Measurement of the

^{140}Ce(n,γ) is a key reaction for slow neutron-capture (s-process) nucleosynthesis due to being a bottleneck in the reaction flow. For this reason, it was measured with high accuracy (uncertainty ≈5%) at the n_TOF facility, with an unprecedented combination of a high purity sample and low neutron-sensitivity detectors. The measured Maxwellian averaged cross section is up to 40% higher than previously accepted values. Stellar model calculations indicate a reduction around 20% of the s-process contribution to the Galactic cerium abundance and smaller sizeable differences for most of the heavier elements. No variations are found in the nucleosynthesis from massive stars.

Direct Determination of Fission-Barrier Heights Using Light-Ion Transfer in Inverse Kinematics.

We demonstrate a new technique for obtaining fission data for nuclei away from ß stability. These types of data are pertinent to the astrophysical r process, crucial to a complete understanding of the origin of the heavy elements, and for developing a predictive model of fission. These data are also important considerations for terrestrial applications related to power generation and safeguarding. Experimentally, such data are scarce due to the difficulties in producing the actinide targets of interest. The solenoidal-spectrometer technique, commonly used to study nucleon-transfer reactions in inverse kinematics, has been applied to the case of transfer-induced fission as a means to deduce the fission-barrier height, among other variables. The fission-barrier height of ^{239}U has been determined via the ^{238}U(d,pf) reaction in inverse kinematics, the results of which are consistent with existing neutron-induced fission data indicating the validity of the technique.

Isospin Symmetry at High Spin Studied via Nucleon Knockout from Isomeric States.

One-neutron knockout reactions have been performed on a beam of radioactive ^{53}Co in a high-spin isomeric state. The analysis is shown to yield a highly selective population of high-spin states in an exotic nucleus with a significant cross section, and hence represents a technique that is applicable to the planned new generation of fragmentation-based radioactive beam facilities. Additionally, the relative cross sections among the excited states can be predicted to a high level of accuracy when reliable shell-model input is available. The work has resulted in a new level scheme, up to the 11^{+} band-termination state, of the proton-rich nucleus ^{52}Co (Z=27, N=25). This has in turn enabled a study of mirror energy differences in the A=52 odd-odd mirror nuclei, interpreted in terms of isospin-nonconserving (INC) forces in nuclei. The analysis demonstrates the importance of using a full set of J-dependent INC terms to explain the experimental observations.

Mirror energy differences at large isospin studied through direct two-nucleon knockout.

The first spectroscopy of excited states in 52Ni (T(z)=-2) and 51Co (T(z)=-3/2) has been obtained using the highly selective two-neutron knockout reaction. Mirror energy differences between isobaric analogue states in these nuclei and their mirror partners are interpreted in terms of isospin nonconserving effects. A comparison between large-scale shell-model calculations and data provides the most compelling evidence to date that both electromagnetic and an additional isospin nonconserving interactions for J=2 couplings, of unknown origin, are required to obtain good agreement.

Unloaded heart in vivo replicates fetal gene expression of cardiac hypertrophy.

The cardiac response to increased work includes a reactivation of fetal genes. The response to a decrease in cardiac work is not known. Such information is of clinical interest, because mechanical unloading can improve the functional capacity of the failing heart. We compared here the patterns of gene expression in unloaded rat heart with those in hypertrophied rat heart. Both conditions induced a re-expression of growth factors and proto-oncogenes, and a downregulation of the 'adult' isoforms, but not of the 'fetal' isoforms, of proteins regulating myocardial energetics. Therefore, opposite changes in cardiac workload in vivo induce similar patterns of gene response. Reactivation of fetal genes may underlie the functional improvement of an unloaded failing heart.

Induction of tissue transglutaminase in human peripheral blood monocytes.

The levels and activity of tissue transglutaminase were studied in human peripheral blood monocytes during differentiation into macrophages in vitro. The enzyme was present at low levels in freshly isolated monocytes (less than 20 ng/mg cell protein) but increased 50-fold during 10 d of adherent culture in autologous serum, reaching levels of 0.1% of total cellular protein. The rate of appearance of tissue transglutaminase in monocytes was accelerated by low levels of lipopolysaccharide. The half-life of disappearance of transglutaminase from human monocytes was 11 and 7 h in 2-d-old and 10-d-old cells, respectively. Treatment of 1-day-old monocytes with actinomycin D for 24 h blocked the increase in transglutaminase levels. These results indicated that the induction of gene transcription and protein synthesis was responsible for the increased transglutaminase levels and activity observed with cultured human monocytes. The induction of tissue transglutaminase may be a component in the in vivo differentiation of human monocytes into macrophages.

Retinoic acid-induced gene expression in normal and leukemic myeloid cells.

Retinoic acid has been shown to induce large accumulations of tissue transglutaminase in cultured myeloid cells. Addition of retinoic acid to mouse resident peritoneal macrophages increased the level of tissue transglutaminase mRNA within 30-60 min. Retinoic acid also increased tissue transglutaminase mRNA levels in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. These studies show that retinoic acid can induce acute alterations in specific gene expression in both normal and leukemic myeloid cells.

Localization of the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent. Protein kinase in cultured cells using a specific antibody.

We developed a specific antibody to the catalytic subunit (C-subunit) of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and used it to localize C-subunit in cultured cells. C-subunit antigen was purified from bovine cardiac muscle and cross-linked to hemocyanin with glutaraldehyde. Immunized goat serum showed a low titer of antibody after boosting; it was enriched 100-fold by affinity chromatography on catalytic subunit-Sepharose. The antibody immunoprecipitated C-subunit from type I and type II holoenzyme and depleted enzymatic activity from solution. At 12.5 nM antigen, 1 microgram antibody immunoprecipitated 10 ng of C-subunit. Immunoprecipitation of 35S-labeled cell extracts and 125I-antibody detection on nitrocellulose paper revealed that the antibody specifically reacts with C-subunit in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) whole cell extracts. Using indirect immunofluorescence to localize C-subunit, we found a pattern of diffuse staining in the cytoplasm of CHO cells with little or no nuclear staining. A similar distribution of the enzyme was observed in Swiss 3T3 cells, bovine endothelial tracheal cells, human lung fibroblasts and NRK cells. Treatment of CHO cells with 8-bromo-cyclic AMP produced no change in the pattern or intensity of immunofluorescence. We conclude that the majority of C-subunit is localized in cytoplasm and that in cultured fibroblasts exposure to cyclic AMP analogues causes no apparent redistribution of catalytic subunit.

Expression of tissue transglutaminase in Balb-C 3T3 fibroblasts: effects on cellular morphology and adhesion.

Tissue transglutaminase is a cytosolic enzyme whose primary function is to catalyze the covalent cross-linking of proteins. To investigate the functions of this enzyme in physiological systems, we have established lines of Balb-C 3T3 fibroblasts stably transfected with a constitutive tissue transglutaminase expression plasmid. Several cell lines expressing high levels of catalytically active tissue transglutaminase have been isolated and characterized. Transglutaminase-transfected cells showed morphologic features quite distinct from their nontransfected counterparts. Many of the cells showed an extended and very flattened morphology that reflected increased adhesion of the cells to the substratum. Other cells, particularly those showing the highest levels of intracellular transglutaminase expression, showed extensive membrane blebbing and cellular fragmentation. The results of these experiments suggest that the induction and activation of tissue transglutaminase may contribute both to changes in cellular morphology and adhesiveness.

Horizontal plate motion: a key allocyclic factor in the evolution of the great barrier reef.

The Great Barrier Reef complex of northeastern Australia thins dramatically and becomes younger from north to south. These variations are a consequence of the Cenozoic northward movement of the Indian-Australian plate. The temperate climatic conditions that applied off northeast Australia during the early Tertiary were progressively replaced by tropical conditions. The present-day south-to-north facies distribution along the eastern Australian continental margin mimics the Cenozoic vertical facies sequence through the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef region.

Tissue transglutaminase and apoptosis: sense and antisense transfection studies with human neuroblastoma cells.

In this report, we show that the overexpression of tissue transglutaminase (tTG) in the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-BE(2) renders these neural crest-derived cells highly susceptible to death by apoptosis. Cells transfected with a full-length tTG cDNA, under the control of a constitutive promoter, show a drastic reduction in proliferative capacity paralleled by a large increase in cell death rate. The dying tTG-transfected cells exhibit both cytoplasmic and nuclear changes characteristic of cells undergoing apoptosis. The tTG-transfected cells express high Bcl-2 protein levels as well as phenotypic neural cell adhesion molecule markers (NCAM and neurofilaments) of cells differentiating along the neuronal pathway. In keeping with these findings, transfection of neuroblastoma cells with an expression vector containing segments of the human tTG cDNA in antisense orientation resulted in a pronounced decrease of both spontaneous and retinoic acid (RA)-induced apoptosis. We also present evidence that (i) the apoptotic program of these neuroectodermal cells is strictly regulated by RA and (ii) cell death by apoptosis in the human neuroblastoma SK-N-BE(2) cells preferentially occurs in the substrate-adherent phenotype. For the first time, we report here a direct effect of tTG in the phenotypic maturation toward apoptosis. These results indicate that the tTG-dependent irreversible cross-linking of intracellular protein represents an important biochemical event in the induction of the structural changes featuring cells dying by apoptosis.

Activation of retinoid X receptors induces apoptosis in HL-60 cell lines.

Retinoids induce myeloblastic leukemia (HL-60) cells to differentiate into granulocytes, which subsequently die by apoptosis. Retinoid action is mediated through at least two classes of nuclear receptors: retinoic acid receptors, which bind both all-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid, and retinoid X receptors, which bind only 9-cis retinoic acid. Using receptor-selective synthetic retinoids and HL-60 cell sublines with different retinoid responsiveness, we have investigated the contribution that each class of receptors makes to the processes of cellular differentiation and death. Our results demonstrate that ligand activation of retinoic acid receptors is sufficient to induce differentiation, whereas ligand activation of retinoid X receptors is essential for the induction of apoptosis in HL-60 cell lines.

Different types of potassium channels underlie the long afterhyperpolarization in guinea-pig sympathetic and enteric neurons.

Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels play an important role in the control of neuronal excitability via the generation of the afterhyperpolarization. While both small and large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels underlie afterhyperpolarizations in different neuron types, the role of intermediate conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (IK(Ca)) in the generation of afterhyperpolarizations remains unclear. The effects of blockade of IK(Ca) on guinea pig coeliac and ileal myenteric neurons were studied using single microelectrode current and voltage clamp. In coeliac neurons, TRAM-39, a selective blocker of IK(Ca), depressed the amplitude of the prolonged conductance underlying the slow afterhyperpolarization, (gKCa2) by 57%. In contrast, the conductance underlying the prolonged afterhyperpolarization in AH-type myenteric neurons was unaffected by TRAM-39, although it has been suggested that this AHP is mediated by IK(Ca). In both types of neurons, TRAM-39 did not alter the resting cell properties or the properties of the action potential. TRAM-39 had no effect on the amplitude of the fast component of the afterhyperpolarization present in sympathetic LAH neurons. The results of this study suggest that in sympathetic LAH neurons, activation of IK(Ca) underlies at least part of the prolonged afterhyperpolarization while the nature of the channel underlying the AHP in enteric neurons remains unclear.

Video time-lapse microscopy of phagocytosis and intracellular fate of crystalline nickel sulfide particles in cultured mammalian cells.

The endocytosis and intracellular distribution of carcinogenic crystalline nickel sulfide (NiS) particles in Chinese hamster ovary cells were studied using time-lapse video recording with phase-contrast and bright-field optics. Crystalline NiS particles were phagocytosedd by Chinese hamster ovary cells in regions of membrane ruffling. While these particles may remain bound to the cell surface for variable time intervals (min to hr), their internalization generally required only 7 to 10 min. Endocytosed crystalline NiS particles exhibited saltatory motion, and lysosomes were observed to interact repeatedly with the particles in a manner similar to that observed during the digestion of macropinosomes. Particles were never observed to be exocytosed from the cell, and with time, most of the internalized particles aggregated in the region around the nucleus. After 24 to 48 hr, particle saltation decreased to a point where the particle position became relatively fixed in the perinuclear region, and in some instances, this was associated with a conspicuous vacuole formation around the particles. It is concluded that the uptake and distribution of crystalline NiS particles occur by normal endocytic and saltatory processes as occur during the formation and breakdown of macropinosomes. The observed lysosomal interaction with phagocytoses cytoplasmic NiS may accelerate particulate nickel dissolution allowing entry of ionic nickel into the nucleus.

A novel retinoic acid receptor-selective retinoid, ALRT1550, has potent antitumor activity against human oral squamous carcinoma xenografts in nude mice.

We have identified a novel retinoid, ALRT1550, that potently and selectively activates retinoic acid receptors (RARs). ALRT1550 binds RARs with Kd values of approximately equal to 1-4 nM, and retinoid X receptors with low affinities (Kd approximately equal to 270-556 nM). We studied the effects of ALRT1550 on cellular proliferation in squamous carcinoma cells. ALRT1550 inhibited in vitro proliferation of UMSCC-22B cells in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 0.22 +/- 0.1 (SE) nM. 9-cis-Retinoic acid (ALRT1057), a pan agonist retinoid that activates RARs and retinoid X receptors, inhibited proliferation with an IC50 value of 81 +/- 29 nM. In vivo, as tumor xenografts in nude mice, UMSCC-22B formed well-differentiated squamous carcinomas, and oral administration (daily, 5 days/week) of ALRT1550, begun 3 days after implanting tumor cells, inhibited tumor growth by up to 89% in a dose-dependent manner over the range of 3-75 micrograms/kg. ALRT1550 (30 micrograms/kg) also inhibited growth of established tumors by 72 +/- 3% when tumors were allowed to grow to approximately equal to 100 mm3 before dosing began. In comparison, 9-cis retinoic acid at 30 mg/kg inhibited growth of established tumors by 73 +/- 5%. Interestingly, retinoids did not appear to alter tumor morphologies in UMSCC-22B tumors. Notably, ALRT1550 produced a therapeutic index of approximately equal to 17 in this model, indicating a separation between doses that inhibited tumor growth and that induced symptoms of hypervitaminosis A. In summary, ALRT1550 potently inhibits cellular proliferation in vitro and in vivo in this squamous cell carcinoma tumor model. These data support additional study of ALRT1550 for its potential for improving anticancer therapy in human clinical trials.

Retinoid-induced suppression of squamous cell differentiation in human oral squamous cell carcinoma xenografts (line 1483) in athymic nude mice.

Retinoids are promising agents for therapy of squamous cancers. In vitro, retinoids decrease expression of differentiation markers in head and neck squamous carcinoma cells. Little information is available on effects of retinoids on head and neck squamous carcinoma cell xenograft growth in vivo. To address this issue, head and neck squamous carcinoma cells (line 1483) were established as xenografts in nude mice. Control tumors grew rapidly with doubling times of 4-6 days to mean volumes of 1696 mm3 after 24 days. Histological analyses indicated the formation of well-differentiated squamous carcinoma cells exhibiting pronounced stratification (basal and suprabasal cells) and keratinization (keratin pearls) with abundant stroma. Cytokeratin 19 expression was restricted to the basal cell layers, and cytokeratin 4 expression was abundant in suprabasal cells. Mice were treated daily with 30 mg/kg 9-cis retinoic acid, 20 mg/kg all-trans-retinoic acid, or 60 mg/kg 13-cis retinoic acid by p.o. gavage on a schedule of 5 days/week over 4 weeks. Low micromolar (1.48-3.67 microM) and nanomolar (200-490 nM) concentrations of 9-cis retinoic acid and all-trans-retinoic acid were measured in plasmas and xenografts, respectively, 30 min after dosing. Retinoid treatment produced a marked suppression of the squamous cell differentiation of tumor cells manifest by decreased keratinization, loss of stratification, and accumulation of basal cells. This was accompanied by large decreases in the number of CK4-positive cells and concomitant increases of CK19-positive cells. REtinoic acid receptor-beta expression was also increased by 2.9-9.7-fold after chronic retinoid treatment. 9-cis retinoic acid and all-trans-retinoic acid decreased tumor volumes by 23 +/- 5 (SE) and 19 +/- 3%, respectively (P < or = 0.05); 13-cis retinoic acid was inactive. These retinoids did not decrease the rate of exponential tumor growth but increased the latent period until exponential growth began. These studies demonstrate that retinoids do not universally decrease tumor growth but profoundly suppress squamous cell differentiation in vivo in this xenograft model.

Transfection of tissue transglutaminase into a highly malignant hamster fibrosarcoma leads to a reduced incidence of primary tumour growth.

Reduced expression of the tissue transglutaminase in both murine and human tumours has been consistently associated with tumour growth and progression. To investigate the functional effects of transglutaminase expression we have transfected a constitutive human tissue transglutaminase expression construct into a highly malignant hamster fibrosarcoma cell line Met B. Met B clones expressing the exogenous tissue transglutaminase exhibited a reduced incidence of primary tumour formation and an increased adherence to tissue culture plastic and fibronectin coated surfaces when compared to transfected and non transfected control cells. Transglutaminase transfected clones exhibited no significant differences in their growth rates measured in vitro, cell morphology or levels of spontaneous apoptosis measured by the determination of detergent insoluble apoptotic envelopes. The data demonstrates a suppressive effect of tissue transglutaminase on tumour growth and confirms its importance in the phenotypic changes associated with the cancer process.

Inhibition of the adhesion of Chinese hamster ovary cells by the naphthylsulfonamides dansylcadaverine and N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthylenesulfonamide (W7).

Treatment of Chinese hamster ovary cells with dansylcadaverine or N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthylenesulfonamide (W7) reduced cell attachment in a reversible, dose-dependent manner. The concentration of dansylcadaverine required to produce 50% inhibition of adhesion was significantly higher than that of W7, 300 microM and 50 microM, respectively. Concentrations of dansylcadaverine and W7 which produced decreased adhesion also antagonized calmodulin-dependent activation of phosphodiesterase. Chlorpromazine, another calmoldulin antagonist also decreased cell attachment. Dansylcadaverine and W7 both interfere with cellular transglutaminase activity, but several other transglutaminase antagonists, such as methylamine, butylamine, putrescine and bacitracin, had no effect on CHO cell attachment. We conclude that naphthylsulfonamides such as dansylcadaverine and W7 may inhibit the attachment of CHO cells by a mechanism which could involve inhibition of calmodulin-dependent processes, although further studies are required to show a direct role of calmodulin in cell adhesion.

Regulation of transglutaminase activity in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

We have investigated the regulation of transglutaminase activity (epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine crosslinking enzyme) in Chinese hamster ovary cells in culture. We report that transglutaminase activity increases several-fold in CHO cells at maximum density in suspension culture. This increase cannot be explained by the presence of soluble regulators of the enzyme activity or the appearance of a new enzyme activity with a different affinity for substrate, but appears to be due to an increase in total enzyme activity. Treatment of CHO cells at low cell density with 8-bromo cyclic AMP results in a small increase (20--70%) in transglutaminase activity. By studying CHO mutants which have altered or absent cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinases, we have demonstrated that the effect of cyclic AMP on transglutaminase activity at low cell density is mediated by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase. However, the protein kinase mutants show normal increases in transglutaminase activity at high cell density, indicating that cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase does not mediate density-dependent changes in transglutaminase activity.