RESUMO
In this report, we identify existing issues and challenges related to research on traumatic brain injury (TBI) in females and provide future directions for research. In 2017, the National Institutes of Health, in partnership with the Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine and the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, hosted a workshop that focused on the unique challenges facing researchers, clinicians, patients, and other stakeholders regarding TBI in women. The goal of this "Understanding TBI in Women" workshop was to bring together researchers and clinicians to identify knowledge gaps, best practices, and target populations in research on females and/or sex differences within the field of TBI. The workshop, and the current literature, clearly highlighted that females have been underrepresented in TBI studies and clinical trials and have often been excluded (or ovariectomized) in preclinical studies. Such an absence in research on females has led to an incomplete, and perhaps inaccurate, understanding of TBI in females. The presentations and discussions centered on the existing knowledge regarding sex differences in TBI research and how these differences could be incorporated in preclinical and clinical efforts going forward. Now, a little over 2 years later, we summarize the issues and state of the science that emerged from the "Understanding TBI in Women" workshop while incorporating updates where they exist. Overall, despite some progress, there remains an abundance of research focused on males and relatively little explicitly on females.
Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas , Lesões Encefálicas , Veteranos , Encéfalo , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/diagnóstico , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , MotivaçãoAssuntos
Eixo Encéfalo-Intestino , Neuroimunomodulação , Animais , Humanos , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/fisiopatologia , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/imunologia , Sistema Nervoso Entérico/imunologia , Sistema Nervoso Entérico/fisiopatologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/inervaçãoRESUMO
Neural progenitors or neuroblasts are produced by precursor cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and migrate along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the olfactory bulbs (OB) throughout life. In the OB, these adult born neurons either die or replace existing olfactory interneurons, playing a critical role in the stabilization of OB circuitry. Although several aspects of the addition of new neurons into the OB have been studied, it is unclear whether long-distance activity from the OB can regulate the influx of migrating neuroblasts along the RMS. In this study, iron oxide-assisted MRI was used to track the migration of neuroblasts in combination with reversible naris occlusion to manipulate odorant-induced activity. It was found that decreasing olfactory activity led to a decrease in the rate of neuroblast migration along the RMS. Removal of the naris occlusion led to an increase in migratory rate back to control levels, indicating that olfactory activity has regulatory function on neuroblast migration in the RMS. Blocking odorant activity also led to an arrest in OB growth and re-opening the block led to a rapid re-growth returning the bulb size to control levels. Furthermore, pharmacogenetic elimination of the neuroblasts demonstrated that they were required for re-growth of the bulb following sensory deprivation. Together, these results show that sensory activity, neural migration and OB growth are tightly coupled in an interdependent manner.
Assuntos
Movimento Celular/fisiologia , Células-Tronco Neurais/citologia , Neurogênese/fisiologia , Bulbo Olfatório/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Odorantes , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
The circuitry of the olfactory bulb contains a precise anatomical map that links isofunctional regions within each olfactory bulb. This intrabulbar map forms perinatally and undergoes activity-dependent refinement during the first postnatal weeks. Although this map retains its plasticity throughout adulthood, its organization is remarkably stable despite the addition of millions of new neurons to this circuit. Here we show that the continuous supply of new neuroblasts from the subventricular zone is necessary for both the restoration and maintenance of this precise central circuit. Using pharmacogenetic methods to conditionally ablate adult neurogenesis in transgenic mice, we find that the influx of neuroblasts is required for recovery of intrabulbar map precision after disruption due to sensory block. We further demonstrate that eliminating adult-born interneurons in naive animals leads to an expansion of tufted cell axons that is identical to the changes caused by sensory block, thus revealing an essential role for new neurons in circuit maintenance under baseline conditions. These findings show, for the first time, that inhibiting adult neurogenesis alters the circuitry of projection neurons in brain regions that receive new interneurons and points to a critical role for adult-born neurons in stabilizing a brain circuit that exhibits high levels of plasticity.
Assuntos
Rede Nervosa/fisiologia , Neurogênese/fisiologia , Animais , Axônios/fisiologia , Proliferação de Células/fisiologia , Proteína Glial Fibrilar Ácida , Ventrículos Laterais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ventrículos Laterais/fisiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/fisiologia , Nestina/genética , Nestina/fisiologia , Células-Tronco Neurais/fisiologia , Bulbo Olfatório/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bulbo Olfatório/fisiologiaRESUMO
In April 2023, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), in partnership with the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the National Institute on Aging, and the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, hosted a 2-day online workshop to discuss neural plasticity in energy homeostasis and obesity. The goal was to provide a broad view of current knowledge while identifying research questions and challenges regarding neural systems that control food intake and energy balance. This review includes highlights from the meeting and is intended both to introduce unfamiliar audiences with concepts central to energy homeostasis, feeding, and obesity and to highlight up-and-coming research in these areas that may be of special interest to those with a background in these fields. The overarching theme of this review addresses plasticity within the central and peripheral nervous systems that regulates and influences eating, emphasizing distinctions between healthy and disease states. This is by no means a comprehensive review because this is a broad and rapidly developing area. However, we have pointed out relevant reviews and primary articles throughout, as well as gaps in current understanding and opportunities for developments in the field.
Assuntos
Dieta , Metabolismo Energético , Plasticidade Neuronal , Obesidade , Humanos , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Obesidade/metabolismo , Homeostase/fisiologia , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , AnimaisRESUMO
In the mammalian brain each olfactory bulb contains two mirror-symmetric glomerular maps linked through a set of reciprocal intrabulbar projections. These projections connect isofunctional odor columns through synapses in the internal plexiform layer (IPL) to produce an intrabulbar map. Developmental studies show that initially intrabulbar projections broadly target the IPL on the opposite side of the bulb and refine postnatally to their adult precision by 7 weeks of age in an activity-dependent manner (Marks et al., 2006). In this study, we sought to determine the capacity of intrabulbar map to recover its precision after disruption. Using reversible naris closure in both juvenile and adult mice, we distorted the intrabulbar map and then removed the blocks for varying survival periods. Our results reveal that returning normal olfactory experience can indeed drive the re-refinement of intrabulbar projections but requires 9 weeks. Since activity also affects olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) (Suh et al., 2006), we further examined the consequence of activity deprivation on P2-expressing OSNs and their associated glomeruli. Our findings indicate that while naris closure caused a marked decrease in P2-OSN number and P2-glomerular volume, axonal convergence was not lost and both were quickly restored within 3 weeks. By contrast, synaptic contacts within the IPL also decreased with sensory deprivation but required at least 6 weeks to recover. Thus, we conclude that recovery of the glomerular map precedes and likely drives the refinement of the intrabulbar map while IPL contacts recover gradually, possibly setting the pace for intrabulbar circuit restoration.
Assuntos
Rede Nervosa/fisiologia , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Condutos Olfatórios/citologia , Condutos Olfatórios/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Receptores Odorantes/metabolismo , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/fisiologia , Fatores Etários , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Axônios/fisiologia , Biotina/análogos & derivados , Biotina/metabolismo , Mapeamento Encefálico , Dextranos/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/fisiologia , Imageamento Tridimensional , Indóis/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Plasticidade Neuronal/genética , Odorantes , Receptores Odorantes/genética , Rodaminas/metabolismo , Sinaptofisina/metabolismo , beta-Galactosidase/metabolismoRESUMO
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an extremely complex condition due to heterogeneity in injury mechanism, underlying conditions, and secondary injury. Pre-clinical and clinical researchers face challenges with reproducibility that negatively impact translation and therapeutic development for improved TBI patient outcomes. To address this challenge, TBI Pre-clinical Working Groups expanded upon previous efforts and developed common data elements (CDEs) to describe the most frequently used experimental parameters. The working groups created 913 CDEs to describe study metadata, animal characteristics, animal history, injury models, and behavioral tests. Use cases applied a set of commonly used CDEs to address and evaluate the degree of missing data resulting from combining legacy data from different laboratories for two different outcome measures (Morris water maze [MWM]; RotorRod/Rotarod). Data were cleaned and harmonized to Form Structures containing the relevant CDEs and subjected to missing value analysis. For the MWM dataset (358 animals from five studies, 44 CDEs), 50% of the CDEs contained at least one missing value, while for the Rotarod dataset (97 animals from three studies, 48 CDEs), over 60% of CDEs contained at least one missing value. Overall, 35% of values were missing across the MWM dataset, and 33% of values were missing for the Rotarod dataset, demonstrating both the feasibility and the challenge of combining legacy datasets using CDEs. The CDEs and the associated forms created here are available to the broader pre-clinical research community to promote consistent and comprehensive data acquisition, as well as to facilitate data sharing and formation of data repositories. In addition to addressing the challenge of standardization in TBI pre-clinical studies, this effort is intended to bring attention to the discrepancies in assessment and outcome metrics among pre-clinical laboratories and ultimately accelerate translation to clinical research.
Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas , Elementos de Dados Comuns/normas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , AnimaisRESUMO
The anatomical organization of a neural system can offer a glimpse into its functional logic. The basic premise is that by understanding how something is put together one can figure out how it works. Unfortunately, organization is not always represented purely at an anatomical level and is sometimes best revealed through molecular or functional studies. The mammalian olfactory system exhibits organizational features at all these levels including 1) anatomically distinct structural layers in the olfactory bulb, 2) molecular maps based upon odorant receptor expression, and 3) functional local circuits giving rise to odor columns that provide a contextual logic for an intrabulbar map. In addition, various forms of cellular plasticity have been shown to play an integral role in shaping the structural properties of most neural systems and must be considered when assessing each system's anatomical organization. Interestingly, the olfactory system invokes an added level of complexity for understanding organization in that it regenerates both at the peripheral and the central levels. Thus, olfaction offers a rare opportunity to study both the structural and the functional properties of a regenerating sensory system in direct response to environmental stimuli. In this review, we discuss neural organization in the form of maps and explore the relationship between regeneration and plasticity.
Assuntos
Regeneração Nervosa/fisiologia , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Bulbo Olfatório/fisiologia , Condutos Olfatórios/fisiologia , Animais , Mapeamento Encefálico/métodos , Humanos , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Bulbo Olfatório/citologia , Condutos Olfatórios/citologia , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Olfato/fisiologia , Células-Tronco/citologia , Células-Tronco/metabolismoRESUMO
In mammals, each olfactory bulb contains two mirror-symmetric glomerular maps. Isofunctional glomeruli within each bulb are specifically linked through a set of reciprocal intrabulbar projections (IBPs) to form an intrabulbar map. We injected neural tracers into the glomerular layer on one side of the bulb and examined the resulting projection on the opposite side. In adult mice, the size of the projection tuft is directly proportional to the size of the injected region. Using this ratio as a measure of IBP maturity, we find an immature 5:1 projection to injection ratio at 1 week of age that gradually refines to a mature 1:1 by 7 weeks. Moreover, whereas the glomerular map is able to form despite the elimination of odorant-induced activity, the intrabulbar map shows clear activity dependence for its precise formation. Here we show through experiments with both naris-occluded and anosmic mice that odorant-induced activity is not required to establish IBPs but is crucial for projection refinement. In contrast, increased glomerular activation through exposure to distinct odorants during map development can accelerate the refinement of projections associated with the activated glomeruli. These findings illustrate a clear role for odorant-induced activity in shaping the internal circuitry of the bulb. Interestingly, activity deprivation can alter the organization of both the developing and the mature map to the same degree, demonstrating that intrabulbar map plasticity is maintained into adulthood with no discernible critical period.
Assuntos
Mapeamento Encefálico/métodos , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Bulbo Olfatório/fisiologia , Animais , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos Transgênicos , Odorantes , Bulbo Olfatório/química , Bulbo Olfatório/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Condutos Olfatórios/química , Condutos Olfatórios/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Condutos Olfatórios/fisiologia , Olfato/fisiologiaRESUMO
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health issue exacting a substantial personal and economic burden globally. With the advent of "big data" approaches to understanding complex systems, there is the potential to greatly accelerate knowledge about mechanisms of injury and how to detect and modify them to improve patient outcomes. High quality, well-defined data are critical to the success of bioinformatics platforms, and a data dictionary of "common data elements" (CDEs), as well as "unique data elements" has been created for clinical TBI research. There is no data dictionary, however, for preclinical TBI research despite similar opportunities to accelerate knowledge. To address this gap, a committee of experts was tasked with creating a defined set of data elements to further collaboration across laboratories and enable the merging of data for meta-analysis. The CDEs were subdivided into a Core module for data elements relevant to most, if not all, studies, and Injury-Model-Specific modules for non-generalizable data elements. The purpose of this article is to provide both an overview of TBI models and the CDEs pertinent to these models to facilitate a common language for preclinical TBI research.
Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas , Elementos de Dados Comuns , Bases de Dados Factuais , Animais , Traumatismos por Explosões/patologia , Hemorragia Encefálica Traumática/patologia , Lesões Encefálicas/patologia , Biologia Computacional , Humanos , Laboratórios , Metanálise como Assunto , Modelos Animais , Modelos Neurológicos , Saúde Pública , Padrões de ReferênciaRESUMO
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play fundamental roles during the organization of the central nervous system. The presence of these proteins has also been demonstrated in regions of the adult brain that are characterized by neural plasticity. In this study, we examined the expression of BMP4, 6, and 7 mRNAs and proteins in the murine olfactory system. The olfactory system is a useful model for studying cell proliferation and neural differentiation because both of these processes persist throughout life in the olfactory epithelium (OE) and olfactory bulb (OB). Our results demonstrate a differential expression of BMP4, 6, and 7 in the embryonic, postnatal, and adult olfactory system. In particular, BMP4 and BMP7 showed similar immunostaining patterns, being expressed in the olfactory region from the earliest stages studied (embryonic day 15.5) to adulthood. During development BMPs were expressed in the OE, olfactory bulb nerve layer, glomerular layer (GL), mitral cell layer (MCL), and subventricular zone. During the first postnatal week of life, BMP4 and 7 immunoreactivity (-ir) was particularly evident in the GL, MCL, and in the subependymal layer (SEL), which originates postnatally from the subventricular zone. In adults, BMP4 and 7 immunostaining was present in the GL and SEL. Within the SEL, BMP4 and 7 proteins were expressed primarily in association with the astrocytic glial compartment. BMP6-ir was always found in mature olfactory receptor neurons and their axonal projections to the OB. In summary, these data support the hypothesis that BMPs play a role in the morphogenesis of the olfactory system during development and in its plasticity during adulthood.