Self-esteem, stress, and depressive symptoms among Jordanian pregnant women: social support as a mediating factor.

This study purposed to assess the mediating role of social support between stress, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem among Jordanian pregnant women. Across-sectional study recruited a total of 538 pregnant Jordanian women using a cluster stratified random sampling technique, during the period from September 2019 to February 2020. The study used the following measures: The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Multidimensional Social Support Scale (MSPSS). Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to test the mediating effect of social support in terms of the association between depression and self-esteem. The results were considered significant if p ≤ .05. The findings showed that 75.6% of participants had moderate-to-high stress levels. High levels of stress, depressive symptoms, and low self-esteem were highly correlated with low social support (p < .05). Depressive symptoms predict the self-esteem (F(2, 537) = 158.631 p < .05). Social support significantly mediates the relationship between the depressive symptoms and self-esteem with p = .01. Thus, during the antenatal care, administration of screening tools to identify pregnant women with low social support levels and at risk of developing psychological difficulties would allow primary healthcare to promote for positive health outcomes for the mothers and the babies.

Translation of interviews from a source language to a target language: examining issues in cross-cultural health care research.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To illuminate translation practice in cross-language interview in health care research and its impact on the construction of the data. BACKGROUND: Globalisation and changing patterns of migration have created changes to the world's demography; this has presented challenges for overarching social domains, specifically, in the health sector. Providing ethno-cultural health services is a timely and central facet in an ever-increasingly diverse world. Nursing and other health sectors employ cross-language research to provide knowledge and understanding of the needs of minority groups, which underpins cultural-sensitive care services. However, when cultural and linguistic differences exist, they pose unique complexities for cross-cultural health care research; particularly in qualitative research where narrative data are central for communication as most participants prefer to tell their story in their native language. Consequently, translation is often unavoidable in order to make a respondent's narrative vivid and comprehensible, yet, there is no consensus about how researchers should address this vital issue. DESIGN: An integrative literature review. METHODS: PubMed and CINAHL databases were searched for relevant studies published before January 2014, and hand searched reference lists of studies were selected. RESULTS: This review of cross-language health care studies highlighted three major themes, which identify factors often reported to affect the translation and production of data in cross-language research: (1) translation style; (2) translators; and (3) trustworthiness of the data. CONCLUSION: A plan detailing the translation process and analysis of health care data must be determined from the study outset to ensure credibility is maintained. A transparent and systematic approach in reporting the translation process not only enhances the integrity of the findings but also provides overall rigour and auditability. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: It is important that minority groups have a voice in health care research which, if accurately translated, will enable nurses to improve culturally relevant care.

Nurses experience of caring for patients with COVID-19: A phenomenological study.

Introduction: COVID-19 has impacted all dimensions of life and imposed serious threat on humankind. Background: In Jordan, understanding how nurses experienced providing care for patients with COVID-19 offers a framework of knowledge about similar situations within the context of Arabic culture. Aim: To explore nurses' experience with providing hands-on care to patients with active COVID-19 infection in an Arabic society. Methods: A descriptive phenomenological study interviewed 10 nurses through a purposive sampling approach until data saturation was reached. The research site was hospital designated to receive patients with active COVID-19 infection. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data. Findings: Three themes were generated from the data: the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on nurses' health; unfamiliar work and social environments; and conforming to professional standards. Discussion: There are specific risks to the physical and mental wellbeing of nurses who provide hands-on care to patients with COVID-19 in an Arabic society. Implication for nursing and health policy: Health care institutions should consider establishing programs that promote nurses' wellbeing and support their productivity in a crisis. A danger pay allowance should be considered for nurses during extraordinary circumstances, such as pandemics.

Arab nursing students' perception of the emotional experience of patient care: A phenomenological study.

BACKGROUND: A shared emotional response helps with understanding what other people are feeling and/or thinking; and it is a vital skill in clinical settings. Collectivist communities place more emphasis on the emotional components of their feelings in comparison to the cognitive aspects of their emotions. PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore the emotions experienced by students at their first clinical placement. METHODS: A hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used among nine baccalaureate students. RESULTS: Three major themes emerged from the data: overwhelming emotions; unbalanced perception of professional identity; and adjustment and adaptation. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION: It is evident that nursing students from collectivist communities encounter challenges in dealing with their emotions and managing their patients' emotions; however, they were capable of empathizing with their patients using the two components of their empathy; affective (emotion) and cognitive (cognition), with prominence given to the affective part. As countries become increasingly multi-cultural, which in turn influences the characteristics of people entering pre-registration nursing programs, nursing leaders are invited to address both dimensions of empathy as part of the nursing curriculum. Attention should also be given in clinical settings to appropriate channeling of clinical empathy to cultivate a professional identity.

Language translation challenges with Arabic speakers participating in qualitative research studies.

This paper discusses how a research team negotiated the challenges of language differences in a qualitative study that involved two languages. The lead researcher shared the participants' language and culture, and the interviews were conducted using the Arabic language as a source language, which was then translated and disseminated in the English language (target language). The challenges in relation to translation in cross-cultural research were highlighted from a perspective of establishing meaning as a vital issue in qualitative research. The paper draws on insights gained from a study undertaken among Arabic-speaking participants involving the use of in-depth semi-structured interviews. The study was undertaken using a purposive sample of 15 participants with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and co-existing depression and explored their perception of self-care management behaviours. Data analysis was performed in two phases. The first phase entailed translation and transcription of the data, and the second phase entailed thematic analysis of the data to develop categories and themes. In this paper there is discussion on the translation process and its inherent challenges. As translation is an interpretive process and not merely a direct message transfer from a source language to a target language, translators need to systematically and accurately capture the full meaning of the spoken language. This discussion paper highlights difficulties in the translation process, specifically in managing data in relation to metaphors, medical terminology and connotation of the text, and importantly, preserving the meaning between the original and translated data. Recommendations for future qualitative studies involving interviews with non-English speaking participants are outlined, which may assist researchers maintain the integrity of the data throughout the translation process.

Psychological outcomes after hysterectomy for benign conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Hysterectomy is one of the commonest operative procedures in the developed world, mostly occurring among premenopausal women, with contradictory results regarding post-operative psychological wellbeing. This review aims to inform practice by examining whether hysterectomy predicts depression or anxiety outcomes. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO electronic databases for articles published before November 2012. Reference lists of relevant articles were hand searched, and expert opinions were sought. Refereed studies investigating an association between hysterectomy for benign (non-cancerous) conditions and post-operative symptoms of depression or anxiety were chosen for this review. Two authors independently abstracted data from original articles. Authors of relevant studies were contacted for data that could not be extracted from the published articles. Review Manager 5.1 was used throughout the meta-analysis to calculate the summary relative risks (RRs), and the weighted standardized mean difference (WstdMD), and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). A random effects model was used in data analysis and verified using a fixed effect model. Overall, hysterectomy was associated with a decreased risk of clinically relevant depression (RR=1.69, 95% CI 1.19-2.38). Additionally, hysterectomy was associated with a decrease in standardized depression outcomes (standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.38 (95% CI 0.27-0.49)). Conversely, there was no significant association between hysterectomy and risk of clinically relevant anxiety (RR=1.41, 95% CI 0.72-2.75). In conclusion, data from before and after studies suggest that hysterectomy for benign gynecological conditions is not adversely associated with anxiety and may be positively rather than adversely associated with depression.