NF-κB signaling regulates the formation of proliferating Müller glia-derived progenitor cells in the avian retina.

Retinal regeneration is robust in some cold-blooded vertebrates, but this process is ineffective in warm-blooded vertebrates. Understanding the mechanisms that suppress the reprogramming of Müller glia into neurogenic progenitors is key to harnessing the regenerative potential of the retina. Inflammation and reactive microglia are known to influence the formation of Müller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs), but the mechanisms underlying this interaction are unknown. We used a chick in vivo model to investigate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, a critical regulator of inflammation, during the reprogramming of Müller glia into proliferating progenitors. We find that components of the NF-κB pathway are dynamically regulated by Müller glia after neuronal damage or treatment with growth factors. Inhibition of NF-κB enhances, whereas activation suppresses, the formation of proliferating MGPCs. Following microglia ablation, the effects of NF-κB-agonists on MGPC-formation are reversed, suggesting that signals provided by reactive microglia influence how NF-κB impacts Müller glia reprogramming. We propose that NF-κB is an important signaling 'hub' that suppresses the reprogramming of Müller glia into proliferating MGPCs and this 'hub' coordinates signals provided by reactive microglia.

Static Cage Morphology in Short-Segment Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusions Is Associated With Alterations in Foraminal Height But Not Clinical Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Steerable "banana" cages have been posited to increase segmental lordosis in short-segment transforaminal lumbar interbody fusions (TLIF). The same is not necessarily true for straight "bullet" cages. Although increased lordosis is generally thought to be advantageous, a potential complication is decreased foraminal height. Here we evaluate for any association between cage type and change in foraminal height and clinical outcomes following short-segment TLIFs. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive 1- and 2-level TLIFs with bilateral facetectomies with minimum 1-year clinical and radiographic follow-up. Two cohorts were based on cage morphology: steerable "banana" cage or straight "bullet" cage. Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs), radiographic measurements, and revision rates were compared. RESULTS: A total of 46 patients with 53 straight and 95 patients with 131 steerable cage levels were included. Steerable cages showed increased segmental lordosis (9.1° vs. 13.5°, P < 0.001) and decreased foraminal height (20.3 vs. 18.5 mm, P < 0.001) after surgery. Straight cages demonstrated similar segmental lordosis (8.7° vs 8.1°, P = 0.30) and foraminal height (19.4 vs 20.0 mm, P < 0.065). Both cohorts showed improved PROMs at last follow-up (P ≤ 0.005). Subanalysis comparing patients who had increased or decreased foraminal height revealed similarly improved PROMs between cohorts. Revision rates at 1 year were similar between cohorts (4.3% for straight and 3.2% for steerable group, P = 0.72). CONCLUSIONS: Although the increased segmental lordosis afforded by placement of steerable cages may decrease foraminal height after short segment TLIF, clinical outcomes are not negatively affected by this association.

Radiographic and clinical outcomes in one- and two-level transforaminal lumbar interbody fusions: a comparison of bullet versus banana cages.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether cage morphology influences clinical and radiographic outcomes following short-segment transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) procedures. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed one- and two-level TLIFs at a single tertiary care center between August 2012 and November 2019 with a minimum 1-year radiographic and clinical follow-up. Two cohorts were compared based on interbody cage morphology: steerable "banana" cage or straight "bullet" cage. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), radiographs, and complications were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 135 patients with 177 interbody levels were identified; 45 patients had 52 straight cages and 90 patients had 125 steerable cages. Segmental lordosis increased with steerable cages, while it decreased with straight cages (+3.8 ± 4.6 vs -1.9 ± 4.3, p < 0.001). Conversely, the mean segmental lordosis of adjacent lumbar levels decreased in the former group, while it increased in the latter group (-0.52 ± 1.9 vs +0.52 ± 2.1, p = 0.004). This reciprocal relationship results in global sagittal parameters, including pelvic incidence minus lumbar lordosis and lumbar distribution index, which did not change after surgery with either cage morphology. Multivariate analysis confirmed that steerable cage morphology, anterior cage positioning, and less preoperative index-level segmental lordosis were associated with greater improvement in index-level segmental lordosis. PROMs were improved after surgery with both cage types, and the degree of improvement did not differ between cohorts (p > 0.05). Perioperative and radiographic complications were similar between cohorts (p > 0.05). Overall reoperation rates, as well as reoperation rates for adjacent-segment disease within 2 years of surgery, were not significantly different between cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Steerable cages are more likely to lie within the anterior disc space, thus increasing index-level segmental lordosis, which is accompanied by a reciprocal change in segmental alignment at the adjacent lumbar levels. The converse relationship occurs for straight cages, with a kyphotic change at the index levels and reciprocal lordosis occurring at adjacent levels.