2024 AHA/ACC/ACS/ASNC/HRS/SCA/SCCT/SCMR/SVM Guideline for Perioperative Cardiovascular Management for Noncardiac Surgery: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.

AIM: The "2024 AHA/ACC/ACS/ASNC/HRS/SCA/SCCT/SCMR/SVM Guideline for Perioperative Cardiovascular Management for Noncardiac Surgery" provides recommendations to guide clinicians in the perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of adult patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted from August 2022 to March 2023 to identify clinical studies, reviews, and other evidence conducted on human subjects that were published in English from MEDLINE (through PubMed), EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and other selected databases relevant to this guideline. STRUCTURE: Recommendations from the "2014 ACC/AHA Guideline on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Management of Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery" have been updated with new evidence consolidated to guide clinicians; clinicians should be advised this guideline supersedes the previously published 2014 guideline. In addition, evidence-based management strategies, including pharmacological therapies, perioperative monitoring, and devices, for cardiovascular disease and associated medical conditions, have been developed.

Angiotensin receptor blocker-neprilysin inhibitor for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by volume overload, impaired exercise capacity, and recurrent hospital admissions. A major contributor to the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of heart failure is the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Normally, RAAS is responsible for the homeostatic regulation of blood pressure, extracellular fluid volume, and serum sodium concentration. In HFrEF, RAAS gets chronically activated in response to decreased cardiac output, further aggravating the congestion and cardiotoxic effects. Hence, inhibition of RAAS is a major approach in the pharmacologic treatment of those patients. The most recently introduced RAAS antagonizing medication class is angiotensin receptor blocker/ neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI). In this paper, we discuss ARNIs' superiority over traditional RAAS antagonizing agents in reducing heart failure hospitalization and mortality. We also tease out the evidence that shows ARNIs' renoprotective functions in heart failure patients including those with chronic or end stage kidney disease. We also discuss the evidence showing the added benefit resulting from combining ARNIs with a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor. Moreover, how ARNIs decrease the risk of arrhythmias and reverse cardiac remodeling, ultimately lowering the risk of cardiovascular death, is also discussed. We then present the positive outcome of ARNIs' use in patients with diabetes mellitus and those recovering from acute decompensated heart failure. ARNIs' side effects are also appreciated and discussed. Taken together, the provided insight and critical appraisal of the evidence justifies and supports the implementation of ARNIs in the guidelines for the treatment of HFrEF.

Association of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with cardiovascular disease: a US-National Inpatient Perspective.

PURPOSE: Data on the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) are limited. In this study, we assess the prevalence of CVD in patients with ADPKD and evaluate associations between these two entities. METHODS: Using the National Inpatient Sample database, we identified 71,531 hospitalizations among adults aged ≥ 18 years with ADPKD, from 2006 to 2014 and collected relevant clinical data. RESULTS: The prevalence of CVD in the study population was 42.6%. The most common CVD were ischemic heart diseases (19.3%), arrhythmias (14.2%), and heart failure (13.1%). The prevalence of CVD increased with the severity of renal dysfunction (RD). We found an increase in hospitalizations of patients with ADPKD and CVD over the years (ptrend < 0.01), irrespective of the degree of RD. CVD was the greatest independent predictor of mortality in these patients (OR: 3.23; 95% CI 2.38-4.38 [p < 0.001]). In a propensity matched model of hospitalizations of patients with CKD with and without ADPKD, there was a significant increase in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF), pulmonary hypertension (PHN), non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM), and hemorrhagic stroke among patients with ADPKD when compared to patients with similar degree of RD without ADPKD. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CVD is high among patients with ADPKD, and the most important risk factor associated with CVD is severity of RD. We found an increase in the trend of hospitalizations of patients with ADPKD associated with increased risk of AF, PHN, NICM, and hemorrhagic stroke. History of CVD is the strongest predictor of mortality among patients with ADPKD.

A 17-year-old boy with chest pain and transient ventricular wall thickening.

We describe the case of a 17-year-old boy who developed acute myopericarditis associated with transient ventricular wall thickening. This is a unique teaching case illustrating that acute myocarditis can be associated with significant oedema, secondary to inflammation, causing marked wall thickening that is apparent on echocardiography. This oedema resolves completely with anti-inflammatory drug treatment.

Performance of the AUB-HAS2 Cardiovascular Risk Index in vascular surgery patients.

The American University of Beirut (AUB)-HAS2 risk index is a recently published tool for preoperative cardiovascular evaluation. It is based on six data elements: history of Heart disease, symptoms of Heart disease (angina or dyspnea), Age ⩾ 75 years, Anemia (hemoglobin < 12 mg/dL), emergency Surgery, and vascular Surgery. This study analyzes the performance of a modified AUB-HAS2 index (excluding the vascular surgery element) in a broad spectrum of vascular surgery procedures. The study population consisted of 90,476 vascular surgeries registered in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. The performance of the AUB-HAS2 index was studied in seven groups: carotid endarterectomy (CEA), open abdominal aortic aneurysm surgical repair (OAAA), endovascular aortic aneurysm repair, supra-inguinal bypass, infra-inguinal bypass, lower extremity thrombo-endarterectomy, and lower extremity angioplasty. The outcome measure was death, myocardial infarction, or stroke at 30 days after surgery. Each patient was given an AUB-HAS2 score of 0, 1, 2, or > 2 depending on the number of data elements s/he has. The AUB-HAS2 index was able to stratify risk in the majority of patients into low (< 3%, score 0), intermediate (3-10%, score 1-2), and high (> 10%, score > 2) (p < 0.0001). The receiver operating curve had an area of 0.71 in the overall group and it ranged from 0.60 in CEA patients to 0.75 in OAAA patients. In conclusion, the AUB-HAS2 index is a simple tool that can quickly and effectively stratify the risk of patients undergoing a broad spectrum of vascular surgeries into low, intermediate, and high.

Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Due to Allergic Reaction, Kounis Syndrome.

Kounis syndrome is defined by the occurrence of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the setting of an allergic, hypersensitivity or anaphylactic condition. Degranulation of mast cells and platelet activation leading to the release of multiple inflammatory mediators are thought to make the arterial circulation susceptible to acute cardiac events. It is an often underdiagnosed entity in the emergency setting, due to lack of awareness among emergency providers. Identifying Kounis syndrome is critical, since managing ACS differs from that of a classical acute myocardial infarction. We present the case of a 72-year old male patient with a history of stable coronary disease who presented to the emergency department with a diffuse pruritic rash and chest pain. Electrocardiogram showed ST elevation myocardial infarction. Urgent coronary angiography revealed total occlusion of the mid left anterior descending coronary artery which was treated with a drug eluting stent with an excellent outcome. The pruritic rash responded to treatment with intravenous corticosteroids and antihistamines; No allergens were identified. The patient's symptoms resolved and he had an uneventful hospitalization. The diagnosis of Kounis syndrome can complicate the management of acute allergic reactions. Special precautions should be taken by emergency physicians with regards to the administration of beta blockers, morphine and vasodilators, which may be detrimental in this setting.

Variations in the referral patterns to pharmacologic and exercise myocardial perfusion imaging.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is commonly utilized for the non-invasive evaluation of patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). It is either performed with exercise or pharmacologic stress. The objective of this study is to compare the referral patterns and diagnostic findings in patients referred for pharmacologic vs exercise MPI. METHODS AND RESULTS: This was a prospective study of 429 consecutive patients who were referred for MPI at the American University of Beirut Medical Center (23% had pharmacologic stress with dipyridamole and 77% had exercise stress testing). Patients referred to pharmacologic stress were older, had a higher percentage of women, and a higher prevalence of diabetes and hypertension. There were more abnormal scans in the pharmacologic stress group (38% vs 20%, P < 0.001), as well as a higher prevalence of ischemia (21% vs 13%, P < 0.001) and impaired left ventricular function with an ejection fraction < 50% (19% vs 7.9%, P < 0.001). The significant predictors for referral to pharmacologic stress by multivariable logistic regression analysis were older age (OR = 2.01 (1.57-2.57), P < 0.001) and diabetes (OR = 2.04 (1.19-3.49), P = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Patients referred for pharmacologic stress MPI are at a higher risk than those referred for exercise stress MPI with more CAD risk factors, older age, and a higher prevalence of abnormal MPI findings.

Interventions for smoking cessation in patients admitted with Acute Coronary Syndrome: a review.

Tobacco smoking contributes to about six million deaths per year and is predicted to increase in the future. Several pharmacological interventions are used for smoking cessation. Trials using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) showed inconclusive results. Furthermore, three trials using bupropion in patients admitted with ACS failed to show improvement in smoking cessation compared with placebo. Interestingly, only one trial using varenicline was successful in achieving smoking abstinence in the acute setting. With regard to behavioural interventions, a meta-analysis found that telephone counselling was successful in both the acute and stable settings, with greater effect in the acute setting. The best results for smoking cessation were found in trials that used a combination of pharmacological and behavioural interventions. The objective of this report is to review the results of studies on interventions used for smoking cessation after an ACS.

Comparison of the performance of the AUB-HAS2 Cardiovascular Risk Index in emergency vs elective surgeries.

BACKGROUND: The AUB-HAS2 Cardiovascular Risk Index is a newly derived tool for preoperative cardiovascular evaluation. It is based on six data elements: history of heart disease, symptoms of angina or dyspnea, age ≥ 75 years, hemoglobin < 12 g/dl, vascular surgery, and emergency surgery. This study compares the performance of this new index among emergency and elective surgeries. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study population consisted of 1,167,414 non-cardiac surgeries registered in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database (153,715 were emergency and 1,013,699 were elective). Each patient was given an AUB-HAS2 score of 0, 1, 2, 3, or >3 depending on the number of data elements s/he has. The outcome measure (death, myocardial infarction, or stroke at 30 days after surgery) was higher in emergency than elective surgeries (7.0 % vs 1.4 %, p < 0.0001). The AUB-HAS2 index was able to stratify risk in both types of surgeries with a gradual increase in risk as the score increased (p < 0.0001). The discriminatory power of the AUB-HAS2 index, measured by the area under the receiver operator characteristic curves, was good and similar in the two types of surgeries (0.804 for emergency vs 0.791 for elective surgeries). CONCLUSION: The AUB-HAS2 index is a versatile tool that can effectively and equally stratify risk in both emergency and elective surgeries with a good discriminatory power.

2024 AHA/ACC/ACS/ASNC/HRS/SCA/SCCT/SCMR/SVM Guideline for Perioperative Cardiovascular Management for Noncardiac Surgery: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.

AIM: The "2024 AHA/ACC/ACS/ASNC/HRS/SCA/SCCT/SCMR/SVM Guideline for Perioperative Cardiovascular Management for Noncardiac Surgery" provides recommendations to guide clinicians in the perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of adult patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted from August 2022 to March 2023 to identify clinical studies, reviews, and other evidence conducted on human subjects that were published in English from MEDLINE (through PubMed), EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and other selected databases relevant to this guideline. STRUCTURE: Recommendations from the "2014 ACC/AHA Guideline on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Management of Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery" have been updated with new evidence consolidated to guide clinicians; clinicians should be advised this guideline supersedes the previously published 2014 guideline. In addition, evidence-based management strategies, including pharmacological therapies, perioperative monitoring, and devices, for cardiovascular disease and associated medical conditions, have been developed.

Effect of age and gender on pre-operative cardiovascular risk assessment.

BACKGROUND: The AUB-HAS2 Cardiovascular Risk Index is a recently published tool for pre-operative cardiovascular evaluation. It is based on six data elements: history of heart disease, symptoms of angina or dyspnea, age ≥ 75 years, hemoglobin < 12 mg/dl, vascular surgery, and emergency surgery. The objective of this study is to study the effect of age and gender on the performance of the AUB-HAS2 Index in pre-operative cardiovascular risk assessment. METHODS: The study population consisted of 1,167,414 non-cardiac surgeries registered in the ACS NSQIP database. The population was stratified by age (≥ 40 and < 40 years old) and by gender (men and women). Each patient was given an AUB-HAS2 score of 0, 1, 2, 3, or > 3 based on the number of data elements s/he has. The outcome measure was all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke at 30 days after surgery. RESULTS: The overall 30-day event rate was higher in patients ≥ 40 years compared to those < 40 years (2.5% vs 0.3%, P < 0.0001) and in men compared to women (2.7% vs 1.8%, P < 0.0001). In both age and gender subgroups, there was a gradual and significant increase in the outcome measure (death, MI, or stroke) as the AUB-HAS2 score increased: from ≤ 0.5% in those with a score of 0 to more than 15% in those with a score > 3 (P < 0.0001). The AUB-HAS2 Index was able to stratify risk in all subgroups into low, intermediate, and high (P < 0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed the AUB-HAS2 Index has very good discriminatory power in both age (area under the curve (AUC) of 0.81 and 0.78) and gender (AUCs of 0.79 and 0.84) subgroups. CONCLUSION: This study extends the validation of the newly derived AUB-HAS2 Cardiovascular Risk Index to different age and gender subgroups with very good discriminative power.

Major adverse cardiovascular events following partial nephrectomy: a procedure-specific risk index.

Introduction: Partial nephrectomy (PN) is associated with a non-negligible risk of postoperative cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Identification of high-risk patients may enable optimization of perioperative management and consideration of alternative approaches. The authors aim to develop a procedure-specific cardiovascular risk index for PN patients and compare its performance to the widely used revised cardiac risk index (RCRI) and AUB-HAS2 cardiovascular risk index. Methods: The cohort was derived from the American College of Surgeons - National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database. The primary outcome was the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as 30-day postoperative incidence of myocardial infarction, stroke, or mortality. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed; performance and calibration were evaluated using an ROC analysis and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and compared to the RCRI and the AUB-HAS2 index. Results: In a cohort of 4795 patients, MACE occurred in 52 (1.1%) patients. A univariate analysis yielded 13 eligible variables for entry into the multivariate model. The final PN-A4CH model utilized six variables: Age ⩾75 years, ASA class >2, Anemia, surgical Approach, Creatinine >1.5, and history of Heart disease. Index ROC analysis provided a C-statistic of 0.81, calibration R 2 was 0.99, and sensitivity was 85%. In comparison, the RCRI and AUB-HAS2 C-statistics were 0.59 and 0.68, respectively. Conclusion: This study proposes a novel procedure-specific cardiovascular risk index. The PN-A4CH index demonstrated good predictive ability and excellent calibration using a large national database and may enable further individualization of patient care and optimization of patient selection.

A novel radical prostatectomy specific index (PSI) for the prediction of major cardiovascular events following surgery.

PURPOSE: Prostate cancer patients tend to be older with multiple comorbidities and are thus at increased risk for postoperative cardiovascular events after radical prostatectomy (RP). Thus, proper patient selection strategies are essential to decide for or against a surgical approach. We aimed to derive a prostatectomy specific index (PSI) for patients undergoing RP and compare its performance to universally used indices. METHODS: The cohort was derived from National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database between 2005 and 2012. The primary outcome was incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events at 30 days post-surgery including: death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. A multivariable logistic regression model was constructed, performance and calibration were evaluated using a ROC analysis and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, the PSI index was derived and compared to the RCRI and AUB-HAS2 indices. RESULTS: A total of 17,299 patients were included in our cohort, with a mean age of 62 ± 7.4 years. Seventy three patients had a cardiac event post RP. The final PSI index encompassed six variables: history of heart disease, age, anemia, American society of anesthesiology class, surgical approach, and hypertension. The PSI ROC analysis provided C-statistic = 0.72, calibration R2 = 0.99 and proper goodness of fit. In comparison, the C-statistics of RCRI and AUB-HAS2 were found to be 0.57 and 0.65, respectively (p value < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The PSI model is a procedure tailored index for prediction of major cardiovascular events post RP. It was calibrated using a large national database aiming to optimize treatment selection strategies for prostate cancer patients.