RESUMO
BACKGROUND: In Western Europe, North America, and Australia, large cohort collaborations have been able to estimate the short-term CD4 cell count-specific risk of AIDS or death in untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults with high CD4 cell counts. In sub-Saharan Africa, these CD4 cell count-specific estimates are scarce. METHODS: From 1996 through 2006, we followed up 2 research cohorts of HIV-infected adults in Côte d'Ivoire. This included follow-up off antiretroviral therapy (ART) across the entire spectrum of CD4 cell counts before the ART era, and only in patients with CD4 cell counts >200 cells/µL once ART became available. Data were censored at ART initiation. We modeled the CD4 cell count decrease using an adjusted linear mixed model. CD4 cell count-specific rates of events were obtained by dividing the number of first events occurring in a given CD4 cell count stratum by the time spent in that stratum. RESULTS: Eight hundred sixty patients were followed off ART over 2789 person-years (PY). In the ≥650, 500-649, 350-499, 200-349, 100-199, 50-99, and 0-49 cells/µL CD4 cell count strata, the rates of AIDS or death were 0.9, 1.7, 3.7, 10.4, 30.9, 60.8, and 99.9 events per 100 PY, respectively. In patients with CD4 cell counts ≥200 CD4 cells/µL, the most frequent AIDS-defining disease was tuberculosis (decreasing from 4.0 to 0.6 events per 100 PY for 200-349 and ≥650 cells/µL, respectively), and the most frequent HIV non-AIDS severe diseases were visceral bacterial diseases (decreasing from 9.1 to 3.6 events per 100 PY). CONCLUSIONS: Rates of AIDS or death, tuberculosis, and invasive bacterial diseases are substantial in patients with CD4 cell counts ≥200 cells/µL. Tuberculosis and bacterial diseases should be the most important outcomes in future trials of early ART in sub-Saharan Africa.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/epidemiologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/complicações , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/mortalidade , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Humanos , Masculino , MorbidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The residual risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission from blood products in the Abidjan National Blood Transfusion Center was estimated to be 1 in 5780 blood donations over the period 2002 through 2004. We aimed at describing risk behaviors in blood donors who seroconverted for HIV in Abidjan to improve the pre-blood donation selection. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We investigated the behavioral profile of HIV seroconverters assessed before their HIV diagnosis, during the blood donation selection at the blood bank of Abidjan, and compared it to the profile documented after this HIV diagnosis, at enrollment in the PRIMO-CI cohort. Since 1997, enrollment in this cohort is offered to every blood donor whose delay since HIV seroconversion was 36 months or less. RESULTS: Among the 418 blood donors who seroconverted for HIV between 1997 and 2005, 241 were enrolled in the cohort. Median age was 28 years and 63% were men. The median time between the last HIV-negative test and the first positive test was 7 months. Since the last blood donation, 29% of donors reported unprotected sexual intercourse with multiple casual sexual partners, 55% unprotected sexual intercourse with one casual sexual partner, and 36% sharing of nail clippers. During the pre-blood donation questionnaire, 69% of HIV seroconverters had reported unprotected sexual intercourse since the last blood donation (vs. 89% reported after donation), and 7% had had multiple casual sexual partners (vs. 32%). CONCLUSION: Volunteer blood donors who seroconverted for HIV in Abidjan reported a high proportion of unprotected sexual intercourse with casual sexual partners.
Assuntos
Doadores de Sangue/estatística & dados numéricos , Transfusão de Sangue/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Soropositividade para HIV/epidemiologia , Voluntários/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiologia , Feminino , Soronegatividade para HIV/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Assunção de Riscos , Comportamento SexualRESUMO
We performed HIV-1 drug resistance genotypic analysis of viral isolates from 100 antiretroviral (ARV)-naive, recently HIV-1-infected (between 2002 and 2006) individuals from Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire). The overall prevalence of HIV-1 variants with resistance mutations to reverse transcriptase, protease, or fusion inhibitors was 6%. The majority of isolates were CRF02_AG. Compared with a previous study carried out by our group in 2001-2002 in a similar population in Abidjan, our findings confirm the circulation and transmission of HIV-1 carrying key ARV drug resistance mutation.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Viral/genética , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/farmacologia , Adulto , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/enzimologia , HIV-1/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação , Filogenia , Prevalência , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Stavudine is no longer recommended for use in first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART), but it remains in high demand worldwide because it is affordable. We report the clinical presentation and incidence of severe hyperlactatemia (SL) in HIV-infected adults who initiated ART between April 2005 and May 2009 in Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa. In a prospective cohort study at the HIV care center affiliated with the National Centre for Blood Transfusion, we used standardized forms to record baseline and follow-up data. We measured serum lactate levels for all adults on ART who showed signs of hyperlactatemia. SL was defined as serum lactate >2.5 mmol/liter. Overall, 806 adults initiated ART. Among the 591 patients (73%) on stavudine-containing regimens, 394 were women (67%); the median pre-ART CD4 count was 150/mm3 and the median body mass index was 20.9 kg/m2. These patients were followed for a median of 28 months. We detected SL only among patients taking stavudine. The incidence of SL was 0.55/100 person-years (PY) (95% CI 0.47-0.63) overall and 0.85/100 PY among women (95% CI 0.75-0.95). Among the eight patients with SL, 100% lost >9% of body weight before diagnosis, 100% had serum lactate >4 mmol/liter (range 4.2-12.1), 50% had pre-ART BMI >25 kg/m2, and three patients died (38%), accounting for 6.4% of deaths among patients taking stavudine. As long as HIV clinicians continue to use stavudine in sub-Saharan Africa, they should watch out for acute unexplained weight loss in patients taking ART, particularly among women and patients with high pre-ART BMI.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Lactatos/sangue , Estavudina/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/imunologia , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We compared CD4+ decline among untreated HIV-1-infected seroconverters living in Côte d'Ivoire (CI) and in France. METHODS: HIV-1-infected adults were enrolled in the ANRS1220 PRIMO-CI (CI, 1997-2006) and ANRSCO2 SEROCO (France, 1988-1995) cohorts. CD4+ count and percentage declines were estimated from enrollment until 24 months of seroconversion by linear random-effect models adjusted for time since seroconversion, age, gender, cell-associated HIV DNA, HIV RNA, and country. RESULTS: Overall 521 seroconverters (CI 148, 62% men; France 373, 77% men) were enrolled after a median of 7.6 months since seroconversion. Median follow-up duration was 12.7 months. Median age was 28 years. Median baseline CD4+ count was 472 and 560 cells per cubic millimeter, respectively. Median baseline HIV RNA was 4.4 and 4.0 log10 copies per milliliter and median HIV DNA was 3.0 and 2.8 log10 copies per 10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells, respectively. In adjusted models, CD4+ count and percentage at baseline were lower in CI than in France (P < 0.01), and the difference did not vary during follow-up (P = 0.55). Low HIV RNA and low HIV DNA at baseline were associated with higher CD4+ count at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: CD4+ count and percentage were lower in CI than in France. These differences were already observed during early infection and remained similar after adjustment.
Assuntos
Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Soropositividade para HIV/epidemiologia , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiologia , França/epidemiologia , HIV-1 , Humanos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between the HIV-1 DNA level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and disease progression in recently infected West African adults. METHODS: HIV-1 DNA levels were measured in the PBMCs of 200 adults in the French National Agency for Research on AIDS and viral Hepatitis (ANRS) 1220 cohort who had recently been infected with HIV-1. The association between baseline HIV-1 DNA levels and disease progression was analyzed using multivariate Cox regression. Disease progression was defined as the occurrence of any of the following outcomes: death, first World Health Organization stage 3-4 event, or CD4 count<200/mm. RESULTS: About 200 participants were followed for a median of 30 months. At baseline, the median time from HIV-1 seroconversion was 9 months, median CD4 T-cell count was 471/mm, median HIV-1 DNA level was 3.0 log10 copies/10 PBMCs, and median plasma HIV-1 RNA level was 4.6 log10 copies/mL. The 5-year probability of remaining free of any outcome was 0.74 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.61 to 0.83] and 0.36 (95% CI: 0.23 to 0.49) in patients with baseline HIV-1 DNA
Assuntos
DNA Viral/sangue , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/genética , Leucócitos Mononucleares/virologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/sangue , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/virologia , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Côte d'Ivoire , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the probability of reaching the criteria for starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in a prospective cohort of adult HIV-1 seroconverters in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. METHODS: We recruited participants from HIV-positive donors at the blood bank of Abidjan for whom the delay since the estimated date of seroconversion (midpoint between last negative and first positive HIV-1 test) was < 36 months. Participants were offered early trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole) prophylaxis, twice-yearly measurement of CD4 count and we made standardized records of morbidity. We used the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate the probability of reaching the criteria for starting HAART according to WHO 2006 guidelines. FINDINGS: 217 adults (77 women (35%)) were followed up during 668 person-years (PY). The most frequent diseases recorded were mild bacterial diseases (6.0 per 100 PY), malaria (3.6/100 PY), herpes zoster (3.4/100 PY), severe bacterial diseases (3.1/100 PY) and tuberculosis (2.1/100 PY). The probability of reaching the WHO 2006 criteria for HAART initiation was estimated at 0.09, 0.16, 0.24, 0.36 and 0.44 at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data underline the incidence of the early HIV morbidity in an Ivorian adult population and provide support for HIV testing to be made more readily available and for early follow-up of HIV-infected adults in West Africa.
Assuntos
Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Antirretrovirais/farmacologia , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Côte d'Ivoire , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Soropositividade para HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Tempo , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
Despite precautions taken to guarantee blood safety, in the National Blood Transfusion Center (CNTS) of Abidjan, about 30 regular blood donors are detected with HIV seroconversion each year, two-thirds of them men. A survey through face-to-face interviews was carried out at the CNTS of Abidjan from September 2001 to March 2002 among HIV-positive and HIV-negative regular blood donors, informed about their serologic status. HIV-negative regular blood donors informed about their serologic status since a median time of 67 months (n = 50) disclosed more risky behaviors such as multiple sexual partners (68%) than HIV-positive blood donors informed about their status (n = 112) since a median time of 35 months (41%) (P < 0.001). Condoms were systematically used by 17% of HIV-negative blood donors and 55% of HIV-positive blood donors (P < 0.001). Enhanced counseling and awareness could reduce in the future the number of cases of seroconversion among regular blood donors and improve their subsequent behavior. Blood donors who have unprotected sex with partners of unknown HIV serologic status and especially with casual partners are strongly exposed to HIV transmission and should be discouraged to continue giving blood, after adequate counseling.