Health services use by children identified as heterozygous hemoglobinopathy mutation carriers via newborn screening.

BACKGROUND: Newborn screening (NBS) for sickle cell disease incidentally identifies heterozygous carriers of hemoglobinopathy mutations. In Ontario, Canada, these carrier results are not routinely disclosed, presenting an opportunity to investigate the potential health implications of carrier status. We aimed to compare rates of health services use among children identified as carriers of hemoglobinopathy mutations and those who received negative NBS results. METHODS: Eligible children underwent NBS in Ontario from October 2006 to March 2010 and were identified as carriers or as screen-negative controls, matched to carriers 5:1 based on neighbourhood and timing of birth. We used health care administrative data to determine frequencies of inpatient hospitalizations, emergency department (ED) visits, and physician encounters through March 2012, using multivariable negative binomial regression to compare rates of service use in the two cohorts. We analyzed data from 4987 carriers and 24,935 controls. RESULTS: Adjusted incidence rate ratios (95% CI) for service use in carriers versus controls among children < 1 year of age were: 1.11 (1.06-1.17) for ED visits; 0.97 (0.89-1.06) for inpatient hospitalization; and 1.02 (1.00-1.04) for physician encounters. Among children ≥1 year of age, adjusted rate ratios were: 1.03 (0.98-1.07) for ED visits; 1.14 (1.03-1.25) for inpatient hospitalization and 0.92 (0.90-0.94) for physician encounters. CONCLUSIONS: While we identified statistically significant differences in health services use among carriers of hemoglobinopathy mutations relative to controls, effect sizes were small and directions of association inconsistent across age groups and health service types. Our findings are consistent with the assumption that carrier status is likely benign in early childhood.

Primary care providers' role in newborn screening result notification for cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE: To explore primary care providers' (PCPs') role in result notification for newborn screening (NBS) for cystic fibrosis (CF), given that expanded NBS has increased the number of positive screening test results, drawing attention to the role of PCPs in supporting families. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey and qualitative interviews. SETTING: Ontario. PARTICIPANTS: Primary care providers (FPs, pediatricians, and midwives) who received a positive CF NBS result for an infant in their practice in the 6 months before the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Whether the PCP notified the family of the initial positive CF screening result. RESULTS: Data from 321 PCP surveys (response rate of 51%) are reported, including 208 FPs, 68 pediatricians, and 45 midwives. Interviews were completed with 34 PCPs. Most (65%) surveyed PCPs reported notifying the infant's family of the initial positive screening result; 81% agreed that they have an important role to play in NBS; and 88% said it was important for PCPs, rather than the NBS centre, to notify families of initial positive results. With support and information from NBS centres, 68% would be extremely or very confident in doing so; this dropped to 54% when reflecting on their recent reporting experience. More than half (58%) of all PCPs said written point-of-care information from the NBS centre was the most helpful format. Adjusted for relevant factors, written educational information was associated with a lower rate of notifying families than written plus verbal information (risk ratio of 0.79; 95% CI 0.69 to 0.92). In the interviews, PCPs emphasized the challenge of balancing required content knowledge with the desire for the news to come from a familiar provider. CONCLUSION: Most PCPs notify families of NBS results and value this role. These data are relevant as NBS programs and other genomic services expand and consider ways of keeping PCPs confident and actively involved.

Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis: Role of primary care providers in caring for infants with positive screening results.

OBJECTIVE: To explore primary care providers' (PCPs') preferred roles and confidence in caring for infants receiving a positive cystic fibrosis (CF) newborn screening (NBS) result, as well as management of CF family planning issues, given that expanded NBS has resulted in an increase in positive results. DESIGN: Mailed questionnaire. SETTING: Ontario. PARTICIPANTS: Ontario FPs, pediatricians, and midwives identified by Newborn Screening Ontario as having had an infant with a positive CF NBS result in their practice in the previous 6 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Primary care providers' preferred roles in providing well-baby care for infants with positive CF screening results. RESULTS: Overall, 321 of 628 (51%) completed surveys (208 FPs, 68 pediatricians, 45 midwives). For well-baby care for infants confirmed to have CF, 77% of PCPs indicated they would not provide total care (ie, 68% would share care with other specialists and 9% would refer to specialists completely); for infants with an inconclusive CF diagnosis, 50% of PCPs would provide total care, 45% would provide shared care, and 5% would refer to a specialist; for CF carriers, 89% of PCPs would provide total care, 9% would provide shared care, and 2% would refer. Half (54%) of PCPs were extremely or very confident in providing reassurance about CF carriers' health. Only 25% knew how to order parents' CF carrier testing; 67% knew how to refer for prenatal diagnosis. Confidence in reassuring parents about the health of CF carrier children was associated with providing total well-baby care for CF carriers (risk ratio of 1.50; 95% CI 1.14 to 1.97) and infants with an inconclusive diagnosis (risk ratio of 3.30; 95% CI 1.34 to 8.16). CONCLUSION: Most PCPs indicated willingness to treat infants with a range of CF NBS results in some capacity. It is concerning that some indicated CF carriers should have specialist involvement and only half were extremely or very confident about reassuring families about carrier status. This raises issues about possible medicalization of those with carrier status, prompting the need for PCP education about genetic disorders and the meaning of genetic test results.

R(J/ψ) and B_{c}

We use our lattice QCD computation of the B_{c}→J/ψ form factors to determine the differential decay rate for the semitauonic decay channel and construct the ratio of branching fractions R(J/ψ)=B(B_{c}^{-}→J/ψτ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{τ})/B(B_{c}^{-}→J/ψµ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{µ}). We find R(J/ψ)=0.2582(38) and give an error budget. We also extend the relevant angular observables, which were recently suggested for the study of lepton flavor universality violating effects in B→D^{*}ℓν, to B_{c}→J/ψℓν and make predictions for their values under different new physics scenarios.

Lattice QCD Matrix Elements for the B_{s}

Predicting the B_{s}^{0}-B[over ¯]_{s}^{0} width difference ΔΓ_{s} relies on the heavy quark expansion and on hadronic matrix elements of ΔB=2 operators. We present the first lattice QCD results for matrix elements of the dimension-7 operators R_{2,3} and linear combinations R[over ˜]_{2,3} using nonrelativistic QCD for the bottom quark and a highly improved staggered quark (HISQ) action for the strange quark. Computations use MILC Collaboration ensembles of gauge field configurations with 2+1+1 flavors of sea quarks with the HISQ discretization, including lattices with physically light up or down quark masses. We discuss features unique to calculating matrix elements of these operators and analyze uncertainties from series truncation, discretization, and quark mass dependence. Finally we report the first standard model determination of ΔΓ_{s} using lattice QCD results for all hadronic matrix elements through O(1/m_{b}). The main result of our calculations yields the 1/m_{b} contribution ΔΓ_{1/m_{b}}=-0.022(10) ps^{-1}. Adding this to the leading order contribution, the standard model prediction is ΔΓ_{s}=0.092(14) ps^{-1}.

The impact of patient choice on survival in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) is the gold standard treatment for operable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). However, a proportion of patients with operable disease decline surgery. There are currently no published data on this patient group. The aim of this study was to identify outcomes and prognostic factors in a large cohort of consecutive patients with CTEPH.Data were collected for consecutive, treatment-naive CTEPH patients at the Pulmonary Vascular Disease Unit of the Royal Hallamshire Hospital (Sheffield, UK) between 2001 and 2014.Of 550 CTEPH patients (mean±sd age 63±15 years, follow-up 4±3 years), 49% underwent surgery, 32% had technically operable disease and did not undergo surgery (including patient choice n=72 and unfit for surgery n=63), and 19% had inoperable disease due to disease distribution. The 5-year survival was superior in patients undergoing PEA (83%) versus technically operable disease who did not undergo surgery (53%) and inoperable due to disease distribution (59%) (p<0.001). Survival was superior in patients following PEA compared with those offered but declining surgery (55%) (p<0.001). In patients offered PEA, independent prognostic factors included mixed venous oxygen saturation, gas transfer and patient decision to proceed to surgery.Outcomes in CTEPH following PEA are excellent and superior to patients declining surgery, and strongly favour consideration of a surgical intervention in eligible patients.

A secondary benefit: the reproductive impact of carrier results from newborn screening for cystic fibrosis.

PURPOSE: Newborn screening (NBS) for cystic fibrosis (CF) can identify carriers, which is considered a benefit that enables reproductive planning. We examined the reproductive impact of carrier result disclosure of NBS for CF. METHODS: We surveyed mothers of carrier infants after NBS (Time 1) and 1 year later (Time 2) to ascertain intended and reported communication of their infants' carrier results to relatives, carrier testing for themselves/other children, and reproductive decisions. A sub-sample of mothers was also interviewed at Time 1 and Time 2. RESULTS: The response rate was 54%. A little more than half (55%) of mothers underwent carrier testing at Time 1; another 40% of those who intended to undergo testing at Time 1 underwent testing at Time 2. Carrier result communication to relatives was high (92%), but a majority of participants did not expect the results to influence family planning (65%). All interviewed mothers valued learning their infants' carrier results. Some underwent carrier testing and then shared results with family. Others did not use the results or used them in unintended ways. CONCLUSION: Although mothers valued learning carrier results from NBS, they reported moderate uptake of carrier testing and limited influence on family planning. Our study highlights the secondary nature of the benefit of disclosing carrier results of NBS.Genet Med 19 4, 403-411.

Psychosocial Response to Uncertain Newborn Screening Results for Cystic Fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the psychosocial implications of diagnostic uncertainty that result from inconclusive results generated by newborn bloodspot screening (NBS) for cystic fibrosis (CF). STUDY DESIGN: Using a mixed methods prospective cohort study of children who received NBS for CF, we compared psychosocial outcomes of parents whose children who received persistently inconclusive results with those whose children received true positive or screen-negative results. RESULTS: Mothers of infants who received inconclusive results (n = 17), diagnoses of CF (n = 15), and screen-negative results (n = 411) were surveyed; 23 parent interviews were completed. Compared with mothers of infants with true positive/screen-negative results, mothers of infants with inconclusive results reported greater perceived uncertainty (P < .006) but no differences in anxiety or vulnerability (P > .05). Qualitatively, parents valued being connected to experts but struggled with the meaning of an uncertain diagnosis, worried about their infant's health-related vulnerability, and had mixed views about surveillance. CONCLUSION: Inconclusive CF NBS results were not associated with anxiety or vulnerability but led to health-related uncertainty and qualitative concerns. Findings should be considered alongside efforts to optimize protocols for CF screening and surveillance. Educational and psychosocial supports are warranted for these families.

It's Time for the Genetic Counseling Profession to Embrace Social Media.

Social Media is a powerful and emerging method of communication that is becoming increasingly popular in genetic counseling and other health care communities. Despite its multiple benefits, the Social Media revolution has been met with some resistance in the healthcare setting. Herein, we will describe the potential benefits of Social Media for the genetic counseling profession specifically and explore ways in which any risks can be mitigated and barriers overcome to ensure responsible Social Media use by the profession.

3D contrast-enhanced lung perfusion MRI is an effective screening tool for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: results from the ASPIRE Registry.

BACKGROUND: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a complication of pulmonary embolism potentially curable by surgery. Perfusion scintigraphy is currently advocated as the imaging modality of choice to exclude CTEPH due to its high sensitivity. We have evaluated the diagnostic utility of lung perfusion MRI. METHODS: Consecutive patients attending a pulmonary hypertension referral centre undergoing lung perfusion MRI, perfusion scintigraphy, CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and right heart catheterisation within 14 days were identified. RESULTS: Of 132 patients, 78 were diagnosed as having CTEPH. Lung perfusion MRI correctly identified 76 patients as having CTEPH with an overall sensitivity of 97%, specificity 92%, positive predictive value 95% and negative predictive value 96% compared with perfusion scintigraphy (sensitivity 96%, specificity 90%) and CTPA (sensitivity 94%, specificity 98%). No cases of surgically accessible CTEPH were missed with either modality. CONCLUSIONS: Lung perfusion MRI has high sensitivity equivalent to perfusion scintigraphy in diagnosing CTEPH but does not require ionising radiation, making it an attractive initial imaging modality to assess patients with suspected CTEPH.

Pulmonary hypertension in COPD: results from the ASPIRE registry.

The phenotype and outcome of severe pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is described in small numbers, and predictors of survival are unknown. Data was retrieved for 101 consecutive, treatment-naïve cases of pulmonary hypertension in COPD. Mean ± SD follow-up was 2.3 ± 1.9 years. 59 patients with COPD and severe pulmonary hypertension, defined by catheter mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥40 mmHg, had significantly lower carbon monoxide diffusion, less severe airflow obstruction but not significantly different emphysema scores on computed tomography compared to 42 patients with mild-moderate pulmonary hypertension. 1- and 3-year survival for severe pulmonary hypertension, at 70% and 33%, respectively, was inferior to 83% and 55%, respectively, for mild-moderate pulmonary hypertension. Mixed venous oxygen saturation, carbon monoxide diffusion, World Health Organization functional class and age, but not severity of airflow obstruction, were independent predictors of outcome. Compassionate treatment with targeted therapies in 43 patients with severe pulmonary hypertension was not associated with a survival benefit, although improvement in functional class and/or fall in pulmonary vascular resistance >20% following treatment identified patients with improved survival. Standard prognostic markers in COPD have limited value in patients with pulmonary hypertension. This study identifies variables that predict outcome in this phenotype. Despite poor prognosis, our data suggest that further evaluation of targeted therapies is warranted.

Putative prognostic epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition biomarkers for aggressive prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide and is the sixth leading cause of cancer deaths in men, yet it varies greatly in its aggressiveness. Currently, it is not possible to adequately differentiate between patients whose tumors will remain indolent and those patients whose disease will progress, resulting in unnecessary aggressive treatment. Consequently, there is an urgent need to identify markers of prostate cancer progression, invasiveness and metastasis to more accurately predict prognosis. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of key epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition molecules in identifying prostate cancer patients who are likely to develop aggressive tumors. Using 215 archival patient tissue samples, immunohistochemistry was applied to examine the expression and sub-cellular localization of E-Cadherin, Snail, Slug, Twist, Vimentin, BMP-2 and BMP-7. Of the seven markers assessed, a significantly increased expression of Snail protein was observed within the nucleus of prostate cancer cells and was strongly associated with increasing Gleason score and clinical stage. In addition, loss of E-Cadherin expression at the cellular membrane of prostate cancer cells was also significantly associated with increasing Gleason score, clinical stage, and additionally, a reduction in survival.

Watching each other: portrayals of gender and ethnicity in television advertisements.

The stereotypical depiction of men and women and of ethnic minority groups in advertisements is problematic because studies have shown that repeated exposure to selective portrayals of particular groups can lead to viewers adopting distorted beliefs about those groups. The current study examined the contemporary portrayal of men and women and of ethnic minority groups in New Zealand television advertisements. Over 3,000 advertisements were coded. Men and women were less often depicted in stereotypical roles than has previously been reported. However, White actors dominated the screen with Maori and Pacific Island people only being proportionally represented in advertisements that presented negative stereotyping. The findings were similar for Asians whose portrayal also appeared to be stereotypical. The authors call for more equitable appearances of women and ethnic minority groups.

Lung morphology assessment with balanced steady-state free precession MR imaging compared with CT.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the utility of 1.5-T noncontrast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the lung parenchyma and to compare it with computed tomography (CT) in the assessment of interstitial lung disease and other morphologic lung abnormalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was obtained for retrospective image analysis. A total of 236 patients who underwent MR imaging and CT as part of their assessment for suspected pulmonary hypertension were included in this study. Lung MR imaging was performed with a 1.5-T system as a stack of axial two-dimensional balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) acquisitions. Two radiologists independently evaluated CT and MR images for various morphologic abnormalities, such as pulmonary fibrosis, pleural and mediastinal disease, solid lesions, bronchial disease, and emphysema. Κ statistics were used to measure interobserver agreement. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity of MR imaging in the identification of pulmonary fibrosis (n = 46) were 89% (95% confidence interval: 77%, 96%) and 91% (95% confidence interval: 76%, 98%), respectively, when compared with CT. In comparison to CT, MR imaging depicted 75% of ground-glass opacities. Nine of the 12 noncalcified nodules were identified on MR images. Lung nodules (75%, κ = 0.71) and effusions (100%, κ = 0.89) were also well visualized on MR images. MR imaging was however less effective in depicting emphysema (16%, κ = 0.60) and minor fibrosis (67%, κ = 0.79). CONCLUSION: This study shows bSSFP MR imaging is inferior to CT in imaging parenchymal lung disease; however, this study does demonstrate for the first time a potential role for the bSSFP sequence as an alternative radiation-free noncontrast imaging modality for use in patients with pulmonary fibrosis.

Diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced MR angiography and unenhanced proton MR imaging compared with CT pulmonary angiography in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CE-MRA) and the added benefit of unenhanced proton MR angiography compared with CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in patients with chronic thromboembolic disease (CTE). METHODS: A 2 year retrospective study of 53 patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension who underwent CTPA and MRI for suspected pulmonary hypertension and a control group of 36 patients with no CT evidence of pulmonary embolism. The MRI was evaluated for CTE and the combined diagnostic accuracy of ce-MRA and unenhanced proton MRA was determined. CE-MRA generated lung perfusion maps were also assessed. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity and specificity of CE-MRA in diagnosing proximal and distal CTE were 98% and 94%, respectively. The sensitivity improved from 50% to 88% for central vessel disease when CE-MRA images were analysed with unenhanced proton MRA. The CE-MRA identified more stenoses (29/18), post-stenosis dilatation (23/7) and occlusions (37/29) compared with CTPA. The CE-MRA perfusion images showed a sensitivity of 92% for diagnosing CTE. CONCLUSION: CE-MRA has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing CTE. The sensitivity of CE-MRA for visualisation of adherent central and lobar thrombus significantly improves with the addition of unenhanced proton MRA which delineates the vessel wall.

Black blood MRI has diagnostic and prognostic value in the assessment of patients with pulmonary hypertension.

OBJECTIVES: Double inversion recovery (DIR) "black blood" MRI suppresses the signal from flowing blood, slow flowing blood causes incomplete suppression resulting in pulmonary blood flow artefact (PFA). This study examines the diagnostic utility and prognostic value of a PFA scoring system in a mixed cohort of patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). METHODS: DIR-MRI images were reviewed for 233 patients referred with suspected PH who underwent right heart catheterisation (RHC) within 48 h of MR. The degree of PFA was visually scored in all patients from 0 to 5 (0 = absent, 1 = segmental, 2 = lobar, 3 = distal main, 4 = proximal main and 5 = trunk). Pulmonary artery (PA), aorta (Ao), and PA main branch diameters were measured from which PA/Ao ratios and mean PA branch diameters (MPAB) were calculated. RESULTS: PFA >1 demonstrated high sensitivity (86%) and specificity (85%) for the diagnosis PH in our mixed patient cohort. A good correlation was found with PFA and haemodynamic parameters, PVR (r = 0.70), mPAP (r = 0.65) and CI (r = -0.53). PFA predicted mortality (P = 0.005) during the mean follow-up for 19 months. PFA scoring demonstrated good inter-observer agreement (k = 0.83). CONCLUSIONS: PFA scoring is of diagnostic and prognostic value in the assessment of patients with suspected PH. and is a predictor of mortality. KEY POINTS: • A simple magnetic resonance method of assessing pulmonary blood flow is presented • This involves a qualitative scoring system of black blood pulmonary flow artefacts • This is simple to perform and seems reproducible in pulmonary hypertension patients • The degree of artefact correlates well with right heart catheter measurements • Prominent pulmonary flow artefact predicts mortality in patients with pulmonary hypertension.

Teacher beliefs, teacher characteristics, and school contextual factors: what are the relationships?

BACKGROUND: There is a plethora of research around student beliefs and their contribution to student outcomes. However, there is less research in relation to teacher beliefs. Teacher factors are important to consider since beliefs mould thoughts and resultant instructional behaviours that, in turn, can contribute to student outcomes. AIMS: The purpose of this research was to explore relationships between the teacher characteristics of gender and teaching experience, school contextual variables (socio-economic level of school and class level), and three teacher socio-psychological variables: class level teacher expectations, teacher efficacy, and teacher goal orientation. SAMPLE: The participants were 68 male and female teachers with varying experience, from schools in a variety of socio-economic areas and from rural and urban locations within New Zealand. METHOD: Teachers completed a questionnaire containing items related to teacher efficacy and goal orientation in reading. They also completed a teacher expectation survey. Reading achievement data were collected on students. Interrelationships were explored between teacher socio-psychological beliefs and the teacher and school factors included in the study. RESULTS: Mastery-oriented beliefs predicted teacher efficacy for student engagement and classroom management. The socio-economic level of the school and teacher gender predicted teacher efficacy for engagement, classroom management, instructional strategies, and a mastery goal orientation. Being male predicted a performance goal orientation. CONCLUSIONS: Teacher beliefs, teacher characteristics, and school contextual variables can result in differences in teacher instructional practices and differing classroom climates. Further investigation of these variables is important since differences in teachers contribute to differences in student outcomes.

CT pulmonary angiography combined with echocardiography in suspected systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: Echocardiography is widely used in the investigation of patients with suspected SSc-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (SSc-PAH). We investigated whether CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) provides additive diagnostic value. METHODS: Data for 89 consecutive patients with suspected SSc-PAH undergoing echocardiography, CTPA and right heart catheterization were reviewed. Pulmonary artery diameter (dPA) and ascending aorta diameter (dAA), right and left ventricular diameter (dRV and dLV) and grade of tricuspid regurgitation (TR(CT)) measured at CTPA and tricuspid gradient (TG(ECHO)) at echocardiography were retrieved. A predictive equation for mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) was derived using multivariate linear regression. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was then used to assess the prognostic strength of CTPA parameters and TG(ECHO). RESULTS: Absolute measures of dPA and dRV correlated weakly with mPAP. However, dPA : dAA and dRV : dLV showed stronger correlations with mPAP (dPA : dAA r = 0.42, P < 0.001; dRV : dLV r = 0.51, P < 0.001). dRV : dLV correlated more strongly with pulmonary vascular resistance than did dPA : dAA (r = 0.63 vs 0.39, P both <0.001). dPA : dAA and TG(ECHO) were independent predictors of mPAP. A derived CT/echo composite index had a higher predictive accuracy (area under the curve = 0.95) than dPA : dAA or TG(ECHO) although negative predictive value (NPV) was only 77%. Combining the CT/echo composite index with presence or absence of TR(CT) increased NPV to 100% although this observation requires further validation. dRV : dLV was the strongest prognostic factor. CONCLUSION: In suspected SSc-PAH, cardiac chamber and great vessel measurements at CTPA correlate with pulmonary haemodynamics and predict survival. In combination with echocardiography CTPA increases diagnostic accuracy and may identify other potential causes of breathlessness.

Saskatchewan Court of Appeal: marriage commissioners cannot discriminate.

The Saskatchewan Court of Appeal has ruled that proposed legislation allowing marriage commissioners to refuse to solemnize same-sex marriages based on religious objections would violate the equality rights of gays and lesbians under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Charter). The Court expressed its opinion in a Reference involving proposed amendments to the Marriage Act.

Teacher expectations and perceptions of student attributes: Is there a relationship?

BACKGROUND: Teacher expectations have been a fruitful area of psychological research for 40 years. Researchers have concentrated on expectations at the individual level (i.e. expectations for individual students), rather than at the class level. Studies of class level expectations have begun to identify specific teacher factors that make a difference for students. AIMS: This study aimed to compare how teachers with very high (or very low) expectations for all their students would rate their students' personal attributes. Teacher ratings of attributes in relation to achievement was also of interest. SAMPLE: Participants were six high expectation (HiEx) teachers and three low expectation (LoEx) teachers and their 220 students. METHODS: Participants were asked to rate their students on characteristics related to attitudes to schoolwork, relationships with others, and home support for school. RESULTS: Contrasting patterns were found for HiEx and LoEx teachers. For HiEx teachers correlations between expectations and all student factors were significant and positive while for LoEx teachers the correlations that were significant were negative. Correlations between student achievement and all student factors were also positive and significant for HiEx teachers while for LoEx teachers only one positive correlation was found. CONCLUSIONS: This study adds weight to the argument that class level expectations are important for student learning. Teacher moderators appear to relate to differing teacher beliefs and attributes (mediators) and hence may lead to variance in the instructional and socio-emotional climate of the classroom.