Combined Arthroscopic-Assisted Lower Trapezius Tendon Transfer and Superior Capsule Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Posterior-Superior Rotator Cuff Tears: Surgical Technique.

Primary or revision irreparable rotator cuff tears remain a challenge. Clear algorithms do not exist. Several joint-preserving options are available, but no technique has been definitely proven to be better than another. Although superior capsule reconstruction has been shown to be effective in restoring motion, lower trapezius transfer can provide strong external rotation and abduction moment. The aim of the present article was to describe an easy and reliable technique to combine both options in 1 surgery, aiming to maximize the functional outcome by getting motion and strength back.

Current distribution of the invasive mosquito species, Aedes koreicus [Hulecoeteomyia koreica] in northern Italy.

BACKGROUND: The invasive species Aedes (Finlaya) koreicus was first identified in north-eastern Italy in 2011, during the ongoing surveillance activity of Aedes albopictus. Following this finding, a more intensive monitoring was carried out to assess the distribution of the species and to collect biological data. Herein, we report the new records obtained by four years of surveillance. FINDINGS: The presence of Ae. koreicus was checked using ovitraps, adults traps and by larval collections in all possible breeding sites from May 2011 to July 2015. The monitoring started in the site of the first detection (Province of Belluno) and was then extended in the neighbouring Provinces belonging to four Regions. Aedes koreicus was found in 73 municipalities out of 155 monitored (47.1 %), including 23 municipalities (14.8 %) previously not infested. The area of first detection of Ae. koreicus (Province of Belluno) was also the most infested (68 %). However the mosquito has also been found to the west (Province of Trento) and to the south and south-west (Provinces of Vicenza and Treviso) of the initially infested area. CONCLUSIONS: The spread of Ae. koreicus is directed towards south and west from the original infested area, likely due to the dense road connections and the habitat suitability of the new areas. According to these records, northern Italy has a high probability to be invaded by Ae. koreicus in the next decade. These data can be useful to validate predictive models of potential distribution and dispersal of this species in Italy or in Europe.