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Existing theoretical models and empirical evidence suggest that worry proneness is associated with anxious responding. However, it is unknown how worry proneness may influence the experience of anxiety throughout the day. The present study addresses this gap in the literature by employing an ecological momentary assessment design to examine the impact of worry proneness on diurnal changes in anxiety reported in the morning, afternoon, and evening for one week in a sample of unselected adults (N = 136). Results indicated a significant reduction in anxiety from morning to evening. Further, this effect was moderated by worry proneness, such that a diurnal decline in anxiety was detectable among those with low and moderate levels of worry proneness, whereas those high in worry proneness reported increased momentary anxiety which was sustained throughout the day. These results replicate previous studies indicating anxiety is highest in the morning and lowest in the evening. Further, these findings suggest that worry proneness may override normative diurnal changes in anxiety and thereby maintain anxiety at elevated and consistent levels. The implications of these findings for the development and treatment of disorders characterized by excessive worry are discussed.
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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Circadian rhythms are a topic of growing interest in mental health, particularly in obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, the consistency of this link has not been carefully examined. Thus, the present review integrates findings from the past 5 years in order to determine the strength of such a relationship and identify areas for clarification and extension. RECENT FINDINGS: Findings revealed inconsistent evidence for a link between circadian rhythms and OCD. Chronotype is unrelated to OCD symptoms in adolescents but predicts OCD symptoms in adults. Results on delayed sleep timing are equivocal. Circadian rhythm disorders predict OCD treatment outcome. Preliminary evidence implicates decreased light exposure and diurnal symptom variability in OCD. The relationship between circadian rhythms and OCD may vary by age, diagnostic status, and assessment method. Recent findings are limited by an overreliance on convenience samples and singular self-report methods. Recommendations for future research on the role of circadian rhythms in OCD are discussed.
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Transtornos Cronobiológicos/fisiopatologia , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/fisiopatologia , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/fisiopatologia , Sono/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Transtornos Cronobiológicos/psicologia , Humanos , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/psicologia , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/psicologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The goal of this review is to integrate recent findings on sleep disturbance and PTSD, examine sleep disturbance as a causal factor in the development of PTSD, and identify future directions for research, treatment, and prevention. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent research highlights a relationship between both objective and subjective sleep disturbance and PTSD across diverse samples. Sleep disturbance also predicts PTSD over time. Finally, treatments targeting sleep disturbance lead to decreased PTSD symptoms, while standard PTSD treatments conclude with residual sleep disturbance. Sleep disturbance may be more than a mere epiphenomenon of PTSD. Future research examining the causal role of sleep disturbance in the development of PTSD, as well as the utility of targeting sleep disturbance in prevention and treatment, is necessary to fully understand the likely bidirectional relationship between sleep disturbance and PTSD.
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Transtornos do Sono-Vigília , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Causalidade , Humanos , Psicopatologia , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/psicologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Although deficits in attentional control have been linked to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the mechanism that may account for this association has not been fully elucidated. The present study examined rumination as a mediator of the relationship between attentional control and PTSD symptoms. Veterans with PTSD and trauma-exposed veterans without PTSD completed measures of attentional control, rumination, and PTSD symptom severity. As predicted, the findings showed that veterans with PTSD reported significantly lower levels of attentional control than veterans without PTSD. Veterans with PTSD also reported significantly higher levels of rumination than veterans without PTSD. Subsequent analysis of the total sample revealed that the relationship between attentional control and PTSD symptom severity was accounted for by excessive rumination. Attentional control may contribute to PTSD symptoms through excessive rumination. Attentional control and rumination may be important targets for PTSD interventions.
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Atenção/fisiologia , Ruminação Cognitiva/fisiologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Veteranos/psicologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , Sobreviventes/psicologia , Índices de Gravidade do TraumaRESUMO
Anxiety symptoms vary moment-to-moment within a day. One factor that may influence these variations is chronotype. Evening chronotypes prefer to engage in activities (e.g., sleep, physical and social activity) later in the day, and evening chronotype is implicated in psychopathology, including anxiety-related disorders. However, it is unknown whether chronotype influences diurnal variation in anxiety symptoms and whether these effects are amplified in individuals with a probable anxiety-related disorder. We examined the diurnal variation in anxiety symptoms and daily activities in morning and evening chronotypes with and without probable generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in a community sample of adults (N = 410). Evening chronotypes reported higher anxiety symptoms, particularly in the evening hours, and lower engagement in daily activities, predominantly in the morning hours. Evening chronotypes with probable GAD or OCD reported worse anxiety symptoms in the evening. Our findings indicate that anxiety symptoms and engagement in daily activities fluctuate considerably across the day, and these patterns differ depending on chronotype. Evening chronotypes have more anxiety symptoms in the evening, despite preferring this time of day. Personalized treatment approaches that consider chronotype and target certain times of day may be efficient in alleviating peaks in anxiety symptoms.
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Transtornos de Ansiedade , Ansiedade , Ritmo Circadiano , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/fisiopatologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/psicologia , Ansiedade/fisiopatologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/fisiopatologia , Adulto Jovem , Sono/fisiologia , Atividades Cotidianas , Adolescente , CronotipoRESUMO
Given that emotion regulation difficulties confer risk for poor responses to stress, they may predict who is at risk for adverse psychological reactions to major, chronic stressors such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Specific adverse reactions to the pandemic may include more severe traumatic stress, anxiety, and excessive safety behavior use (i.e., hand washing). While emotion regulation difficulties may be a diathesis for adverse reactions to chronic stressors, the context(s) by which they may confer elevated risk is unclear. Accordingly, the present longitudinal study examined the interaction between pre-pandemic emotion regulation difficulties and early pandemic perceived stress in predicting subsequent COVID-related traumatic stress, anxiety, and safety behavior use over 32 weeks of the pandemic. Community adults (N = 145) who completed a measure of emotion regulation in 2016 as part of a larger study were recontacted at the start of the pandemic (March 2020) and assessed every two weeks for 32 weeks. Consistent with a diathesis-stress model, the interaction between difficulties in emotion regulation and perceived stress was significant in predicting COVID-19 anxiety (p = 0.003, d = 0.52) such that at high, but not low, levels of perceived stress, difficulties in emotion regulation in 2016 significantly predicted higher COVID-19 anxiety in 2020. The interaction between difficulties in emotion regulation in 2016 and perceived stress early in 2020 approached significance in predicting COVID-19 traumatic stress (p = 0.073, d = 0.31) and safety behavior use (p = 0.069, d = 0.31). These findings highlight that current perceived stress is an important context that potentiates the effects of preexisting emotion regulation difficulties on the emergence of anxiety-related symptoms during COVID-19, which has important implications for diathesis-stress models of adverse reactions to chronic stressors.
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COVID-19 , Regulação Emocional , Adulto , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Pandemias , Estudos Longitudinais , Ansiedade/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/psicologiaRESUMO
Prior research indicates that sleep restriction, sleep deprivation, and circadian misalignment diminish positive affect, whereas effects on negative affect are inconsistent. One potential factor that may influence an individual's affective response to sleep restriction, sleep deprivation, and circadian misalignment is chronotype. Later chronotypes generally report higher negative affect and lower positive affect under typical sleep conditions; however, there is mixed evidence for an influence of chronotype on affective responses to sleep restriction and sleep deprivation. The present study examined the effect of chronotype on positive and negative affect during sleep restriction and subsequent total sleep deprivation. Sixteen healthy adults (Mage = 28.2 years, SDage = 11.6 years) were classified as earlier or later chronotypes using multiple chronotype definitions: morningness-eveningness (MEQ), mid-sleep on free days corrected (MSFsc), habitual mid-sleep timing, dim light melatonin onset (DLMO), and phase relationship between DLMO and bedtime. Participants completed a 10-day protocol with one night of sleep restriction and subsequent 28 h total sleep deprivation. Affect was assessed hourly during scheduled wakefulness with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Data were analyzed with mixed-model analyses of variance (ANOVAs). During sleep restriction and subsequent sleep deprivation, positive affect decreased and negative affect increased. Across all chronotype measures, relatively later chronotypes demonstrated vulnerability to increased negative affect during sleep loss. The influence of chronotype on positive affect during sleep loss varied by chronotype measure. These findings suggest later chronotypes are more vulnerable to affective impairments during sleep loss and circadian misalignment, even when late chronotype is not extreme.
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Melatonina , Privação do Sono , Adulto , Humanos , Criança , Cronotipo , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Sono/fisiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Dim light melatonin onset, or the rise in melatonin levels representing the beginning of the biological night, is the gold standard indicator of circadian phase. Considerably less is known about dim light melatonin offset, or the decrease in melatonin to low daytime levels representing the end of the biological night. In the context of insufficient sleep, morning circadian misalignment, or energy intake after waketime but before dim light melatonin offset, is linked to impaired insulin sensitivity, suggesting the need to characterize dim light melatonin offset and identify risk for morning circadian misalignment. METHODS: We examined the distributions of dim light melatonin offset clock hour and the phase relationship between dim light melatonin offset and waketime, and associations between dim light melatonin offset, phase relationship, and chronotype in healthy adults (N = 62) who completed baseline protocols measuring components of the circadian melatonin rhythm and chronotype. RESULTS: 74.4% demonstrated dim light melatonin offset after waketime, indicating most healthy adults wake up before the end of biological night. Later chronotype (morningness-eveningness, mid-sleep on free days corrected, and average mid-sleep) was associated with later dim light melatonin offset clock hour. Later chronotype was also associated with a larger, positive phase relationship between dim light melatonin offset and waketime, except for morningness-eveningness. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest morning circadian misalignment risk among healthy adults, which would not be detected if only dim light melatonin onset were assessed. Chronotype measured by sleep timing may better predict this risk in healthy adults keeping a consistent sleep schedule than morningness-eveningness preferences. Additional research is needed to develop circadian biomarkers to predict dim light melatonin offset and evaluate appropriate dim light melatonin offset timing to promote health.
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Suicide ideation emerges and fluctuates over short timeframes (minutes, hours, days); however, near-term predictors of such fluctuations have not been well-elucidated. Sleep disturbance is a distal suicide risk factor, but less work has examined whether daily sleep disturbance predicts near-term changes in suicide ideation. We examined subjective sleep disturbance components as predictors of passive and active suicide ideation at the within-person (i.e., day-to-day changes within individuals relative to their own mean) and between-persons (individual differences relative to the sample mean) levels. A transdiagnostic sample of 102 at-risk young adults ages 18-35 completed a 21-day ecological momentary assessment protocol, during which they reported on sleep and passive and active suicide ideation. At the within-persons level, nightmares, sleep quality, and wake after sleep onset predicted passive suicide ideation, and sleep quality and wake after sleep onset predicted active suicide ideation. At the between-persons level, nightmares, sleep onset latency, and sleep quality were associated with passive suicide ideation, and sleep onset latency was associated with active suicide ideation. In contrast, suicide ideation did not predict subsequent sleep at the within-person level. Specific sleep disturbance components are near-term predictors of intraindividual increases in suicide ideation and may hold promise for suicide prevention and intervention.
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Transtornos do Sono-Vigília , Ideação Suicida , Adulto Jovem , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Sono , Sonhos , Prevenção do SuicídioRESUMO
Sleep disturbance is highly debilitating, and an abundance of research suggests that repetitive negative thinking (i.e., rumination, worry) may contribute to the development and maintenance of maladaptive sleep patterns, such as insomnia symptoms. Although repetitive negative thinking is often conceptualized as a 'trait' risk factor for anxiety-related disorders, it is unclear if it consists of time-varying (TV) or state-like features versus time-invariant (TI) or trait-like characteristics. Furthermore, it is unclear if it is the TV or TI components of repetitive negative thinking that contribute to insomnia symptoms that is commonly observed in anxiety-related disorders. In a 6-wave, 5-month longitudinal study, community participants (N = 1219) completed measures of rumination, worry, transdiagnostic repetitive negative thinking, and insomnia symptoms. A latent variable (trait-state-occasion) model was applied to the measures of repetitive negative thinking. The results showed that although estimates of TI factor variance and TV factor variance were both significant for latent repetitive negative thinking, worry, and rumination, the proportion of TI factor variance (0.82-0.89) was greater than the amount of TV factor variance (0.11-0.19). Although TV factor stability was statistically significant for latent repetitive negative thinking, rumination, and worry, the magnitude of the coefficients was small. Furthermore, regression weights for the latent repetitive negative thinking, rumination, and worry TI factor were significant and larger than those for the TV factor in predicting insomnia symptoms at each of the six time points. These findings suggest that repetitive negative thinking is largely TI, and it is this TI component that contributes to insomnia symptoms. Implications for conceptualizations of repetitive negative thinking as a predisposing and perpetuating factor in insomnia for anxiety and related disorders are discussed.
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Pessimismo , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono , Humanos , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/diagnóstico , Estudos Longitudinais , Pensamento , Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Although self-disgust has been implicated in sexual assault-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), empirical evidence of this association is limited. METHOD: Participants with sexual assault-related PTSD (n = 19), sexual assault without PTSD (n = 20), and healthy controls (n = 21) completed "trait" measures of disgust proneness, self-disgust, and negative affect (NA; i.e., anxiety and depression). An ecological momentary assessment approach was also employed, where participants reported "state" levels of PTSD symptoms, self-disgust, and NA in the morning, afternoon, and evening for 1 week. RESULTS: Those with PTSD reported more trait disgust proneness, self-disgust, and NA than those who experienced sexual assault without PTSD and controls. However, those experiencing sexual assault without PTSD and controls did not differ from each other. Participants with a history of sexual assault also experienced higher self-disgust and NA during the week than controls. Those with higher PTSD symptoms during the week also experienced more self-disgust and NA. Similarly, changes in PTSD symptoms were associated with changes in self-disgust and NA during the week. Although a temporal association was found where NA predicted subsequent PTSD symptoms (and vice versa) during the week, a temporal link between self-disgust and PTSD symptoms (or vice versa) was not found. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the link between self-disgust and sexual assault-related PTSD is more correlational than causal. The implications of these findings for understanding how trait and state self-disgust fits within the broader emotional network of sexual assault-related PTSD are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Asco , Delitos Sexuais , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Humanos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Avaliação Momentânea Ecológica , Afeto , Delitos Sexuais/psicologiaRESUMO
Despite growing interest in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in psychopathology and clinical observation of day-to-day fluctuations in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms, there is not a standardized EMA measure of such symptoms that can guide systematic research. In the absence of such a measure, prior EMA research in OCD has utilized heterogeneous approaches to sampling momentary and daily OCD symptoms, which limits the ability to compare results between studies. The present study sought to examine the psychometric properties of a daily OCD symptom (d-OCS) measure that assesses common OCD symptom themes (e.g., contamination, checking, intrusive thoughts) in a sample of adults with OCD (n = 20), psychiatric controls (n = 27), and healthy controls (n = 27). Participants completed the d-OCS 3 times per day for 1 week. The d-OCS distinguished those with OCD from psychiatric controls and healthy controls. The d-OCS demonstrated good internal consistency, adequate test-retest reliability, and good convergent validity. These findings offer initial psychometric support for the use of the d-OCS in EMA research examining day-to-day fluctuations in symptoms of OCD. Additional investigation is needed to examine the discriminant validity of the d-OCS and generalize these findings to more diverse samples.
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Prior work implicates sleep disturbance in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the majority of this literature has focused on combat veteran men, and limited work has examined links between sleep disturbance and PTSD symptoms in sexual assault survivors. This is a notable gap in the literature, as sexual trauma is disproportionately likely to result in PTSD and is more common in women. We sought to examine the relations between subjective sleep disturbance, sexual assault severity, and PTSD symptoms in a sample of sexual assault survivors with PTSD (PTSD+), without PTSD (PTSD-), and healthy controls. The sample (Nâ¯=â¯60) completed the Insomnia Severity Index and prospectively monitored their sleep for 1 week using the Consensus Sleep Diary. The sexual assault survivors also completed the Sexual Experiences Survey and PTSD Checklist-5. Results of group comparisons found that the PTSD+ group reported significantly higher insomnia symptoms, longer sleep onset latency, more nocturnal awakenings, and lower sleep quality compared to the healthy control group and higher insomnia symptoms compared to the PTSD- group. Results of regression analyses in the sexual assault survivors found that insomnia symptoms and number of nocturnal awakenings were significantly associated with higher PTSD symptoms, and sexual assault severity was significantly associated with higher insomnia symptoms, longer sleep onset latency, and lower sleep quality. These findings highlight specific features of sleep disturbance that are linked to trauma and PTSD symptom severity among sexual assault survivors.
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Delitos Sexuais , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/complicações , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/complicações , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/complicações , Sono , SobreviventesRESUMO
Traditional risk factors for obesity and the metabolic syndrome, such as excess energy intake and lack of physical activity, cannot fully explain the high prevalence of these conditions. Insufficient sleep and circadian misalignment predispose individuals to poor metabolic health and promote weight gain and have received increased research attention in the past 10 years. Insufficient sleep is defined as sleeping less than recommended for health benefits, whereas circadian misalignment is defined as wakefulness and food intake occurring when the internal circadian system is promoting sleep. This Review discusses the impact of insufficient sleep and circadian misalignment in humans on appetite hormones (focusing on ghrelin, leptin and peptide-YY), energy expenditure, food intake and choice, and risk of obesity. Some potential strategies to reduce the adverse effects of sleep disruption on metabolic health are provided and future research priorities are highlighted. Millions of individuals worldwide do not obtain sufficient sleep for healthy metabolic functions. Furthermore, modern working patterns, lifestyles and technologies are often not conducive to adequate sleep at times when the internal physiological clock is promoting it (for example, late-night screen time, shift work and nocturnal social activities). Efforts are needed to highlight the importance of optimal sleep and circadian health in the maintenance of metabolic health and body weight regulation.
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Ritmo Circadiano , Privação do Sono , Humanos , Privação do Sono/complicações , Privação do Sono/epidemiologia , Privação do Sono/metabolismo , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Sono/fisiologia , Obesidade/metabolismo , Aumento de Peso/fisiologiaRESUMO
Although heightened anxiety and health behavior use (i.e., masking, hand washing) may be viewed as an adaptive response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, it is unclear how the politicization of the pandemic has influenced the trajectory of such responses. Accordingly, the present study examined differences between those that identify as more conservative or liberal in the trajectory of anxiety and health behaviors during the pandemic. This study also examines shifts in this trajectory before and after the presidential election. As part of a larger study, participants (N = 374) completed a symptom survey starting on May 27, 2020 every 2 weeks for a total of 15 timepoints over 30 weeks. The findings showed that more conservative participants reported lower levels of COVID-19 anxiety and less health behavior use compared to more liberal participants. In fact, anxiety levels increased slightly for more liberal participants and decreased slightly for more conservative participants during the pre-election time frame. Health behavior use also decreased more rapidly for conservative participants than for liberal participants during the pre-election time frame. However, COVID-19 anxiety and health behavior use rose sharply and similarly for both liberal and conservative individuals after the election. Importantly, these patterns were independent of state level variability in COVID-19 positivity and death rates. Subsequent analysis also revealed significant relations between COVID-19 anxiety and health behavior use that was slightly stronger among conservatives. Implications of these findings for navigating the influence of political ideology on anxiety-related responses during a public health emergency like the COVID-19 pandemic are discussed.
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COVID-19 , Pandemias , Humanos , Política , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , AnsiedadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence implicates sleep and circadian rhythm disturbance in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, a multimethod characterization of sleep and circadian rhythms in OCD, their association with symptom severity, and the functional relationship between these variables is lacking. METHODS: The present study measured multiple indicators of sleep and circadian rhythms in a sample of adults with OCD, adults without OCD, and healthy controls (n = 74). Participants completed measures of morningness-eveningness, delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD), insomnia symptoms, and OCD symptoms, as well as one week of sleep monitoring via a sleep diary and actigraphy. RESULTS: Delayed circadian rhythms (higher eveningness, later mid-sleep timing, and higher rates of DSWPD) and higher insomnia symptoms were observed in those with OCD compared to healthy controls, as well as associations between delayed circadian rhythms and insomnia symptoms and OCD symptom severity across the full sample. Further, insomnia symptoms mediated the relationship between delayed circadian rhythms and OCD symptoms. In contrast, there were no links between total sleep time or sleep quality and OCD. LIMITATIONS: Data collection during COVID-19 pandemic, correlational data, no physiological measure of circadian rhythms. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight a robust association between delayed circadian rhythms and OCD and suggest insomnia symptoms may be one mechanism in this relationship. Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbance may be novel targets for OCD treatment.
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COVID-19 , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília , Adulto , COVID-19/complicações , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Humanos , Pandemias , Sono/fisiologia , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Several studies have examined the acquisition and extinction of fear in PTSD in the context of Pavlovian conditioning. However, research examining reconditioning of fear following extinction, a form of post-extinction re-emergence of conditioned behavior is limited. Although the 5-HT3A receptor gene polymorphism has been linked to trauma responses, its influence on the re-emergence of conditioned fear among those exposed to trauma remain unclear. In the present study, combat-exposed veterans (N = 114) completed a differential fear conditioning task in which one colored rectangle (CS+) predicted a loud scream (US), whereas a different colored rectangle (CS-) predicted no US. Acquisition, extinction, and post-extinction reconditioning effects indexed by conditioned anxiety, US expectancy, and skin conductance response were examined. Associations with allelic variation in the serotonin 5-HT3 gene, HTR3A (rs1062613) were also examined. Participants rated the CS+ as significantly more anxiety inducing and associated with greater US expectancy than the CS- during acquisition. The CS+ also elicited a stronger skin conductance response than the CS- during acquisition. A significant decrease in anxiety and US expectancy in response to the CS+ was observed after extinction and a re-emergence of conditioned responses to the CS+ was observed during reacquisition. Although a diagnosis of PTSD was characterized by greater anxiety to the CS + but not the CS- during acquisition and extinction, those with and without a PTSD diagnosis did not differ in the reacquisition of fear following extinction. Subsequent preliminary analysis did show that increased posttraumatic symptoms and cognitions were associated with increased US expectancy at reacquisition for the CS+ and CS- among CC carriers but not among T carriers of HTR3A (rs1062613). These findings suggest that posttraumatic symptoms among trauma exposed veterans with the CC polymorphism of the HTR3A gene may be associated with stronger reconditioning of fear following extinction.
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Extinção Psicológica , Medo , Receptores 5-HT3 de Serotonina , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Ansiedade/genética , Condicionamento Clássico/fisiologia , Extinção Psicológica/fisiologia , Medo/fisiologia , Resposta Galvânica da Pele , Humanos , Receptores 5-HT3 de Serotonina/genética , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/genéticaRESUMO
Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is the tendency to respond negatively toward uncertain situations. IU consists of a Prospective factor (desire for predictability) and an Inhibitory factor (uncertainty paralysis) and is central to theoretical approaches to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, time-invariant (TI) and time-varying (TV) components of IU and their association with OCD symptoms are not yet understood. The present study examined the association between TI and TV components of IU and OCD symptoms in community adults (Nâ¯=â¯1,280) over a 5-month period. Latent variable models were fit to the data to examine the relative impact of TI and TV components of IU on OCD symptoms. As a test of specificity, models examining the association between TI and TV components of IU and depressive symptoms were also examined. The results showed that IU consists of significant TI and TV components, although the TI component accounted for most of the variance (76-84%) and was more strongly associated with OCD and depressive symptoms than the TV component. Furthermore, the TI component of IU was strongly associated with OCD symptoms when controlling for depressive symptoms, and the TI component of IU was strongly associated with depressive symptoms when controlling for OCD symptoms. A consistent pattern was observed for both Prospective and Inhibitory IU factors, with stable TI components demonstrating stronger relations with OCD and depressive symptoms than TV components. These findings have implications for conceptualizing the TI component of IU as a risk for OCD and other emotional disorders.
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Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo , Adulto , Humanos , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/diagnóstico , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/psicologia , Estudos Prospectivos , IncertezaRESUMO
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has fundamentally altered daily life across the globe, and the stress associated with these changes is likely to impact sleep. Sleep is critical for physical and mental health; thus, understanding the factors that may contribute to poor sleep during the pandemic represents a first step in identifying behavioral health targets for intervention efforts during and after the pandemic. This review first summarizes the developing research on sleep during the pandemic. The impact of the pandemic on sleep is then examined through the lens of the 3P model of insomnia by proposing pandemic-specific predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors. The potential consequences of sleep disturbance on physical and mental health conditions most relevant to the pandemic are also reviewed. Finally, recommendations for reducing or eliminating pandemic-specific perpetuating factors are detailed, highlighting the potential utility of behavioral sleep medicine interventions in the integration of behavioral health responses and public health initiatives during and after the pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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COVID-19 , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono , Humanos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Sono , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Although considerable research has shown that sleep loss results in decreased positive affect, findings regarding change in negative affect are inconsistent. Such inconsistency may be due in part to variability in individual difference factors, such as chronotype, which is associated with both sleep and affective outcomes. Chronotype represents the tendency to be a morning- or evening-type person and is underpinned by the timing of circadian processes linked to sleep and mental health. The present study examined the predictive effect of chronotype above and beyond that of depression on affective response to sleep restriction in a sample of healthy sleeping adults (nâ¯=â¯73). Participants completed measures of chronotype and depression at baseline and measures of positive and negative affect before and after one night of sleep restriction (4 hours between 4 a.m. and 8 a.m.). Results indicate a large, significant decrease in positive affect following sleep restriction, but no statistically significant change in negative affect. Subsequent analyses showed that chronotype predicted affective response to sleep restriction, such that eveningness predicted a medium, significant increase in negative affect following sleep restriction, controlling for depression-however, there was no association between chronotype and change in positive affect in response to sleep restriction. These findings highlight a differential effect of sleep loss on positive and negative affect and suggest that evening chronotype may confer a distinct vulnerability for increased negative affect following sleep loss.