Antimicrobial activity of denture adhesive associated with Equisetum giganteum- and Punica granatum-enriched fractions against Candida albicans biofilms on acrylic resin surfaces.

Candida biofilms adhere to the internal surface of removable dentures, which is an etiological factor in the pathogenesis of denture stomatitis (DS). Adhesive materials are used at the base of maxillary complete dentures to improve their retention and chewing qualities. This article reports the antimicrobial activity of the enriched fractions of Equisetum giganteum and Punica granatum incorporated into a denture adhesive against C. albicans biofilm. The biofilms were induced on the surface of heat-cured acrylic resin specimens that were previously treated with a mixture of adhesive/herb extracts. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by CFU counts, XTT reduction, and SEM and CLSM analysis. Both herb extracts amplified the anti-biofilm action of the adhesive on the acrylic resin by up to 12 h. Therefore, when these extracts were combined with COREGA®, they played a collaborative and innovative role in biofilm control and can be considered alternatives for temporary use in the treatment and/or prevention of DS.

[Children's chronic disease:family needs and their relationship with the family health strategy]. / Doença crônica da criança: necessidades familiares e a relação com a estratégia saúde da família.

The purpose of this study was to learn the perception that families of children with a chronic disease make of their relationships with the Family Health Unit (FHU). This qualitative study was performed using symbolic interactionism as the theoretical ground and narrative inquiry as the method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with seven families of children with chronic disease, enrolled in the FHU of a region with high social vulnerability, in Sdo Paulo state, Brazil. Results showed that the family's relationship with the FHU is influenced by elements from their experience and trajectory, and that their experience as a family of a child with a chronic disease is strongly marked by their relationship with the health care services. This has great influence on the responses of the family, thus requiring a systematic and committed engagement of the health system in relieving their suffering, beyond merely treating the disease.

[Continued care for families of children with chronic diseases: perceptions of Family Health Program teams]. / Acompanhamento de famílias de crianças com doença crônica: percepção da equipe de Saúde da Família.

The objective of this study is to characterize how the Family Health Strategy teams in Brazil perceive their role to provide continued care to families of children with chronic diseases. This was a qualitative study that used symbolic interactionism as its theoretical framework, with content analysis for thematic categorical analysis. Focus groups with three Family Health Strategy teams were used for data collection, with a total of 32 study participants. The results were organized into three thematic categories: 1) singularities of families that live with children with chronic diseases; 2) team, family and Family Health Strategy; and 3) limitations of care . The teams' perception is that the design of the Family Health Strategy encourages access to the family experience, allowing the recognition of its specificities. Further, the data reveal team limitations regarding their capacity to provide care, and the need for investments in articulation with different social services, sectors, and equipment.

A RT-PCR method for selective amplification and phenotypic characterization of all three serotypes of Sabin-related polioviruses from viral mixtures.

Outbreaks caused by vaccine-derived polioviruses are challenging the final eradication of paralytic poliomyelitis. Therefore, the surveillance of the acute flaccid paralysis cases based on poliovirus isolation and characterization remains an essential activity. Due to the use of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), mixtures containing more than one serotype of Sabin-related polioviruses are frequently isolated from clinical samples. Because each poliovirus isolate needs to be individually analyzed, we designed polymerase chain reaction primers that can selectively distinguish and amplify a genomic segment of the three Sabin-related poliovirus serotypes present in mixtures, thus, optimizing the diagnosis and providing prompt information to support epidemiologic actions.

Genetic diversity of Echovirus 30 involved in aseptic meningitis cases in Brazil (1998-2008).

Aseptic meningitis is one of the most common neurological disorders caused by enteroviruses. Among them, Echovirus 30 (E30) is described as the main etiological agent of many outbreaks and sporadic cases. This study investigated the genomic variability of E30 isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of aseptic meningitis cases that occurred from 1998 to 2008 in Brazil. Over a 10-year period (1998-2008), 302 non-polio enteroviruses were isolated, of which 177 were identified as E30 (58.6%). Phylogenetic analysis of the complete VP1 gene (876 nt) of 48 E30 isolates was performed and compared with additional Brazilian and foreign strains. E30 VP1 sequences segregated into three distinct major groups and seven subgroups, which were linked to the isolation year. In general, sequence divergence among E30 strains ranged from 0.2% to 13.8%. A common direct ancestor for this set of E30 strains was not defined. Brazilian isolates from Group I were related genetically to a 1997 USA isolate and both may have a common origin. Group III representatives showed close relationship to the 2007 Argentinean isolates. The present results complement existing data on the molecular characterization and genetic variability of E30 and may contribute to the understanding of the epidemiology of aseptic meningitis in the region.

Serologic evidence of the recent circulation of Saint Louis encephalitis virus and high prevalence of equine encephalitis viruses in horses in the Nhecolândia sub-region in South Pantanal, Central-West Brazil.

As in humans, sub-clinical infection by arboviruses in domestic animals is common; however, its detection only occurs during epizootics and the silent circulation of some arboviruses may remain undetected. The objective of the present paper was to assess the current circulation of arboviruses in the Nhecolândia sub-region of South Pantanal, Brazil. Sera from a total of 135 horses, of which 75 were immunized with bivalent vaccine composed of inactive Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) and Western equine encephalitis virus(WEEV) and 60 were unvaccinated, were submitted to thorough viral isolation, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and neutralization tests for Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), EEEV, WEEV and Mayaro virus (MAYV). No virus was isolated and viral nucleic-acid detection by RT-PCR was also negative. Nevertheless, the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies in horses older than seven months was 43.7% for SLEV in equines regardless of vaccine status, and 36.4% for WEEV and 47.7% for EEEV in unvaccinated horses. There was no evidence of MAYV infections. The serologic evidence of circulation of arboviruses responsible for equine and human encephalitis, without recent official reports of clinical infections in the area, suggests that the Nhecolândia sub-region in South Pantanal is an important area for detection of silent activity of arboviruses in Brazil.

Molecular characterization and epidemiological aspects of non-polio enteroviruses isolated from acute flaccid paralysis in Brazil: a historical series (2005-2017).

Due to the advanced stage of polio eradication, the possible role of non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) associated to acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases has been highlighted. In this study, we described epidemiological aspects of NPEVs infections associated to AFP and explore the viral genetic diversity, information still scarce in Brazil. From 2005 to 2017, 6707 stool samples were collected in the scope of the Brazilian Poliomyelitis Surveillance Program. NPEVs were isolated in 359 samples (5.3%) and 341 (94.9%) were genotyped. About 46 different NPEV types were identified with the following detection pattern EV-B > EV-A > EV-C. The major EV-types were CVA2, CV4, EV-A71, CVB3, CVB5, E6, E7, E11, CVA13 and EV-C99, which corresponds to 51.6% of the total. Uncommon types, such as CVA12, EV-90 and CVA11, were also identified. Different E6 genogroups were observed, prevailing the GenIII, despite periods of co-circulation, and replacement of genogroups along time. CVA2 sequences were classified as genotype C and data suggested its dispersion in South-American countries. CVA13 viruses belonged to cluster B and Venezuelan viruses composed a new putative cluster. This study provides extensive information on enterovirus diversity associated with AFP, reinforcing the need of tailoring current surveillance strategies to timely monitor emergence/re-emergence of NPEVs.

Identification and Phylogenetic Characterization of Human Enteroviruses Isolated from Cases of Aseptic Meningitis in Brazil, 2013-2017.

Aseptic meningitis is a common viral infection associated with human enteroviruses. The aim of the present study was to identify and characterize the enteroviruses associated with outbreaks and sporadic cases of aseptic meningitis that occurred in different regions of Brazil between 2013 and 2017. Cerebrospinal fluids obtained from patients admitted to public health facilities were analyzed. A total of 303 patients were positive for Human Enteroviruses (EV) by cell culture isolation with a median isolation rate throughout the year of 12%. We were able to identify enterovirus serotypes in 295 clinical specimens. Nineteen different serotypes were identified; the large majority corresponded to HEV-B species. Echovirus 30 (E-30) and Echovirus 6 (E-6) were the most prevalent genotypes (66.8%). Sequence analysis suggested that circulating E-30 was closely related to E-30 from other American countries; while E-6 was derived from Europe. Most of the patients consisted of children ≤ 15 years old. The temporal distribution of all aseptic meningitis and EV-positive cases showed an obvious seasonal pattern during autumn. Our results have provided valuable information about the enteroviral etiology of the aseptic meningitis cases in Brazil pointing to the importance of enterovirus surveillance in neurological diseases.

Phylogenetic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus type O re-emerging in free areas of South America.

The nucleotide sequences of the complete VP(1)-coding region of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV), type O, isolated during the recent emergencies of the disease in free areas of South America (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, October 2005, and Corrientes, Argentina, February 2006), were determined. Also established were the complete VP(1)-coding sequences of viruses occurring in neighbouring locations between the years 2000 and 2003. A phylogenetic analysis was performed based on comparison with continental relevant field and vaccine strains, as well as with extra-continental representative viruses. The results show that the emergencies in Argentina and Brazil were caused by viruses presenting 93% genetic relatedness. Both variants are endogenous to South America, as they were placed within the Europe-South America topotype. When compared with the continental viruses available for the phylogenetic studies, they show the closest relationship with viruses responsible for previous emergencies in neighbouring free areas, or for sporadic outbreaks in the adjacent places with advanced eradication stages, presenting similarity values of at least 90% among them, and clustering together in a unique lineage. This lineage represents the only one sporadically appearing in the Southern Cone and differs from those including viruses presently circulating in the Andean region, reflecting the different livestock circuits and epidemiological scenarios.

Genetic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates recovered from persistently infected water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

Genetic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) isolates, serotype O, recovered serially over a 1-year period from persistently infected buffalos was assessed. The persistent state was established experimentally with plaque-purified FMDV, strain O(1)Campos, in five buffalos (Bubalus bubalis). Viral isolates collected from esophageal-pharyngeal (EP) fluids for up to 71 weeks after infection were analyzed at different times by nucleotide sequencing and T(1) RNase oligonucleotide fingerprinting to assess variability in the VP1-coding region and in the complete genome, respectively. Genetic variation increased, although irregularly, with time after infection. The highest values observed for the VP1-coding region and for the whole genome were 2.5% and 1.8%, respectively. High rates of fixation of mutations were observed using both methodologies, reaching values of 0.65 substitutions per nucleotide per year (s/nt/y) and 0.44s/nt/y for nucleotide sequencing and oligonucleotide fingerprinting, respectively, when selected samples recovered at close time periods were analyzed. The data herein indicate that complex mixtures of genotypes may arise during FMDV type O persistent infection in water buffalos, which can act as viral reservoirs and also represent a potential source of viral variants. These results fit within the quasi-species dynamics described for FMDV, in which viral populations are constituted by related, non-identical genomes that evolve independently from each other, and may predominate at a given time.

Identidades, Identificações e Classificações Raciais no Brasil: O Pardo e as Ações Afirmativas / Identities, identifications and racial classifications: the 'mixed race' and affirmative actions / Identidades Raciales, Identificaciones y Clasificaciones: "Mestizos"* y Acciones Afirmativas

Este artigo tem como propósito colaborar com a discussão sobre identidades raciais no campo da psicologia e das políticas de ações afirmativas. Para tal, fizemos uma breve discussão histórico-conceitual sobre classificações raciais brasileiras, formações de identidades raciais e identificações raciais, pois, por meio destes conceitos, pretendemos pensar o lugar do mestiço na constituição de sujeitos fenotipicamente negros e brancos. Escolhemos trazer à baila essa discussão por duas razões. A primeira refere-se ao fato de que, no Brasil, o mestiço representa uma identidade racial complexa, muitas vezes confusa, difusa, negada e afirmada. Essa temática relaciona-se a uma das dimensões mais emblemáticas do racismo à brasileira, especialmente porque dentro desse grupo há variações entre o mestiço com características nitidamente brancas e o mestiço fenotipicamente negro. A segunda e principal razão concerne ao fato de que esse tema é fundamental para que possamos compreender como essa posição intermediária se insere no debate das políticas de ações afirmativas no contexto social brasileiro contemporâneo.

This essay aims to collaborate with the discussion of racial identities within the field of psychology and affirmative action policies. To this end, we made a brief historical-conceptual discussion on Brazilian racial classifications, racial identity formations, as well as racial identifications, because, through these concepts, we intend to think of the pardo's standpoint in the constitution of phenotypically black and white 'mestizo' subjects. We have established this discussion for two main reasons. The first reason refers to the fact that, in Brazil, the pardo represents a complex racial identity, often perceived as confusing, diffuse, both denied and affirmed. This theme relates to one of the most iconic dimensions of Brazilian racism, especially since within this group there are variations between the pardo with notably white features and the pardo phenotypically read as black. The second and foremost reason concerns the fact that this theme is keystone in order to understand the manner in which this intermediate standpoint connects to the affirmative action policies debate in the contemporary Brazilian social context.

Este ensayo tiene como objetivo contribuir a la discusión de las identidades raciales en el campo de la psicología y las políticas de acción afirmativa. Con este fin, hicimos una breve discusión histórico-conceptual sobre las clasificaciones raciales brasileñas, las formaciones de identidad racial y las identificaciones raciales, porque a través de estos conceptos pretendemos pensar en el lugar del "pardo" en la constitución de los sujetos mestizos fenotípicamente negros y blancos. Elegimos plantear esta discusión por dos razones. El primero se refiere al hecho de que, en Brasil, el marrón representa una identidad racial compleja, a menudo confundida, difusa, negada y afirmada. Este tema está relacionado con una de las dimensiones más emblemáticas del racismo al estilo brasileño, especialmente dado que dentro de este grupo hay variaciones entre el claramente blanco y el "pardo" fenotípicamente negro. La segunda y principal razón se refiere al hecho de que este tema es fundamental para que comprendamos cómo esta posición intermedia encaja en el debate de las políticas de acción afirmativa en el contexto social brasileño contemporáneo.

Acute flaccid paralysis laboratorial surveillance in a polio-free country: Brazil, 2005-2014.

The last case of paralytic poliomyelitis caused by wild poliovirus in Brazil occurred in 1989. The interruption of the indigenous poliovirus transmission was obtained through mass immunization campaigns to eligible children and an active epidemiological and laboratorial surveillance of all cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) among children under 15 y of age. This paper describes and evaluates the performance of the AFP surveillance system in different geographic areas of Brazil between 2005 and 2014, using indicators recommended by WHO. AFP surveillance indicators as well as virological investigation of polio and non-polio enteroviruses in stool samples received in the laboratory were assessed from 2005-2014. During the period, 5463 cases of AFP were investigated. Of these, 55% were males and 45% were females. Those under 5 y of age represented 48% of all cases reported and investigated. AFP notification rate was within the acceptable values with mean value of 1.3 (North), 1.4 (Northeast), 1.1 (Southern), 1.0 (Southeast) and 1.4 (Midwest) cases of AFP per 100.000 population aged 15 y as well as the adequacy of fecal specimens received in the laboratory. Sabin- related polioviruses accounted for 1.7% of the isolates while, 6.7% were non-polio enterovirus with the values ranging from 5.0% to 8.9 %. No wild-type polio was found. The AFP epidemiological and laboratorial surveillance activities have been kept at appropriate levels in Brazil. These data are a very strong indication, which supports the status of country free of polio.

Environmental Surveillance of Polioviruses in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in Support to the Activities of Global Polio Eradication Initiative.

Wild polioviruses still remain endemic in three countries (Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria) and re-emergency of wild polio has been reported in previously polio-free countries. Environmental surveillance has been used as a supplementary tool in monitoring the circulation of wild poliovirus (PVs) and/or vaccine-derived PVs even in the absence of acute flaccid paralysis cases. This study aimed to monitor the presence of polioviruses in wastewater samples collected at one wastewater treatment plant located in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. From December 2011 to June 2012 and from September to December 2012, 31 samples were collected and processed. RD and L20B cell cultures were able to isolate PVs and non-polio enteroviruses in 27/31 samples. Polioviruses were isolated in eight samples (type 1 Sabin = 1, type 2 Sabin = 5, and type 3 Sabin = 2). Vaccine-derived polioviruses were not detected nor evidence of recombination with other PVs or non-polio enterovirus serotypes were observed among the isolates. The Sabin-related serotypes 2 and 3 presented nucleotide substitutions in positions associated with the neurovirulent phenotype at the 5'-UTR. Changes in important Amino acid residues at VP1 were also observed in the serotypes 2 and 3. Environmental surveillance has been used successfully in monitoring the circulation of PVs and non-polio enteroviruses and it is of crucial importance in the final stages of the WHO global polio eradication initiative. Our results show the continuous circulation of Sabin-like PVs and non-polio enteroviruses in the analyzed area during the study period.

RT-PCR based analysis of cell culture negative stools samples from poliomyelitis suspected cases.

BACKGROUND: Routine diagnosis of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is still based on classical virological procedures. Several serotypes of enterovirus which possess the potential to cause neurological disorders are not easily isolated in the cell culture systems used for the AFP diagnosis. OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to look into the presence of enterovirus genomes in fecal suspensions previously considered negative by cell culture procedures, using RT-PCR. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred and seventy-three fecal samples collected from AFP cases and contacts occurring in Brazil, Peru and Bolivia and tested negative regarding viral isolation, after inoculation in the cell lines RD and Hep2C, were analyzed by RT-PCR using a pair of primers which specifically detects enterovirus genome RNA's. RESULTS: Twenty-six samples (15%) showed amplicons compatible with those observed for enterovirus RNA amplification. The identity of these amplicons were confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. By using RT-PCR directly in the fecal suspensions we were able to detect enterovirus RNA's in twenty-six additional samples. These samples would be considered as negative if only the standard cell-culture-based methodology had been utilized. No polioviruses were detected among the positive samples.

Characterization of species B adenoviruses isolated from fecal specimens taken from poliomyelitis-suspected cases.

BACKGROUND: Human adenoviruses are classified into six species, A-F, and 51 serotypes are recognized. Adenoviruses can cause a broad range of diseases. Serotypes 3, 7 and 21 are most commonly associated with CNS disease. Serotype 21 (specie B) was isolated from brain tissue and CSF of patients with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in Malaysia. OBJECTIVES: Characterize, by molecular methods, species B adenoviruses isolated from poliomyelitis-suspected cases and investigate the possible etiological role of adenoviruses in acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). STUDY DESIGN: 622 virus isolates, including Sabin-related polioviruses, non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) and adenoviruses, were recovered from fecal specimens in our laboratory during the period of 1997-2002 from AFP cases occurring in Brazil, Peru and Bolivia. Negative controls consisted of 528 fecal specimens collected from healthy children <==5 of age. Of these, 478 were contacts of AFP negative cases and 50 were from a day-care center. RESULTS: Sixty-four adenovirus strains isolated in HEp2 (human laryngeal tumor cells) cells were confirmed as such by an adenovirus-group specific PCR. Nucleotide sequencing identified the following adenovirus species: A (3 isolates), B (20 isolates), C (38 isolates), D (2 isolates) and E (1 isolate). The following serotypes belonging to the species B were identified: Ad3 (1 strain), Ad7 (17 strains) and, Ad16 (2 strains). CONCLUSION: Other viral agents became more recognized in association with CNS diseases in areas where wild polioviruses have been eradicated. The possible role of species B adenoviruses in the etiology of AFP cases similar to that caused by wild poliovirus is discussed.

Complete genome sequence of the last representative genotype of wild indigenous poliovirus type 1, which circulated in Brazil.

Polioviruses are the major etiological agents associated with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). The complete genome sequence of a representative of the last wild poliovirus type 1 genotype isolated in Brazil from a paralytic poliomyelitis case is reported here.

[Biochemical, hormonal and genetic evaluation of the families of two Brazilian patients with type 2 familial partial lipodystrophy]. / Avaliação bioquímica, hormonal e genética das famílias de duas pacientes brasileiras portadoras de lipodistrofia parcial familiar tipo 2.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical, biochemical, hormonal and genetic characteristics of relatives of two patients with familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD) type 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty subjects, members of two non-related Brazilian families from two different probands with FPLD phenotype, were evaluated. A mutation in exon 8 of LMNA gene was confirmed in 18 of them, and a heterozygous substitution at codon 482 was identified, predicting a p.R482W mutation. Based on the presence or absence of the mutation, subjects were classified in affected and unaffected, and compared in terms of clinical, biochemical and hormonal parameters. RESULTS: Affected subjects were 2.8 times more likely to manifest diabetes and PCOS, higher HOMA-IR, insulin and triglyceride levels, and lower levels of leptin. These changes preceded the onset of diabetes, because they were observed in diabetic and non-diabetic affected patients. A phenotypic heterogeneity was found among mutation carriers. CONCLUSION: A mutation in the LMNA gene is a determinant of clinical, biochemical and hormonal changes that imply in metabolic deterioration in mutation carriers.

A Psicologia da Universidade de São Paulo e as relações raciais: perspectivas emergentes / The psychology of the University of São Paulo and Racial Relations: Emerging Perspectives / La Psychologie et les relations raciales: perspectives émergentes à l'Université de São Paulo / La Psicología de la Universidad de São Paulo y las relaciones raciales: perspectivas emergentes

O presente artigo visa apresentar a produção acadêmica sobre o tema raça e racismo elaborada no Instituto de Psicologia da USP (IPUSP). Para tanto, fizemos uma análise das teses e dissertações produzidas no IPUSP entre 1970 e 2012 e que utilizaram essas categorias para compreensão de fenômenos subjetivos, sociais e políticos. Dentre outros aspectos, constatamos que os trabalhos analisados se dividem principalmente em três grandes eixos, são eles: denúncia do racismo, modos de subjetivação do racismo e estratégias para superá-lo. No entanto, é possível considerar que são poucos os trabalhos que versam de forma sistemática acerca da desconstrução do racismo, bem como sobre metodologias e técnicas em que psicólogos poderiam contribuir para a luta antirracista na sociedade brasileira. Por assim dizer, ainda há uma lacuna no conhecimento de Psicologia e relações raciais que deveria ser aprofundado por psicólogos.

This paper aims to present the academic production on the theme of race and theme developed at the Institute of Psychology at USP (IPUSP). Therefore, we analised theses and dissertations produced at IPUSP between 1970 and 2012 that made use of these categories to understand subjective, social, and political phenomena. Among other aspects, we found that the studies analyzed are divided mainly into three main areas, namely: denouncing racism, ways of subjectivation of racism, and strategies to overcome it. However, it is arguable that there are few studies that deal systematically with the deconstruction of racism, as well as with methodologies and techniques through which psychologists could contribute for the anti-racist struggle in Brazilian society. So to speak, there is still a gap in knowledge of psychology and race relations that should be looked deeper into by psychologists.

L'article suivant fait état de la production académique sur le thème de la race et du racisme élaborée à l'Institut de Psychologie de la l'Université de São-Paulo (IPUSP). Dans ce but, il propose une analyse des thèses et des mémoires produits à l'IPUSP entre 1970 et 2012, et ayant utilisé ces catégories pour la compréhension des phénomènes subjectifs, sociaux et poli tiques. Parmi d'autres aspects, nous constatons que les travaux analysés se divisent principalement en trois grands axes, qui sont : la dénonciation du racisme, les modes de subjectivation du racisme et les stratégies pour le surmonter. Toutefois, il est possible de constater la rareté des travaux qui traitent de façon systématique la déconstruction du racisme, tout comme des méthodologies et des techniques grâce auxquelles les psychologues pourraient contribuer à la lutte antiraciste dans la société brésilienne. En d'autres termes, il existe encore une lacune dans la recherche sur les relations raciales en psychologie qui devrait être approfondie par les psychologues.

El presente artículo presenta la producción académica sobre el tema raza y racismo elaborada en el Instituto de Psicología de la USP (IPUSP). Para ello, hicimos un análisis de las tesis y disertaciones producidas en el IPUSP entre 1970 y 2012, y que utilizaron esas categorías para la comprensión de fenómenos subjetivos, sociales y políticos. Entre otros aspectos, constatamos que los trabajos analizados se dividen principalmente en tres grandes ejes, estos son: denuncia del rac ismo, modos de subjetivismo del racismo y estrategias para superarlo. Mientras tanto, es posible considerar que son pocos los trabajos que tematizan de forma sistemática la desconstrucción del racismo, así como sobre metodologías y técnicas en las que los psicólogos podrían contribuir para la lucha anti-racista en la sociedad brasileña. En otras palabras, hay una laguna en el conocimiento de Psicología y relaciones raciales que debería ser profundizado por los psicólogos.

Efetividade na adesão a reabilitação auditiva em crianças: Grupo de Adesão Familiar e terapia inicial / Effectiveness in adherence to auditory rehabilitation in children: Family adherence group and initial therapy / Eficacia em la adherencia a la rehabilitación auditiva em niños: Grupo de la família adhesión y la terapia inicial

Introdução: O diagnóstico precoce da deficiência auditiva em crianças e a intervenção são determinantes para o desenvolvimento. Uso do AASI; expectativas dos familiares e sua implicação com o tratamento são fatores importantes para o prognóstico. Objetivo: O objetivo foi verificar a efetividade da adesão à reabilitação auditiva, a consistência de uso do AASI, a participação nas terapias e nos grupo na fase inicial do processo terapêutico (ADAPTI), num serviço da Rede Municipal de Saúde de São Paulo. Método: A pesquisa foi realizada em crianças com deficiência auditiva atendidas em um serviço da Rede Municipal, seus responsáveis e terapeutas. Este estudo teve caráter descritivo quanti/qualitativo. Caracterizamos os sujeitos do ponto de vista demográfico, audiológico, da consistência de uso do AASI e da efetividade na adesão. Resultados: As 25 crianças foram organizadas em cinco grupos. Dessas, 13 eram do gênero feminino e 12 do masculino. Vinte e quatro tinham perda auditiva sensorioneural. Uma tinha perda condutiva com AASI adaptado com vibrador ósseo. Dez tinham suspeita/presença de outros comprometimentos. Os classificamos conforme o desfecho do ADAPTI. Diferentes prognósticos interferiram nas orientações, desinteressando os pais com demandas diferentes. Discussão: O grupo de Apoio Familiar (GrAF) foi um facilitador no processo. Grupos mais homogêneos levam maior empatia entre os participantes e maior probabilidade de adesão. A distância e o SII 65 dB são fatores que parecem afetar a adesão. Conclusão: Grupos homogêneos propiciaram maior adesão; As atividades propiciaram discussões que promovem adesão ao tratamento; O GrAF foi considerado um facilitador. A distância e o SII 65 dB parecem afetar a adesão.

Introduction: Early diagnosis of hearing loss in children and intervention, are determinants for the development. Use of hearing aids; Family members' expectations and their implication with treatment are important factors for the prognosis. Objective: This study verified the effectiveness of adherence to rehabilitation, the consistency of the use of hearing aids, participation in the therapies and in the initial phase of the therapeutic process (ADAPTI), in a Municipal Health Service of São Paulo. Method: The research was carried out with hearing impaired children attending a Municipal Health Service, their parents and therapists. This study was quanti/qualitative. We characterize the patients from a demographic, audiological point of view, the consistency of the use of the hearing aids and the effectiveness of adherence. Results: The 25 children were organized into five groups. Of these, 13 were female and 12 male. Twenty four had sensorineural hearing loss. One had conductive loss and the hearing aids were adapted with bone vibrator. Ten had suspicion/presence of other compromises. We classified them according to the ADAPTI outcome. Different prognoses interfered in the orientations, disinterested parents with different demands. Discussion: The group was a facilitator in the process. More homogenous groups lead to greater empathy among participants and greater likelihood of adherence. Distance and SII 65 dB are factors that appear to affect adherence. Conclusion: Homogeneous groups provided greater adhesion; the activities provided discussions that promote adherence to treatment; the group was considered a facilitator. The distance and SII 65 dB seem to affect adhesion.

Introducción: El diagnóstico precoz de lahipoacusia y la intervención son cruciales para el desarrollo. El uso de audífonos; expectativas de la familia y su relación com tratamento son factores importantes para el pronóstico. Objetivo: Verificar la eficacia de la adherencia a la rehabilitación auditiva, el uso de la audición, la participación em la terapia y el grupo al inicio del processo terapéutico (ADAPTI), um servicio de la ciudad de San Pablo de la Salud. Método: El estudio se llevó a cabo em niños com audición asistió a unservicio de la red municipal, sus agentes y los terapeutas. Este estúdio fue cuantitativo/cualitativo. Los sujetos em el punto de vista audiológico demográfica, el uso de la audicióncoherencia y laeficacia de lasayudas de miembros. Resultados: 25 niños se organizaronen cinco grupos. 13 eranmujeres y 12 hombres. 24 tenían una pérdida auditiva neurosensorial. Una perdida conductora con vibrador óseo. Diez habían sospechado/presencia de otros compromisos. Los clasificamos como el resultado de ADAPTI. Diferentes prognósticos han interferido em las directrices, los padres con diferentes demandas. Discusión: El grupo fue un facilitador em el proceso. Grupos más homogéneos tienen una mayor empatía entre los participantes y los más propensos a unirse. La distancia y el SII 65 dB son factores que parecen afectar e lcumplimiento. Conclusión: grupos homogéneos, mostró una mayor adherencia; Las actividades se hanllevado a buenas discusiones; El grupo fue considerado un facilitador. La distancia y el SII 65 dB parecenafectar el cumplimiento.