-infected mice. NMR and cryo-electron microscopy show its binding to an exposed epitope on DIII of the E protein. ZKA190 Fab binds all 180 E protein copies, altering the virus quaternary arrangement and surface curvature. However, ZIKV escape mutants emerged in vitro and in vivo in the presence of ZKA190, as well as of other neutralizing mAbs. To counter this problem, we developed a bispecific antibody (FIT-1) comprising ZKA190 and a second mAb specific for DII of E protein. In addition to retaining high in vitro and in vivo potencies, FIT-1 robustly prevented viral escape, warranting its development as a ZIKV immunotherapy.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Infecção por Zika virus/terapia , Zika virus/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Monoclonais/química , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/química , Anticorpos Antivirais/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Antivirais/química , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Epitopos , Humanos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Alinhamento de Sequência , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/química , Zika virus/imunologia
10.
Cell ; 184(17): 4593-4595, 2021 Aug 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34416148
11.
Cell ; 166(3): 596-608, 2016 Jul 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27453466

RESUMO

Influenza virus remains a threat because of its ability to evade vaccine-induced immune responses due to antigenic drift. Here, we describe the isolation, evolution, and structure of a broad-spectrum human monoclonal antibody (mAb), MEDI8852, effectively reacting with all influenza A hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes. MEDI8852 uses the heavy-chain VH6-1 gene and has higher potency and breadth when compared to other anti-stem antibodies. MEDI8852 is effective in mice and ferrets with a therapeutic window superior to that of oseltamivir. Crystallographic analysis of Fab alone or in complex with H5 or H7 HA proteins reveals that MEDI8852 binds through a coordinated movement of CDRs to a highly conserved epitope encompassing a hydrophobic groove in the fusion domain and a large portion of the fusion peptide, distinguishing it from other structurally characterized cross-reactive antibodies. The unprecedented breadth and potency of neutralization by MEDI8852 support its development as immunotherapy for influenza virus-infected humans.


Assuntos
Alphainfluenzavirus/imunologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Especificidade de Anticorpos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/química , Anticorpos Monoclonais/isolamento & purificação , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/química , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/isolamento & purificação , Anticorpos Antivirais/química , Anticorpos Antivirais/isolamento & purificação , Sítios de Ligação de Anticorpos , Cristalografia por Raios X , Epitopos/imunologia , Furões , Humanos , Vacinas contra Influenza , Camundongos , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/prevenção & controle , Conformação Proteica
13.
Cell ; 161(6): 1280-92, 2015 Jun 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26004070

RESUMO

The site on the HIV-1 gp120 glycoprotein that binds the CD4 receptor is recognized by broadly reactive antibodies, several of which neutralize over 90% of HIV-1 strains. To understand how antibodies achieve such neutralization, we isolated CD4-binding-site (CD4bs) antibodies and analyzed 16 co-crystal structures -8 determined here- of CD4bs antibodies from 14 donors. The 16 antibodies segregated by recognition mode and developmental ontogeny into two types: CDR H3-dominated and VH-gene-restricted. Both could achieve greater than 80% neutralization breadth, and both could develop in the same donor. Although paratope chemistries differed, all 16 gp120-CD4bs antibody complexes showed geometric similarity, with antibody-neutralization breadth correlating with antibody-angle of approach relative to the most effective antibody of each type. The repertoire for effective recognition of the CD4 supersite thus comprises antibodies with distinct paratopes arrayed about two optimal geometric orientations, one achieved by CDR H3 ontogenies and the other achieved by VH-gene-restricted ontogenies.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes/química , Anticorpos Antivirais/química , Proteína gp120 do Envelope de HIV/química , Proteína gp120 do Envelope de HIV/metabolismo , HIV-1/fisiologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/metabolismo , Anticorpos Antivirais/metabolismo , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Antígenos CD4/metabolismo , Regiões Determinantes de Complementaridade , Epitopos de Linfócito B , Proteína gp120 do Envelope de HIV/imunologia , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Alinhamento de Sequência
14.
Nature ; 618(7965): 590-597, 2023 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37258672

RESUMO

Rapidly evolving influenza A viruses (IAVs) and influenza B viruses (IBVs) are major causes of recurrent lower respiratory tract infections. Current influenza vaccines elicit antibodies predominantly to the highly variable head region of haemagglutinin and their effectiveness is limited by viral drift1 and suboptimal immune responses2. Here we describe a neuraminidase-targeting monoclonal antibody, FNI9, that potently inhibits the enzymatic activity of all group 1 and group 2 IAVs, as well as Victoria/2/87-like, Yamagata/16/88-like and ancestral IBVs. FNI9 broadly neutralizes seasonal IAVs and IBVs, including the immune-evading H3N2 strains bearing an N-glycan at position 245, and shows synergistic activity when combined with anti-haemagglutinin stem-directed antibodies. Structural analysis reveals that D107 in the FNI9 heavy chain complementarity-determinant region 3 mimics the interaction of the sialic acid carboxyl group with the three highly conserved arginine residues (R118, R292 and R371) of the neuraminidase catalytic site. FNI9 demonstrates potent prophylactic activity against lethal IAV and IBV infections in mice. The unprecedented breadth and potency of the FNI9 monoclonal antibody supports its development for the prevention of influenza illness by seasonal and pandemic viruses.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais , Especificidade de Anticorpos , Vírus da Influenza A , Vírus da Influenza B , Vacinas contra Influenza , Influenza Humana , Mimetismo Molecular , Neuraminidase , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Anticorpos Monoclonais/química , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Antivirais/química , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Especificidade de Anticorpos/imunologia , Arginina/química , Domínio Catalítico , Hemaglutininas Virais/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A/classificação , Vírus da Influenza A/enzimologia , Vírus da Influenza A/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/enzimologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza B/classificação , Vírus da Influenza B/enzimologia , Vírus da Influenza B/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/química , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/uso terapêutico , Influenza Humana/imunologia , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Neuraminidase/antagonistas & inibidores , Neuraminidase/química , Neuraminidase/imunologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/prevenção & controle , Estações do Ano , Ácidos Siálicos/química
15.
Nature ; 612(7941): 748-757, 2022 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36477529

RESUMO

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and several bat coronaviruses use dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) as an entry receptor1-4. However, the receptor for NeoCoV-the closest known MERS-CoV relative found in bats-remains unclear5. Here, using a pseudotype virus entry assay, we found that NeoCoV and its close relative, PDF-2180, can efficiently bind to and use specific bat angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) orthologues and, less favourably, human ACE2 as entry receptors through their receptor-binding domains (RBDs) on the spike (S) proteins. Cryo-electron microscopy analysis revealed an RBD-ACE2 binding interface involving protein-glycan interactions, distinct from those of other known ACE2-using coronaviruses. We identified residues 337-342 of human ACE2 as a molecular determinant restricting NeoCoV entry, whereas a NeoCoV S pseudotyped virus containing a T510F RBD mutation efficiently entered cells expressing human ACE2. Although polyclonal SARS-CoV-2 antibodies or MERS-CoV RBD-specific nanobodies did not cross-neutralize NeoCoV or PDF-2180, an ACE2-specific antibody and two broadly neutralizing betacoronavirus antibodies efficiently inhibited these two pseudotyped viruses. We describe MERS-CoV-related viruses that use ACE2 as an entry receptor, underscoring a promiscuity of receptor use and a potential zoonotic threat.


Assuntos
Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Quirópteros , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio , Receptores Virais , Internalização do Vírus , Animais , Humanos , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Quirópteros/metabolismo , Quirópteros/virologia , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio/classificação , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio/isolamento & purificação , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Receptores Virais/metabolismo , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/química , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Dipeptidil Peptidase 4/metabolismo , Zoonoses Virais
16.
Nature ; 603(7902): 706-714, 2022 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35104837

RESUMO

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 variant emerged in 20211 and has multiple mutations in its spike protein2. Here we show that the spike protein of Omicron has a higher affinity for ACE2 compared with Delta, and a marked change in its antigenicity increases Omicron's evasion of therapeutic monoclonal and vaccine-elicited polyclonal neutralizing antibodies after two doses. mRNA vaccination as a third vaccine dose rescues and broadens neutralization. Importantly, the antiviral drugs remdesivir and molnupiravir retain efficacy against Omicron BA.1. Replication was similar for Omicron and Delta virus isolates in human nasal epithelial cultures. However, in lung cells and gut cells, Omicron demonstrated lower replication. Omicron spike protein was less efficiently cleaved compared with Delta. The differences in replication were mapped to the entry efficiency of the virus on the basis of spike-pseudotyped virus assays. The defect in entry of Omicron pseudotyped virus to specific cell types effectively correlated with higher cellular RNA expression of TMPRSS2, and deletion of TMPRSS2 affected Delta entry to a greater extent than Omicron. Furthermore, drug inhibitors targeting specific entry pathways3 demonstrated that the Omicron spike inefficiently uses the cellular protease TMPRSS2, which promotes cell entry through plasma membrane fusion, with greater dependency on cell entry through the endocytic pathway. Consistent with suboptimal S1/S2 cleavage and inability to use TMPRSS2, syncytium formation by the Omicron spike was substantially impaired compared with the Delta spike. The less efficient spike cleavage of Omicron at S1/S2 is associated with a shift in cellular tropism away from TMPRSS2-expressing cells, with implications for altered pathogenesis.


Assuntos
COVID-19/patologia , COVID-19/virologia , Fusão de Membrana , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Internalização do Vírus , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Linhagem Celular , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/virologia , Chlorocebus aethiops , Convalescença , Feminino , Humanos , Soros Imunes/imunologia , Intestinos/patologia , Intestinos/virologia , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/virologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Mucosa Nasal/patologia , Mucosa Nasal/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultura de Tecidos , Virulência , Replicação Viral
17.
Nature ; 596(7873): 495-504, 2021 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34237771

RESUMO

There is a realistic expectation that the global effort in vaccination will bring the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) under control. Nonetheless, uncertainties remain about the type of long-term association that the virus will establish with the human population and, in particular, whether coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) will become an endemic disease. Although the trajectory is difficult to predict, the conditions, concepts and variables that influence this transition can be anticipated. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 as an endemic virus, perhaps with seasonal epidemic peaks, may be fuelled by pockets of susceptible individuals and waning immunity after infection or vaccination, changes in the virus through antigenic drift that diminish protection and re-entries from zoonotic reservoirs. Here we review relevant observations from previous epidemics and discuss the potential evolution of SARS-CoV-2 as it adapts during persistent transmission in the presence of a level of population immunity. Lack of effective surveillance or adequate response could enable the emergence of new epidemic or pandemic patterns from an endemic infection of SARS-CoV-2. There are key pieces of data that are urgently needed in order to make good decisions; we outline these and propose a way forward.


Assuntos
COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/virologia , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , Animais , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/transmissão , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/provisão & distribuição , Evolução Molecular , Humanos , Evasão da Resposta Imune , Programas de Imunização , Influenza Humana/imunologia , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Fatores de Tempo
18.
Nature ; 595(7869): 707-712, 2021 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34098568

RESUMO

Following its emergence in late 2019, the spread of SARS-CoV-21,2 has been tracked by phylogenetic analysis of viral genome sequences in unprecedented detail3-5. Although the virus spread globally in early 2020 before borders closed, intercontinental travel has since been greatly reduced. However, travel within Europe resumed in the summer of 2020. Here we report on a SARS-CoV-2 variant, 20E (EU1), that was identified in Spain in early summer 2020 and subsequently spread across Europe. We find no evidence that this variant has increased transmissibility, but instead demonstrate how rising incidence in Spain, resumption of travel, and lack of effective screening and containment may explain the variant's success. Despite travel restrictions, we estimate that 20E (EU1) was introduced hundreds of times to European countries by summertime travellers, which is likely to have undermined local efforts to minimize infection with SARS-CoV-2. Our results illustrate how a variant can rapidly become dominant even in the absence of a substantial transmission advantage in favourable epidemiological settings. Genomic surveillance is critical for understanding how travel can affect transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and thus for informing future containment strategies as travel resumes.


Assuntos
COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Estações do Ano , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Genótipo , Humanos , Filogenia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Fatores de Tempo , Viagem/legislação & jurisprudência , Viagem/estatística & dados numéricos
19.
Nature ; 598(7880): 342-347, 2021 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34464958

RESUMO

SARS-CoV-2 infection-which involves both cell attachment and membrane fusion-relies on the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is paradoxically found at low levels in the respiratory tract1-3, suggesting that there may be additional mechanisms facilitating infection. Here we show that C-type lectin receptors, DC-SIGN, L-SIGN and the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 1 (SIGLEC1) function as attachment receptors by enhancing ACE2-mediated infection and modulating the neutralizing activity of different classes of spike-specific antibodies. Antibodies to the amino-terminal domain or to the conserved site at the base of the receptor-binding domain, while poorly neutralizing infection of ACE2-overexpressing cells, effectively block lectin-facilitated infection. Conversely, antibodies to the receptor binding motif, while potently neutralizing infection of ACE2-overexpressing cells, poorly neutralize infection of cells expressing DC-SIGN or L-SIGN and trigger fusogenic rearrangement of the spike, promoting cell-to-cell fusion. Collectively, these findings identify a lectin-dependent pathway that enhances ACE2-dependent infection by SARS-CoV-2 and reveal distinct mechanisms of neutralization by different classes of spike-specific antibodies.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Lectinas/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Animais , Moléculas de Adesão Celular/metabolismo , Fusão Celular , Linhagem Celular , Cricetinae , Feminino , Humanos , Lectinas/imunologia , Lectinas Tipo C/metabolismo , Fusão de Membrana , Receptores de Superfície Celular/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Lectina 1 Semelhante a Ig de Ligação ao Ácido Siálico/metabolismo , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo
20.
Nature ; 593(7857): 136-141, 2021 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33706364

RESUMO

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is uncontrolled in many parts of the world; control is compounded in some areas by the higher transmission potential of the B.1.1.7 variant1, which has now been reported in 94 countries. It is unclear whether the response of the virus to vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 on the basis of the prototypic strain will be affected by the mutations found in B.1.1.7. Here we assess the immune responses of individuals after vaccination with the mRNA-based vaccine BNT162b22. We measured neutralizing antibody responses after the first and second immunizations using pseudoviruses that expressed the wild-type spike protein or a mutated spike protein that contained the eight amino acid changes found in the B.1.1.7 variant. The sera from individuals who received the vaccine exhibited a broad range of neutralizing titres against the wild-type pseudoviruses that were modestly reduced against the B.1.1.7 variant. This reduction was also evident in sera from some patients who had recovered from COVID-19. Decreased neutralization of the B.1.1.7 variant was also observed for monoclonal antibodies that target the N-terminal domain (9 out of 10) and the receptor-binding motif (5 out of 31), but not for monoclonal antibodies that recognize the receptor-binding domain that bind outside the receptor-binding motif. Introduction of the mutation that encodes the E484K substitution in the B.1.1.7 background to reflect a newly emerged variant of concern (VOC 202102/02) led to a more-substantial loss of neutralizing activity by vaccine-elicited antibodies and monoclonal antibodies (19 out of 31) compared with the loss of neutralizing activity conferred by the mutations in B.1.1.7 alone. The emergence of the E484K substitution in a B.1.1.7 background represents a threat to the efficacy of the BNT162b2 vaccine.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/terapia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/isolamento & purificação , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/isolamento & purificação , Anticorpos Antivirais/isolamento & purificação , COVID-19/metabolismo , COVID-19/virologia , Feminino , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Evasão da Resposta Imune/genética , Evasão da Resposta Imune/imunologia , Imunização Passiva , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Moleculares , Mutação , Testes de Neutralização , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/química , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Vacinas Sintéticas/administração & dosagem , Soroterapia para COVID-19 , Vacinas de mRNA
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