Multiple soft-mode vibrations of lead zirconate.

Polarized Raman, IR, and time-domain THz spectroscopy of orthorhombic lead zirconate single crystals have yielded a comprehensive picture of temperature-dependent quasiharmonic frequencies of its low-frequency phonon modes. It is argued that these modes primarily involve vibrations of Pb ions and librations of oxygen octahedra. Their relation to phonon modes of the parent cubic phase is proposed. Counts of the observed IR and Raman active modes belonging to distinct irreducible representations agree quite well with group-theory predictions. Analysis of the results yields insight into the phase transition mechanism, involving a soft ferroelectric branch coupled by a trilinear term to another two oxygen octahedra tilt modes.

Dynamics of nanoscale polarization fluctuations in a uniaxial relaxor.

We have studied neutron diffuse scattering in a Sr(0.61)Ba(0.39)Nb(2)O(6) single crystal by neutron backscattering at sub-µeV energy resolution. We can identify two response components with transverse polarization: an elastic (resolution limited) central peak, which monotonically increases with decreasing temperature, and a quasielastic central peak, having a maximum intensity around the ferroelectric phase transition close to 350 K. In contrast to previous neutron experiments on this and other relaxor materials, we were able to observe a temperature dependence of the characteristic frequency of these fluctuations, obeying the same Vogel-Fulcher law as the dynamic part of the dielectric permittivity of this material. In this way our findings provide a first direct link between the Vogel-Fulcher-type frequency dependence of dielectric permittivity and dynamic nanoscale lattice modulations with a transverse correlation length of about 5-10 unit cells.

Computer-controlled susceptometer for investigating the linear and nonlinear dielectric response.

A fully automatized alternating current (ac) susceptometer is constructed for simultaneous measurements of the phase resolved complex linear and complex nonlinear ac susceptibilities of lossy and dispersive dielectric materials. This relatively simple setup allows measurements over a wide range of experimental variables, such as ac amplitudes up to 40 V, frequencies from 10(-2) to 10(3) Hz, and temperatures from 100 to 600 K utilizing only current/voltage and analog/digital converters and a personal computer. In contrast with the commonly used analysis of the charge accumulated on a standard capacitor in series with the sample our method is based on the analysis of the current flowing directly through the sample. Absence of any capacitive voltage dividers in the measurement circuit eliminates uncontrolled phase shifts. This is why the instrument provides high quality, nonlinear susceptibility data and in particular appears as a very convenient tool for discrimination between continuous and discontinuous phase transitions when determining the sign of the real part of the third order dielectric susceptibility.

Electric field and aging effects of uniaxial ferroelectrics Sr x Ba1-x Nb2O6 probed by Brillouin scattering.

Static and dynamic heterogeneity of disordered system is one of the current topics in materials science. In disordered ferroelectric materials with random fields, dynamic polar nanoregions (PNRs) appear at Burns temperature and freeze into nanodomain state below Curie temperature (T C). This state is very sensitive to external electric field and aging by which it gradually switches into macrodomain state. However, the role of PNRs in such states below T C is still a puzzling issue of materials science. Electric field and aging effects of uniaxial ferroelectric Sr x Ba1-x Nb2O6 (x = 0.40, SBN40) single crystals were studied using Brillouin scattering to clarify the critical nature of PNRs in domain states below T C. On field heating, a broad anomaly in longitudinal acoustic (LA) velocity at low temperature region was due to an incomplete alignment of nanodomains caused by the interaction between PNRs. A sharp anomaly near T C was attributed to the complete switching of nanodomain to macrodomain state owing to the lack of interaction among PNRs. After isothermal aging below T C, the noticeable increase of LA velocity was observed. It was unaffected by cyclic temperature measurements up to T C, and recovered to initial state outside of a narrow temperature range above and below aging temperature.

Fast polarization mechanisms in the uniaxial tungsten-bronze relaxor strontium barium niobate SBN-81.

The high-frequency dielectric response of the uniaxial strontium barium niobate crystals with 81% of Sr has been studied from 1 kHz to 30 THz along the polar c axis by means of several techniques (far infrared, time domain terahertz, high-frequency and low-frequency dielectric spectroscopies) in a wide temperature interval 20-600 K. Relaxor properties were observed in the complex dielectric response and four main excitations were ascertained below the phonon frequencies. These fast polarization mechanisms take place at THz, GHz and MHz ranges and show different temperature evolution. The central mode excitation in the THz range, related to anharmonic dynamics of cations, slightly softens from high temperatures and then hardens below T ~ 400 K. Below the phase transition (at T ~ 330 K) an additional microwave excitation appears near 10 GHz related to micro domain wall oscillations. The strongest relaxation appears in the GHz range and slows down on cooling according to the Arrhenius law. Finally, another relaxation, present in the MHz range at high temperatures, also slows down on cooling at least to the kHz range. These two relaxations are due to polar fluctuations and nanodomains dynamics. Altogether, the four excitations explain the dielectric permittivity maximum in the kHz range.

Temperature Effect on the Stability of the Polarized State Created by Local Electric Fields in Strontium Barium Niobate Single Crystals.

The stability of ferroelectric domain patterns at the nanoscale has been a topic of much interest for many years. We investigated the relaxation of the polarized state created by application of a local electric field using a conductive tip of a scanning probe microscope for the model uniaxial relaxor system SrxBa1-xNb2O6 (SBN) in its pure and Ce-doped form. The temporal relaxation of the induced PFM contrast was measured at various temperatures. The average value of the induced contrast decreases during heating for all investigated crystals. Below the freezing temperature the induced state remains stable after an initial relaxation. Above the freezing temperature the induced state is unstable and gradually decays with time. The stability of the induced state is strongly affected by the measuring conditions, so continuous scanning results in a faster decay of the poled domain. The obtained effects are attributed to a decrease of the induced polarization and backswitching of the polarized area under the action of the depolarization field.

Instrument for measuring the switching transition in ferroelectric thin films.

A description is given of the construction and operating principles of an instrument for investigation of the process of polarization reversing in ferroelectric thin films in an electric field arising from rectangular impulses. The system constructed enables investigation of changes of polarization as a function of intensity of electric field in a wide range of time intervals by means of an integrating system, and investigation of the time-course of polarization reversing as a function of intensity of electric field by means of a differentiating system.

The application of allogenic ligament grafts in traumatic and orthopedic surgery.

Deep frozen and lyophilized allografts constitute a good alternative to the widely-used autografts in ligament reconstruction. To date the chief disadvantage of allografts has been the risk of transmitting viral infections, especially HIV and various kinds of viral hepatitis. The use allografts shortens operating time, reduces the extent of surgical damage, and preserves the patient's own tissue, which makes it possible to perform multiplex reconstruction and repair damaged autografts. The article described the techniques used to collect, sterilize, and store allografts, as well as the intraoperative procedure.

Freezing of the Nb5+ ion dynamics in AgNbO3 studied by linear and nonlinear dielectric response.

Linear and nonlinear dielectric measurements of AgNbO3 ceramics and single crystals were carried out for the M phases (77-673 K). The linear dielectric response is dominated by the contribution of the submillimetre relaxational mode related to the Nb5+ ion dynamics (M2-M3). On the other hand, nonlinear dielectric χ3' susceptibility revealed anomalies at three characteristic temperatures: 90, 325 and 448 K. Two later ones are connected with changes of the Nb5+ ion dynamics. At T(f) = 448 K a partial freezing of the Nb5+ ion displacement to the anti-polar, antiferroelectric array takes place. At 325 K further freezing of Nb and Ag displacements to the polar weak relaxor ferroelectric or dipolar glass transition occurs. This polar state coexists with the ground antiferroelectric one.

Creep and relaxation dynamics of domain walls in periodically poled KTiOPO4.

Creep and relaxation of domain walls under ac electric fields are observed in an ideal model system, periodically poled KTiOPO4, to occur in different regimes, which are separated by dynamic phase transitions at frequencies f(m)(T)=f(m0)exp((-DeltaE/k(B)T), with f(m0)=3 x 10(9) Hz and DeltaE=0.6 eV. Power law dispersion of the creep susceptibility, chi proportional to 1+(iomegatau)(-beta), with beta approximately equal to 0.4, and large nonlinearity encountered at f < f(m), is contrasted with Cole-Cole-type relaxational dispersion, chi proportional to (1+[iomegatau](1-alpha))(-1), with alpha approximately 0.3, at f > f(m).

Use of plant material for the decontamination of water polluted with phenols.

Plant materials were found useful in the decontamination water polluted with phenolic contained in the plant tissue. The enzymes mediated oxidative coupling of the pollutants, followed by precipitation of the formed polymers from the aqueous phase. An industrial wastewater contaminated with 2,4-dichlorophenol (up to 850 ppm) and other chlorinated phenols was successfully treated using minced horseradish, potato, or white radish (amended with H(2)O(2)). Horseradish-mediated removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol from model solutions was comparable with that achieved using purified horseradish peroxidase. In addition, horseradish could be reused up to 30 times. Due to the apparent ease of application, the use of plat material may present a breakthrough in the enzyme treatment of contaminated water.

Imaging of reaction zones in hydrocarbon-air flames by use of planar laser-induced fluorescence of CH.

A method for imaging the reaction zones in hydrocarbon-air flames is described. The technique is based on planar laser-induced fluorescence of the CH radical by use of excitation in the A(2)Delta ? X(2) II(1, 0) band and broadband detection from the overlapping (1, 1) and (0, 0) bands. This strategy is found to provide a significant improvement in image quality compared with that from previously employed CH imaging techniques. Results are presented for propane-air flames, and a comparison of possible imaging strategies is given.

[Intertrochanteric fractures of the hip treated with dynamic hip screws (DHS)]. / Leczenie zlaman przezkretarzowych kosci udowej z uzyciem sruboplytki zeslizgowej (DHS).

The history and concept of sliding fixation is presented. Treatment results of 72 cases with 76 intertrochanteric fractures treated with DHS were analysed. Fractures were classified according to the Kyle scale into 4 different types. 61 males and 11 women age ranging from 46 to 72 years (average age: 65 years) were treated surgically. In 48 cases good results were achieved, in 22 cases results were satisfactory and in 6 cases results were poor. The use of DHS screws is an effective way of treating intertrochanteric fractures among patients with osteoporosis, as well as young patients requiring anatomic reduction of bone fragments. This technique allows early mobilization and weight bearing.

[Densitometry for assessment of periacetabular bony changes after Parhofer-Mönch total hip replacement]. / Densytometryczna ocena kostnych zmian okolopanewkowych po endoprotezoplastyce stawu biodrowego typu Parhofera-Möncha.

Densitometry for assessment of mineral changes after Parhofer-Mönch total hip replacement 10 mm around the acetabular component has been done in 53 patients (31 females and 22 males, mean age 52.1 years) with unilateral hip arthritis. Lunar DPX apparatus has been used, "manual analysis" of "Orthopedic" software and modification of DeLee and Charnley zones for DEXA technique was employed. After 6 months follow-up BMC and BMD decreased in all zones analyzed, especially in zone 2. These values increased in next 6 and 12 months but did not compensate for the primary loss.