RESUMO
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with complex clinical manifestations that arise between 18 and 36 months of age. Social interaction deficiencies, a restricted range of interests, and repetitive stereotyped behaviors are characteristics which are sometimes difficult to detect early. Several studies show that microRNAs (miRs/miRNAs) are strongly implicated in the development of the disorder and affect the expression of genes related to different neurological pathways involved in ASD. The present systematic review and meta-analysis addresses the current status of miRNA studies in different body fluids and the most frequently dysregulated miRNAs in patients with ASD. We used a combined approach to summarize miRNA fold changes in different studies using the mean values. In addition, we summarized p values for differential miRNA expression using the Fisher method. Our literature search yielded a total of 133 relevant articles, 27 of which were selected for qualitative analysis based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 16 studies evaluating miRNAs whose data were completely reported were ultimately included in the meta-analysis. The most frequently dysregulated miRNAs across the analyzed studies were miR-451a, miR-144-3p, miR-23b, miR-106b, miR150-5p, miR320a, miR92a-2-5p, and miR486-3p. Among the most dysregulated miRNAs in individuals with ASD, miR-451a is the most relevant to clinical practice and is associated with impaired social interaction. Other miRNAs, including miR19a-3p, miR-494, miR-142-3p, miR-3687, and miR-27a-3p, are differentially expressed in various tissues and body fluids of patients with ASD. Therefore, all these miRNAs can be considered candidates for ASD biomarkers. Saliva may be the optimal biological fluid for miRNA measurements, because it is easy to collect from children compared to other biological fluids.
RESUMO
Resumen El propósito de esta revisión es resaltar la importancia de la investigación en el área de la inmunología y su aplicación en el ámbito clínico. En una primera parte se presentan los descubrimientos más importantes que ayudaron a dilucidar los principales procesos fisiológicos involucrados en las enfermedades y de esta manera ayudaron a redireccionar la investigación en el área de la inmunología. Seguido, se describe un ejemplo de investigación básica relacionada con el papel de las citocinas en el absceso hepático amebiano, mostrando el trabajo de varios grupos de investigación en el mundo, con el objetivo de entender la respuesta inmune contra el parásito. Lo anterior nos permite argumentar la relevancia que tiene la investigación inmunológica dentro del contexto clínico.
Abstract The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance of research in immunology and its application in the clinical setting. The first part presents the most important discoveries that helped to elucidate the main physiological processes involved in the diseases and in this way helped to redirect research in immunology. Then, we describe an example of basic research related to the role of cytokines in the amoebic liver abscess, showing the work of several research groups in the world, with the aim of understanding the immune response against the parasite. This allows us to argue the relevance of immunological research within the clinical context.