MAP kinase phosphatase DUSP1 is overexpressed in obese humans and modulated by physical exercise.

Chronic low-grade inflammation and dysregulation of the stress defense system are cardinal features of obesity, a major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and diabetes. Dual-specificity protein phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), known also as MAP kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP1), is implicated in metabolism and energy expenditure. Mice lacking DUSP1 are resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity. However, the expression of DUSP1 has not been investigated in human obesity. In the current study, we compared the expression pattern of DUSP1 between lean and obese nondiabetic human subjects using subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The levels of DUSP1 mRNA and protein were significantly increased in obese subjects with concomitant decrease in the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK) and PGC-1α and an increase in the levels of phospho-JNK (p-JNK) and phospho-ERK (p-ERK). Moreover, obese subjects had higher levels of circulating DUSP1 protein that correlated positively with various obesity indicators, triglycerides, glucagon, insulin, leptin, and PAI-1 (P < 0.05) but negatively with V̇O(2max) and high-density lipoprotein (P < 0.05). The observation that DUSP1 was overexpressed in obese subjects prompted us to investigate whether physical exercise could reduce its expression. In this study, we report for the first time that physical exercise significantly attenuated the expression of DUSP1 in both the SAT and PBMCs, with a parallel increase in the expression of PGC-1α and a reduction in the levels of p-JNK and p-ERK along with attenuated inflammatory response. Collectively, our data suggest that DUSP1 upregulation is strongly linked to adiposity and that physical exercise modulates its expression. This gives further evidence that exercise might be useful as a strategy for managing obesity and preventing its associated complications.

Gender-specific association of oxidative stress and inflammation with cardiovascular risk factors in Arab population.

BACKGROUND: The impact of gender difference on the association between metabolic stress and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear. We have investigated, for the first time, the gender effect on the oxidative and inflammatory stress responses and assessed their correlation with classical cardiometabolites in Arab population. METHODS: A total of 378 adult Arab participants (193 females) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Plasma levels of CRP, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, ROS, TBARs, and PON1 were measured and correlated with anthropometric and cardiometabolite parameters of the study population. RESULTS: Compared to females, males had significantly higher FBG, HbA1c, TG, and blood pressure but lower BMI, TC, and HDL (P < 0.05). After adjustment for BMI and WC, females had higher levels of ROS, TBARS, and CRP (P < 0.001) whereas males had increased levels of IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α (P < 0.05). Moreover, after adjustment for age, BMI, and gender, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and ROS were associated with central obesity but not general obesity. CONCLUSION: Inflammation and oxidative stress contribution to CVD risk in Arab population linked to gender and this risk is better reflected by central obesity. Arab females might be at risk of CVD complications due to increased oxidative stress.

IL-33 is negatively associated with the BMI and confers a protective lipid/metabolic profile in non-diabetic but not diabetic subjects.

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have demonstrated a protective role for IL-33 against obesity-associated inflammation, atherosclerosis and metabolic abnormalities. IL-33 promotes the production of T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines, polarizes macrophages towards a protective alternatively activated phenotype, reduces lipid storage and decreases the expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism and adipogenesis. Our objective was to determine the level of serum IL-33 in non-diabetic and diabetic subjects, and to correlate these levels with clinical (BMI and body weight) and metabolic (serum lipids and HbA1c) parameters. METHODS: The level of IL-33 was measured in the serum of lean, overweight and obese non-diabetic and diabetic subjects, and then correlated with clinical and metabolic parameters. RESULTS: Non-lean subjects had significantly (P = 0.01) lower levels of IL-33 compared to lean controls. IL-33 was negatively correlated with the BMI and body weight in lean and overweight, but not obese (non-diabetic and diabetic), subjects. IL-33 is associated with protective lipid profiles, and is negatively correlated with HbA1c, in non-diabetic (lean, overweight and obese) but not diabetic subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support previous findings showing a protective role for IL-33 against adiposity and atherosclerosis, and further suggest that reduced levels of IL-33 may put certain individuals at increased risk of developing atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. Therefore, IL-33 may serve as a novel marker to predict those who may be at increased risk of developing atherosclerosis.

Immunohistochemical profiling of the heat shock response in obese non-diabetic subjects revealed impaired expression of heat shock proteins in the adipose tissue.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is characterized by a chronic low-grade inflammation and altered stress responses in key metabolic tissues. Impairment of heat shock response (HSR) has been already linked to diabetes and insulin resistance as reflected by decrease in heat shock proteins (HSPs) expression. However, the status of HSR in non-diabetic human obese has not yet been elucidated. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether obesity triggers a change in the HSR pattern and the impact of physical exercise on this pattern at protein and mRNA levels. METHODS: Two groups of adult non-diabetic human subjects consisting of lean and obese (n = 47 for each group) were enrolled in this study. The expression pattern of HSP-27, DNAJB3/HSP-40, HSP-60, HSC-70, HSP72, HSP-90 and GRP-94 in the adipose tissue was primarily investigated by immunohistochemistry and then complemented by western blot and qRT-PCR in Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). HSPs expression levels were correlated with various physical, clinical and biochemical parameters. We have also explored the effect of a 3-month moderate physical exercise on the HSPs expression pattern in obese subjects. RESULTS: Obese subjects displayed increased expression of HSP-60, HSC-70, HSP-72, HSP-90 and GRP-94 and lower expression of DNAJB3/HSP-40 (P < 0.05). No differential expression was observed for HSP-27 between the two groups. Higher levels of HSP-72 and GRP-94 proteins correlated positively with the indices of obesity (body mass index and percent body fat) and circulating levels of IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and RANTES chemokines. This expression pattern was concomitant with increased inflammatory response in the adipose tissue as monitored by increased levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and RANTES (P < 0.05). Physical exercise reduced the expression of various HSPs in obese to normal levels observed in lean subjects with a parallel decrease in the endogenous levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and RANTES. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these data indicate that obesity triggers differential regulation of various components of the HSR in non-diabetic subjects and a 3-month physical moderate exercise was sufficient to restore the normal expression of HSPs in the adipose tissue with concomitant attenuation in the inflammatory response.

Physical exercise reduces the expression of RANTES and its CCR5 receptor in the adipose tissue of obese humans.

RANTES and its CCR5 receptor trigger inflammation and its progression to insulin resistance in obese. In the present study, we investigated for the first time the effect of physical exercise on the expression of RANTES and CCR5 in obese humans. Fifty-seven adult nondiabetic subjects (17 lean and 40 obese) were enrolled in a 3-month supervised physical exercise. RANTES and CCR5 expressions were measured in PBMCs and subcutaneous adipose tissue before and after exercise. Circulating plasma levels of RANTES were also investigated. There was a significant increase in RANTES and CCR5 expression in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese compared to lean. In PBMCs, however, while the levels of RANTES mRNA and protein were comparable between both groups, CCR5 mRNA was downregulated in obese subjects (P < 0.05). Physical exercise significantly reduced the expression of both RANTES and CCR5 (P < 0.05) in the adipose tissue of obese individuals with a concomitant decrease in the levels of the inflammatory markers TNF- α , IL-6, and P-JNK. Circulating RANTES correlated negatively with anti-inflammatory IL-1 ra (P = 0.001) and positively with proinflammatory IP-10 and TBARS levels (P < 0.05). Therefore, physical exercise may provide an effective approach for combating the deleterious effects associated with obesity through RANTES signaling in the adipose tissue.

DNAJB3 attenuates ER stress through direct interaction with AKT.

Metabolic stress involved in several dysregulation disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) results in down regulation of several heat shock proteins (HSPs) including DNAJB3. This down regulation of HSPs is associated with insulin resistance (IR) and interventions which induce the heat shock response (HSR) help to increase the insulin sensitivity. Metabolic stress leads to changes in signaling pathways through increased activation of both c-jun N-terminal kinase-1 (JNK1) and the inhibitor of κB inflammatory kinase (IKKß) which in turn leads to inactivation of insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 (IRS-1 and IRS-2). DNAJB3 interacts with both JNK1 and IKKß kinases to mitigate metabolic stress. In addition DNAJB3 also activates the PI3K-PKB/AKT pathway through increased phosphorylation of AKT1 and its substrate AS160, a Rab GTPase-activating protein, which results in mobilization of GLUT4 transporter protein and improved glucose uptake. We show through pull down that AK T1 is an interacting partner of DNAJB3, further confirmed by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) which quantified the avidity of AKT1 for DNAJB3. The binding interface was identified by combining protein modelling with docking of the AKT1-DNAJB3 complex. DNAJB3 is localized in the cytoplasm and ER, where it interacts directly with AKT1 and mobilizes AS160 for glucose transport. Inhibition of AKT1 resulted in loss of GLUT4 translocation activity mediated by DNAJB3 and also abolished the protective effect of DNAJB3 on tunicamycin-induced ER stress. Taken together, our findings provide evidence for a direct protein-protein interaction between DNAJB3 and AKT1 upon which DNAJB3 alleviates ER stress and promotes GLUT4 translocation.

Genetic Deletion of DNAJB3 Using CRISPR-Cas9, Produced Discordant Phenotypes.

Several pathways and/or genes have been shown to be dysregulated in obesity-induced insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). We previously showed, for the first time, impaired expression of DNAJB3 mRNA and protein in subjects with obesity, which was concomitant with increased metabolic stress. Restoring the normal expression of DNAJB3 attenuated metabolic stress and improved insulin signaling both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting a protective role of DNAJB3 against obesity and T2D. The precise underlying mechanisms remained, however, unclear. This study was designed to confirm the human studies in a mouse model of dietary obesity-induced insulin resistance, and, if validated, to understand the underlying mechanisms. We hypothesized that mice lacking DNAJB3 would be more prone to high-fat (HF)-diet-induced increase in body weight and body fat, inflammation, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance as compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. Three DNAJB3 knockout (KO) lines were generated (KO 30, 44 and 47), using CRISPR-Cas9. Male and female KO and WT mice were fed a HF diet (45% kcal fat) for 16 weeks. Body weight was measured biweekly, and a glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were conducted at week 13 and 14, respectively. Body composition was determined monthly by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Following euthanasia, white adipose tissue (WAT) and skeletal muscle were harvested for further analyses. Compared with WT mice, male and female KO 47 mice demonstrated higher body weight and fat mass. Similarly, KO 47 mice also showed a slower rate of glucose clearance in GTT that was consistent with decreased mRNA expression of the GLUT4 gene in WAT but not in the muscle. Both male and female KO 47 mice exhibited higher mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory marker TNF-a in WAT only, whereas increased mRNA levels of MCP1 chemokine and the ER stress marker BiP/Grp78 were observed in male but not in female KO 47 mice. However, we did not observe the same changes in the other KO lines. Taken together, the phenotype of the DNAJB3 KO 47 mice was consistent with the metabolic changes and low levels of DNAJB3 reported in human subjects. These findings suggest that DNAJB3 may play an important role in metabolic functions and glucose homeostasis, which warrants further phenotyping and intervention studies in other KO 47 and other KO mice, as well as investigating this protein as a potential therapeutic target for obesity and T2D.

Tissue factor/factor VIIa pathway mediates coagulation activation in induced-heat stroke in the baboon.

OBJECTIVE: Excessive activation of coagulation, which can culminate in overt disseminated intravascular coagulation, is a prominent feature of heat stroke. However, neither the mechanism that initiates the coagulation activation nor its pathogenic role is known. We examined whether the tissue factor/factor VIIa complex initiates the coagulation activation in heat stroke and, if so, whether upstream inhibition of coagulation activation through its neutralization may minimize cellular injury and organ dysfunction. We also examined whether coagulation inhibition influences heat stroke-induced fibrinolytic and inflammatory responses. DESIGN: Randomized controlled study. SETTING: Comparative Medicine Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. SUBJECTS: Baboons (Papio Hamadryas). INTERVENTIONS: Twelve anesthetized baboons assigned randomly to recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2, a powerful inhibitor of tissue factor/factor VIIa-dependent coagulation (n = 6), or a control group (n = 6) were heat-stressed in a prewarmed neonatal incubator at 44-47°C until systolic blood pressure fell <90 mm Hg, signaling the onset of severe heat stroke. Recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2 was administered as a single intravenous dose of 30 µg/kg body weight at onset of heat stroke. The control group received an equivalent volume of sterile saline intravenously. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Heat stroke was associated with coagulation activation and fibrin formation as evidenced by the increased plasma thrombin-antithrombin complexes, endogenous thrombin potential, and D-dimer levels. Recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2 induced significant inhibition of thrombin generation and fibrin formation. Inhibition of coagulation in recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2-treated animals did not influence either fibrinolysis (assessed by tissue plasminogen activator, plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complexes, and plasminogen activator inhibitor) or the release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. No difference in markers of cell injury and organ dysfunction was observed between recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2-treated and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Tissue factor/factor VIIa-dependent pathway initiates coagulation activation in induced-heat stroke in the baboon without an effect on fibrinolysis and inflammation. The findings suggest also that coagulation activation is not a prerequisite of cell injury and organ dysfunction.

Genome annotation and intraviral interactome for the Streptococcus pneumoniae virulent phage Dp-1.

Streptococcus pneumoniae causes several diseases, including pneumonia, septicemia, and meningitis. Phage Dp-1 is one of the very few isolated virulent S. pneumoniae bacteriophages, but only a partial characterization is currently available. Here, we confirmed that Dp-1 belongs to the family Siphoviridae. Then, we determined its complete genomic sequence of 56,506 bp. It encodes 72 open reading frames, of which 44 have been assigned a function. We have identified putative promoters, Rho-independent terminators, and several genomic clusters. We provide evidence that Dp-1 may be using a novel DNA replication system as well as redirecting host protein synthesis through queuosine-containing tRNAs. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of purified phage Dp-1 particles identified at least eight structural proteins. Finally, using comprehensive yeast two-hybrid screens, we identified 156 phage protein interactions, and this intraviral interactome was used to propose a structural model of Dp-1.

sRAGE in diabetic and non-diabetic critically ill patients: effects of intensive insulin therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Hyperglycemia represents an independent prognostic factor in critically ill non-diabetic patients but not in those with diabetes. In this context, there is an ongoing debate on the benefit of an intensive insulin therapy, particularly in diabetic patients. We tested the hypothesis that expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), an important signal transduction receptor that elicits long-lasting nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation, may underlie this difference. RAGE expression is regulated by multiple ligands, including high mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1), and is reflected by its released soluble form (sRAGE). METHODS: A predesigned analysis was conducted of prospectively collected samples from 76 hyperglycemic critically ill patients (33 type-2 diabetes, 43 non-diabetes) aged ≥ 18 years with blood glucose of > 6.1 mmol/L enrolled in a randomized controlled trial comparing intensive insulin therapy with conventional insulin therapy. sRAGE and its ligand HMGB-1 together with IL-6, and soluble thrombomodulin (as markers of inflammation and endothelial cell injury, respectively) were evaluated in ICU, at Days 1, 3, 5 and 7. Plasma samples from 18 healthy subjects were used as controls. RESULTS: Both diabetic and non-diabetic hyperglycemic patients showed increased plasma sRAGE, HMGB-1 and soluble thrombomodulin levels at the time of admission to ICU. Plasma IL-6 concentration was only increased in non-diabetic patients. Plasma levels of sRAGE were higher in diabetic compared with non-diabetic patients. Intensive insulin therapy resulted in a significant decrease of sRAGE and thrombomodulin at Day 7, in diabetic but not in non-diabetic patients. Circulating sRAGE levels correlated positively with IL-6 and soluble thrombomodulin levels and inversely with HMGB-1. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that sRAGE remains independently correlated with HMGB-1 only in diabetic patients. Neither sRAGE nor any inflammatory markers are associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the hypothesis that sRAGE release, time-course and response to intensive insulin therapy differ between hyperglycemic diabetic and non-diabetic critically ill patients. Whether this difference underlies the dissimilarity in clinical outcome of hyperglycemia in these two conditions warrants further studies.

Role of the DNAJ/HSP40 family in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

Insulin resistance (IR) underpins a wide range of metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. IR is characterized by a marked reduction in the magnitude and/or delayed onset of insulin to stimulate glucose disposal. This condition is due to defects in one or several intracellular intermediates of the insulin signaling cascade, ranging from insulin receptor substrate (IRS) inactivation to reduced glucose phosphorylation and oxidation. Genetic predisposition, as well as other precipitating factors such as aging, obesity, and sedentary lifestyles are among the risk factors underlying the pathogenesis of IR and its subsequent progression to T2D. One of the cardinal hallmarks of T2D is the impairment of the heat shock response (HSR). Human and animal studies provided compelling evidence of reduced expression of several components of the HSR (i.e. Heat shock proteins or HSPs) in diabetic samples in a manner that correlates with the degree of IR. Interventions that induce the HSR, irrespective of the means to achieve it, proved their effectiveness in enhancing insulin sensitivity and improving glycemic index. However, most of these studies have been focused on HSP70 family. In this review, we will focus on the novel role of DNAJ/HSP40 cochaperone family in metabolic diseases associated with IR.

The Role of Heat Shock Proteins in Type 1 Diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease characterized by recognition of pancreatic ß-cell proteins as self-antigens, called autoantigens (AAgs), followed by loss of pancreatic ß-cells. (Pre-)proinsulin ([P]PI), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), tyrosine phosphatase IA-2, and the zinc transporter ZnT8 are key molecules in T1D pathogenesis and are recognized by autoantibodies detected in routine clinical laboratory assays. However, generation of new autoantigens (neoantigens) from ß-cells has also been reported, against which the autoreactive T cells show activity. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) were originally described as "cellular stress responders" for their role as chaperones that regulate the conformation and function of a large number of cellular proteins to protect the body from stress. HSPs participate in key cellular functions under both physiological and stressful conditions, including suppression of protein aggregation, assisting folding and stability of nascent and damaged proteins, translocation of proteins into cellular compartments and targeting irreversibly damaged proteins for degradation. Low HSP expression impacts many pathological conditions associated with diabetes and could play a role in diabetic complications. HSPs have beneficial effects in preventing insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes (T2D). HSPs are, however, additionally involved in antigen presentation, presenting immunogenic peptides to class I and class II major histocompatibility molecules; thus, an opportunity exists for HSPs to be employed as modulators of immunologic responses in T1D and other autoimmune disorders. In this review, we discuss the multifaceted roles of HSPs in the pathogenesis of T1D and in autoantigen-specific immune protection against T1D development.

Alpha lipoic acid attenuates ER stress and improves glucose uptake through DNAJB3 cochaperone.

Persistent ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and failure of the heat shock response (HSR) are fundamental hallmarks of insulin resistance (IR); one of the early core metabolic aberrations that leads to type 2 diabetes (T2D). The antioxidant α-lipoic acid (ALA) has been shown to attenuate metabolic stress and improve insulin sensitivity in part through activation of the heat shock response (HSR). However, these studies have been focused on a subset of heat shock proteins (HSPs). In the current investigation, we assessed whether ALA has an effect on modulating the expression of DNAJB3/HSP40 cochaperone; a potential therapeutic target with a novel role in mitigating metabolic stress and promoting insulin signaling. Treatment of C2C12 cells with 0.3 mM of ALA triggers a significant increase in the expression of DNAJB3 mRNA and protein. A similar increase in DNAJB3 mRNA was also observed in HepG2 cells. We next investigated the significance of such activation on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and glucose uptake. ALA pre-treatment significantly reduced the expression of ER stress markers namely, GRP78, XBP1, sXBP1 and ATF4 in response to tunicamycin. In functional assays, ALA treatment abrogated significantly the tunicamycin-mediated transcriptional activation of ATF6 while it enhanced the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and Glut4 translocation. Silencing the expression of DNAJB3 but not HSP72 abolished the protective effect of ALA on tunicamycin-induced ER stress, suggesting thus that DNAJB3 is a key mediator of ALA-alleviated tunicamycin-induced ER stress. Furthermore, the effect of ALA on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is significantly reduced in C2C12 and HepG2 cells transfected with DNAJB3 siRNA. In summary, our results are supportive of an essential role of DNAJB3 as a molecular target through which ALA alleviates ER stress and improves glucose uptake.

The GLP-1 analog exendin-4 modulates HSP72 expression and ERK1/2 activity in BTC6 mouse pancreatic cells.

Lipotoxicity, an important factor in the pathogenesis of diabetes, leads to defective ß-cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs, which are used to treat type 2 diabetes, reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation in pancreatic ß-cells and improve their survival. However, their effects on the heat shock response (HSR) have not been elucidated yet. We investigated whether the GLP-1 analog exendin-4 exerts its protective effect by modulating the HSR and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in BTC-6 mouse pancreatic cells under palmitic acid (PA) stress. Expression patterns were analyzed using mass spectrometry, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR in the presence of 250 or 400 µM PA and 100 nM exendin-4. Additionally, we measured MAPK expression and phosphorylation using qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Upregulation of heat shock protein (HSP), notably HSP72, in the presence of PA, was attenuated by exendin-4. Despite the absence of global effects on the HSR system, exendin-4 attenuated the expression of other non-classical HSPs (GRP94, DNAJA1, and DNAJB6) in the presence of PA. Regarding MAPKs, only extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation was highly increased by exendin-4 in both the presence and absence of PA. Furthermore, exendin-4 significantly alleviated PA-induced cell death, which was further confirmed with proteomics analysis where key cellular functions, including cellular growth, assembly, and organization, were improved by exendin-4 treatment. Thus, our results expand the protective role of GLP-1 analogs to include other cellular mechanisms involved in restoring normal ß-cell homeostasis.

Inhibition of transcription in Staphylococcus aureus by a primary sigma factor-binding polypeptide from phage G1.

The primary sigma factor of Staphylococcus aureus, sigma(SA), regulates the transcription of many genes, including several essential genes, in this bacterium via specific recognition of exponential growth phase promoters. In this study, we report the existence of a novel staphylococcal phage G1-derived growth inhibitory polypeptide, referred to as G1ORF67, that interacts with sigma(SA) both in vivo and in vitro and regulates its activity. Delineation of the minimal domain of sigma(SA) that is required for its interaction with G1ORF67 as amino acids 294 to 360 near the carboxy terminus suggests that the G1 phage-encoded anti-sigma factor may occlude the -35 element recognition domain of sigma(SA). As would be predicted by this hypothesis, the G1ORF67 polypeptide abolished both RNA polymerase core-dependent binding of sigma(SA) to DNA and sigma(SA)-dependent transcription in vitro. While G1ORF67 profoundly inhibits transcription when expressed in S. aureus cells in mode of action studies, our finding that G1ORF67 was unable to inhibit transcription when expressed in Escherichia coli concurs with its inability to inhibit transcription by the E. coli holoenzyme in vitro. These features demonstrate the selectivity of G1ORF67 for S. aureus RNA polymerase. We predict that G1ORF67 is one of the central polypeptides in the phage G1 strategy to appropriate host RNA polymerase and redirect it to phage reproduction.

Recombinant activated protein C attenuates endothelial injury and inhibits procoagulant microparticles release in baboon heatstroke.

OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that the antithrombotic and cytoprotective effects of recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC) protect baboons against the lethal effects of heatstroke. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fourteen anesthetized baboons assigned randomly to rhAPC (n=7) or control group (n=7) were heat-stressed in a prewarmed incubator at 44 to 47 degrees C until systolic blood pressure fell below 90 mm Hg, which signaled severe heatstroke. rhAPC was administered intravenously (24 microg/kg/h) for 12 hours at onset of heatstroke. Heat stress induced coagulation and fibrinolysis activation as evidenced by a significant increase from baseline levels in plasma levels of thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complexes, tissue plasminogen activator, and D-dimer. Heat stress elicited cell activation/injury as assessed by the release of interleukin (IL)-6, soluble thrombomodulin, and procoagulant microparticles (MPs). rhAPC did not significantly reduce heatstroke-induced thrombin generation, and D-dimer and had no effect on fibrinolytic activity. In contrast, rhAPC infusion attenuated significantly the plasma rise of IL-6 and inhibited the release of soluble thrombomodulin and MPs as compared with control group. No difference in survival was observed between rhAPC-treated and control group. CONCLUSIONS: rhAPC given to heatstroke baboons provided cytoprotection, but had no effect on heatstroke-induced coagulation activation and fibrin formation. Inhibition of MPs by rhAPC suggested a novel mechanism of action for this protein.

DNAJB3 attenuates metabolic stress and promotes glucose uptake by eliciting Glut4 translocation.

Failure of the heat shock response is a key event that leads to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. We recently showed that DNAJB3 co-chaperone is downregulated in obese and diabetic patients and that physical exercise restores its normal expression with a significant improvement of the clinical outcomes. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, DNAJB3 has a role in improving the sensitivity to insulin and glucose uptake. In co-immunoprecipitation assays, DNAJB3 interacts with both JNK1 and IKKß kinases. However, the functional impact of such interaction on their activities has not been investigated. Here, we assessed the effect of DNAJB3 on the respective activity of JNK1 and IKKß in cell-based assays. Using JNK1- and IKKß-dependent luciferase reporters, we show a marked decrease in luciferase activity by DNAJB3 in response to PMA and TNF-α that was consistent with a decrease in the translocation of p65/NF-κB to the nucleus in response to LPS. Furthermore, TNF-α-mediated IL-6 promoter activation and endogenous mRNA expression are significantly abrogated by DNAJB3 both in 3T3-L1 and C2C12 cells. The ability of DNAJB3 to mitigate ER stress and oxidative stress was also investigated and our data show a significant improvement of both forms of stress. Finally, we examined the effect of overexpressing and knocking down the expression of DNAJB3 on glucose uptake in C2C12 as well as the molecular determinants. Accordingly, we provide evidence for a role of DNAJB3 in promoting both basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Our finding reveals also a novel role of DNAJB3 in eliciting Glut4 translocation to the plasma membrane. These results suggest a physiological role of DNAJB3 in mitigating metabolic stress and improving glucose homeostasis and could therefore represent a novel therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes.

Prognostic factors in heat wave related deaths: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Although identifying individuals who are at increased risk of dying during heat waves and instituting protective measures represent an established strategy, the evidence supporting the components of this strategy and their strengths has yet to be evaluated. We conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies on risk and protective factors in heat wave-related deaths. METHODS: Using the OVID interface, we searched Medline (1966-2006) and CINHAL (1982-2006) databases. The Web sites of the World Health Organization, Institut National de Veille Sanitaire, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were also visited. The search terms included heat wave, heat stroke, heatstroke, sunstroke, and heat stress disorders. Eligible studies were case-control or cohort studies. Odds ratios (ORs) and information on study quality were abstracted by 2 investigators independently. Six case-control studies involving 1065 heat wave-related deaths were identified. RESULTS: Being confined to bed (OR, 6.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.5-9.2), not leaving home daily (OR, 3.35; 95% CI, 1.6-6.9), and being unable to care for oneself (OR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.8-4.8) were associated with the highest risk of death during heat waves. Preexisting psychiatric illness (OR, 3.61; 95% CI, 1.3-9.8) tripled the risk of death, followed by cardiovascular (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.3-4.8) and pulmonary (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.2-2.1) illness. Working home air-conditioning (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.1-0.6), visiting cool environments (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.2-0.5), and increasing social contact (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8) were strongly associated with better outcomes. Taking extra showers or baths (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.1-1.1) and using fans (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.4-1.1) were associated with a trend toward lower risk of death. CONCLUSION: The present study identified several prognostic factors that could help to detect those individuals who are at highest risk during heat waves and to provide a basis for potential risk-reducing interventions in the setting of heat waves.

Physical Exercise Enhanced Heat Shock Protein 60 Expression and Attenuated Inflammation in the Adipose Tissue of Human Diabetic Obese.

Heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is a key protein in the crosstalk between cellular stress and inflammation. However, the status of HSP60 in diabetes and obesity is unclear. In the present study, we investigated the hypothesis that HSP60 expression levels in the adipose tissue of human obese adults with and without diabetes are different and physical exercise might affect these levels. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and blood samples were collected from obese adults with and without diabetes (n = 138 and n = 92, respectively, at baseline; n = 43 for both groups after 3 months of physical exercise). Conventional RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and ELISA were used to assess the expression and secretion of HSP60. Compared with obese adults without diabetes, HSP60 mRNA and protein levels were decreased in SAT in diabetic obese together with increased inflammatory marker expression and glycemic levels but lower VO2 Max. More interestingly, a 3-month physical exercise differentially affected HSP60 expression and the heat shock response but attenuated inflammation in both groups, as reflected by decreased endogenous levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. Indeed, HSP60 expression levels in SAT were significantly increased by exercise in the diabetes group, whereas they were decreased in the non-diabetes group. These results were further confirmed using immunofluorescence microscopy and anti-HSP60 antibody in SAT. Exercise had only marginal effects on HSP60 secretion and HSP60 autoantibody levels in plasma in both obese with and without diabetes. Physical exercise differentially alleviates cellular stress in obese adults with and without diabetes despite concomitant attenuation of the inflammatory response.

DUSP1 Is a Potential Marker of Chronic Inflammation in Arabs with Cardiovascular Diseases.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks persist in patients despite the use of conventional treatments. This might be due to chronic inflammation as reflected in epidemiological studies associating circulating low-grade inflammatory markers with CVD recurrent events. Here, we explored this potential link by assessing plasma dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) levels and comparing them to high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) levels and their associations to conventional CVD risk factors in confirmed CVD patients. METHODS: Human adults with reported CVD (n = 207) and controls (n = 70) living in Kuwait were used in this study. Anthropometric and classical biochemical parameters were determined. Plasma levels of DUSP1, oxLDL, and hsCRP were measured using human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS: DUSP1 and hsCRP plasma levels and their least square means were higher in CVD cases, while oxLDL plasma levels were lower (p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that DUSP1 and hsCRP are independently associated with CVD in the studied population, as reflected by 2-fold and 1.5-fold increased risks with increased levels of DUSP1 and hsCRP, respectively. In our study, DUSP1 levels were found to be associated with CVD despite statin treatment and diabetes status (p < 0.05), whereas hsCRP mainly correlated with obesity markers. CONCLUSIONS: Circulating DUSP1 might be a predictor of chronic subclinical inflammation and residual risk in CVD patients, whereas our data suggest that the association between hsCRP and CVD is largely accounted for adiposity risk factors.