Postural precursors of motion sickness in head-mounted displays: drivers and passengers, women and men.

Motion sickness is preceded by distinctive patterns of postural activity that differ between the sexes. We asked whether such postural precursors of motion sickness might exist before participants were exposed to a virtual driving game presented via a head-mounted display. Men and women either controlled a virtual vehicle (drivers), or viewed a recording of virtual vehicle motion (passengers). Before exposure to the game, we recorded standing body sway while participants performed simple visual tasks (staring at a blank page vs. counting target letters in a block of text). Following game exposure, participants were classified into Well and Sick groups. In a statistically significant interaction, the multifractality of body sway varied as a function of sex, vehicle control, and motion sickness status. The results confirm that postural precursors of motion sickness differ between the sexes, and extend these to the control of virtual vehicles in head-mounted displays. Practitioner Summary: We asked whether postural sway might predict motion sickness during exposure to a driving game via a head-mounted display. Participants drove a virtual car (drivers), or watched recorded car motion (passengers). Beforehand, we measured standing body sway. Postural precursors of motion sickness differed between the sexes and drivers and passengers. Abbreviations: M: meters; SD: standard deviation; kg: kilograms; COP: centre of pressure; AP: anterior-posterior; ML: mediolateral; cm: centimeters; s: seconds; min: minutes; MF: DFA: multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis; DFA: detrended fluctuation analysis; ANOVA: analysis of variance; CI: confidence interval; Hz: hertz; SE: standard error of the mean.

Postural time-to-contact as a precursor of visually induced motion sickness.

The postural instability theory of motion sickness predicts that subjective symptoms of motion sickness will be preceded by unstable control of posture. In previous studies, this prediction has been confirmed with measures of the spatial magnitude and the temporal dynamics of postural activity. In the present study, we examine whether precursors of visually induced motion sickness might exist in postural time-to-contact, a measure of postural activity that is related to the risk of falling. Standing participants were exposed to oscillating visual motion stimuli in a standard laboratory protocol. Both before and during exposure to visual motion stimuli, we monitored the kinematics of the body's center of pressure. We predicted that postural activity would differ between participants who reported motion sickness and those who did not, and that these differences would exist before participants experienced subjective symptoms of motion sickness. During exposure to visual motion stimuli, the multifractality of sway differed between the Well and Sick groups. Postural time-to-contact differed between the Well and Sick groups during exposure to visual motion stimuli, but also before exposure to any motion stimuli. The results provide a qualitatively new type of support for the postural instability theory of motion sickness.

The distance of visual targets affects the spatial magnitude and multifractal scaling of standing body sway in younger and older adults.

The spatial magnitude of standing body sway is greater during viewing of more distant targets and reduced when viewing nearby targets. Classical interpretations of this effect are based on the projective geometry of changes in visual stimulation that are brought about by body sway. Such explanations do not motivate predictions about the temporal dynamics of body sway. We asked whether the distance of visible targets would affect both the spatial magnitude and the multifractality of standing body sway. It has been suggested that the multifractality of movement may change with age. Separately, previous research has not addressed the effects of target distance on postural sway in older adults. For these reasons, we crossed our variation in target distance with variation in age. In an open-air setting, we measured standing body sway in younger and older adults while looking at visual targets that were placed at three distances. The distance of visual targets affected the spatial magnitude of body sway in younger adults, replicating past studies. Target distance also affected the spatial magnitude of sway in older adults, confirming that this relation persists despite other age-related changes. Target distance also affected the multifractality of body sway, but this effect was modulated by age. Finally, the width of the multifractal spectrum was greater for older adults than for younger adults, revealing that healthy aging can affect the multifractality of movement. These findings reveal similarities and differences between the spatial magnitude and the multifractality of human movement.

Unstable coupling of body sway with imposed motion precedes visually induced motion sickness.

Motion sickness is preceded by differences in the quantitative kinematics of body sway between individuals who (later) become sick and those who do not. In existing research, this effect has been demonstrated only in measures of body sway, relative to the earth. However, body sway can become coupled with imposed oscillatory motion of the illuminated environment, and the nature of this coupling may differ between individuals who become sick and those who do not. We asked whether body sway would become coupled to complex oscillations of the illuminated environment, and whether individual differences in such coupling might be precursors of motion sickness. Standing participants (women) were exposed to complex oscillation of the illuminated environment. We examined the strength of coupling as a function of time during exposure. Following exposure, some participants reported motion sickness. The nature and temporal evolution of coupling differed between participants who later reported motion sickness and those who did not. Our results show that people can couple the complex dynamics of body sway with complex imposed motion, and that differences in the nature of this coupling are related to the risk of motion sickness.

Real-time visual feedback about postural activity increases postural instability and visually induced motion sickness.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown that the kinematics of standing body sway can be influenced by the provision of real time feedback about postural activity through visual displays. RESEARCH QUESTION: We asked whether real time visual feedback about the position of the body's center of pressure (COP) might affect body sway and the occurrence of visually induced motion sickness. METHODS: Standing participants (women) were exposed to complex visual oscillation in a moving room, a device that nearly filled the field of view. During exposure to complex visual oscillations, we provided real time feedback about displacements of the body's center of pressure through a visual display presented on a tablet computer. RESULTS: The incidence of motion sickness was greater than in a closely related study that did not provide real time feedback. We monitored the kinematics of the body's center of pressure before and during exposure to visual motion stimuli. Body sway differed between participants who reported motion sickness and those who did not. These differences existed before any participants experienced subjective symptoms of motion sickness. SIGNIFICANCE: Real time visual feedback about COP displacement did not reduce visually induced motion sickness, and may have increased it. We identified postural precursors of motion sickness that may have been exacerbated by the COP display. The results indicate that visual feedback about postural activity can destabilize postural control, leading to negative side effects. We suggest possible alternative types of visual displays that might help to stabilize posture, and reduce motion sickness.