Evaluation of bioavailability of trace metals through bioindicators in a urbanized estuarine system in southeast Brazil.

The mussel Perna perna is one of the most used bioindicators of coastal areas and the most economically exploited species in Brazil through mariculture. In the present study, P. perna was used to investigate metal pollution in the estuarine area of Vitória Bay. Four sampling sites were located along an estuarine branch of Vitória Bay and stations were sampled during three campaigns. Trace metals in the tissues of P. perna were evaluated as well as dissolved trace metals and other ancillary variables in the water column. Dissolved Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Fe concentrations surpassed the tolerance limits stablished by legislation in all the sampling campaigns. P. perna exhibited concentrations in disagreement with the Brazilian legislation for Cr and As. A general trend of higher concentrations in outer stations was observed for most metals, what suggested the occurrence of flocculation process in the lower estuary, reducing the concentrations of dissolved elements and increasing their bioavailability for the biota through the particulate form. Cd was highlighted with elevated concentrations in dissolved fraction but not detected in P. perna, probably due to chlor-complex formation under influence of more saline waters. Al, Ba, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, and As were considered bioavailable, once they were accumulated in the mussels' tissues. Hazard index (HI) and target cancer risk (TCR) showed that the consumption of mussels from the study area offers health risk issues, being iron and arsenic the main contributors for the high indexes.

Consensus on improving the comprehensive care of patients with acute heart failure. / Consenso para la mejora de la atención integral de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca aguda.

The latest acute heart failure consensus document from the Spanish Society of Cardiology, Spanish Society of Internal Medicine, and Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine was published in 2015, which made an update covering the main novelties regarding acute heart failure from the last few years necessary. These include publication of updated European guidelines on heart failure in 2016, new studies on the pharmacological treatment of patients during hospitalization, and other recent developments regarding acute heart failure such as early treatment, intermittent treatment, advanced heart failure, and refractory congestion. This consensus document was drafted with the aim of updating all aspects related to acute heart failure and to create a document that comprehensively describes the diagnosis, treatment, and management of this disease.

Mechanical support with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO-VA): Short-term and long-term prognosis after a successful weaning. / Soporte mecánico con membrana de oxigenación extracorpórea veno-arterial (ECMO-VA): evolución a corto y a largo plazo tras la retirada de la asistencia.

OBJECTIVE: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) affords mechanical circulatory assistance associated to high mortality. However, weaning from such mechanical support may not imply improved short- or long-term survival. This study describes the characteristics and evolution of patients with refractory cardiogenic shock (RCS) subjected to venoarterial ECMO (VA-ECMO) in a hospital with a heart transplant program. DESIGN: A single-center, retrospective cohort study was carried out. SETTING: The cardiovascular ICU of a tertiary hospital. PATIENTS: Forty-six patients consecutively subjected to VA-ECMO over 6 years. INTERVENTIONS: Hospital mortality after weaning from ECMO and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. RESULTS: Fifteen patients (33%) died with VA-ECMO and 31 (67%) were weaned after 8 days of support (IQR: 5-15). Fourteen patients under went transplantation. Hospital mortality in these patients was 32% (10/31), and was associated to age (P=.001), SAPS II score (P=.009), cannulation bleeding (P=.01) and post-acute myocardial infarction RCS (P=.001). After a median follow-up of 27 months (IQR: 11-49), 91% of the patients discharged from hospital were still alive. Overall survival after weaning from assistance was associated to the type of cardiac disease (P=.002). Patients with RCS after acute myocardial infarction had a poorer prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, VA-ECMO can be used as mechanical assistance in the management of RCS. The technique is associated to high early mortality, though the long-term survival rate after hospital discharge is good.

Cancer Incidence in Heart Transplant Recipients With Previous Neoplasia History.

Neoplasm history increases morbidity and mortality after solid organ transplantation and has disqualified patients from transplantation. Studies are needed to identify factors to be considered when deciding on the suitability of a patient with previous tumor for heart transplantation. A retrospective epidemiological study was conducted in heart transplant (HT) recipients (Spanish Post-Heart Transplant Tumor Registry) comparing the epidemiological data, immu-nosuppressive treatments and incidence of post-HT tumors between patients with previous malignant noncardiac tumor and with no previous tumor (NPT). The impact of previous tumor (PT) on overall survival (OS) was also assessed. A total of 4561 patients, 77 PT and 4484 NPT, were evaluated. The NPT group had a higher proportion of men than the PT group (p < 0.001). The incidence of post-HT tumors was 1.8 times greater in the PT group (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-2.6; p < 0.001), mainly due to the increased risk in patients with a previous hematologic tumor (rate ratio 2.3, 95% CI 1.3-4.0, p < 0.004). OS during the 10-year posttransplant period was significantly lower in the PT than the NPT group (p = 0.048) but similar when the analysis was conducted after a first post-HT tumor was diagnosed. In conclusion, a history of PT increases the incidence of post-HT tumors and should be taken into account when considering a patient for HT.

Health-related quality of life, social support, and caregiver burden between six and 120 months after heart transplantation: a Spanish multicenter cross-sectional study.

A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the current heart transplant (HTx) outcomes in Spain. Clinical and functional status, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), social support, and caregiver burden were analyzed in 303 adult transplant recipients (77.9% males) living with one functioning graft. Mean age at time of HTx (SD) was 56.4 (11.4) years, and the reason for transplantation in all patients was congestive heart failure. All patients had received a first heart transplant 6 (± 1), 12 (± 2), 36 (± 6), 60 (± 10), or 120 (± 20) months previously. Participants completed the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ), the EQ-5D, the Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire, and the Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale. Reasonable HRQoL, social support, and caregiver burden levels were found at all time points, although a slight decrease in HRQoL was recorded at 120 months (p ≤ 0.033). Multivariate regression analyses showed that complications, comorbidities, and hospitalizations were associated with HRQoL (EQ-5D: 48.4% of explained variance, F4,164 = 38.46, p < 0.001; KCCQ overall summary score: 45.0%, F3,198 = 54.073, p < 0.001). Patient functional capabilities and complications affected caregiver burden (p < 0.05). In conclusion, HTx patients reported reasonable levels of HRQoL with low caregiver burden. Clinical variables related to these outcomes included functional status, complications, and number of admissions.

Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary infection complicated with vertebral osteomyelitis in a heart transplant recipient: case report and literature review.

Infections produced by Mycobacterium abscessus are emerging in immunosuppressed patients, such as solid organ transplant recipients. We report the first case, to our knowledge, of a vertebral osteomyelitis caused by M. abscessus in a heart transplant recipient, and review the risk factors, manifestations, and therapeutic approaches to this uncommon disease.

Everolimus is associated with a reduced incidence of cytomegalovirus infection following de novo cardiac transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes several complications following cardiac transplantation including cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Previous studies suggested that immunosuppressive treatment based on everolimus might reduce CMV infection. Aiming to better characterize the action of everolimus on CMV and its interplay with patient/recipient serology and anti-CMV prophylaxis, we analyzed data from 3 large randomized studies comparing various everolimus regimens with azathioprine (AZA)- and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)-based regimens. METHODS: CMV data were analyzed from 1009 patients in 3 trials of de novo cardiac transplant recipients who were randomized to everolimus 1.5 mg/day, everolimus 3 mg/day, or AZA 1-3 mg/kg/day, plus standard-dose (SD) cyclosporine (CsA; study B253, n = 634); everolimus 1.5 mg/day plus SD- or reduced-dose (RD)-CsA (study A2403, n = 199); and everolimus 1.5 mg/day plus RD-CsA or MMF plus SD-CsA (study A2411, n = 176). RESULTS: In study B253, patients allocated to everolimus experienced almost a 70% reduction in odds of experiencing CMV infection compared with AZA (P < 0.001). In study A2403, CMV infection was low in both everolimus arms, irrespective of CsA dosing, and in study A2411, patients allocated to everolimus experienced an 80% reduction in odds of experiencing CMV infection, compared with MMF (P < 0.001). CMV syndrome/disease was rare and less frequent in everolimus-treated patients. Subgroup analyses showed that the benefit everolimus provides, in terms of CMV events, is retained in CMV-naïve recipients and is independent of anti-CMV prophylaxis or preemptive approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Everolimus is associated with a lower incidence of CMV infection compared with AZA and MMF, which combined with its immunosuppressive efficacy and antiproliferative effects may positively impact long-term outcomes.

Proliferation signal inhibitors and post-transplant malignancies in heart transplantation: practical clinical management questions.

Although malignancy is a major threat to long-term survival of heart transplant (HT) recipients, clear strategies to manage immunosuppression in these patients are lacking. Several lines of evidences support the hypothesis of an anticancer effect of proliferation signal inhibitors (PSIs: mammalian target of rapamycin [mTOR] inhibitors) in HT recipients. This property may arise from PSI's ability to replace immunosuppressive therapies that promote cancer progression, such as calcineurin inhibitors or azathioprine, and/or through their direct biological actions in preventing tumor development and progression. Given the lack of randomized studies specifically exploring these issues in the transplant setting, a collaborative group reviewed current literature and personal clinical experience to reach a consensus aimed to provide practical guidance for the clinical conduct in HT recipients with malignancy, or at high risk of malignancy, with a special focus on advice relevant to potential role of PSIs.

Risk factors associated with cytomegalovirus infection in heart transplant patients: a prospective, epidemiological study.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this epidemiological, prospective study were to describe the characteristics of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in heart transplant (HT) recipients and to identify the variables that may influence the development of CMV viremia and CMV disease in these patients. METHODS: HT recipients ≥18 years of age (n=199) were included in the study. Variables studied included CMV serostatus, immunosuppressive treatment, and administration of anti-CMV prophylaxis. RESULTS: The mean age of the population was 52 years, and 84% were males. Immunosuppressive regimens were administered as induction therapy to 92.5% of patients; 88.5% of patients received calcineurin inhibitors as maintenance therapy. Anti-CMV treatment was given to 59% of 199 patients as prophylaxis (70%), preemptive therapy (10%), or to treat CMV infection (20%). Overall, 43% of patients had at least 1 positive viremia test. No patient with a high-risk serostatus (donor+/recipient-) receiving prophylaxis developed CMV syndrome, and only 2.5% of 199 patients developed CMV invasive disease. Multivariate analysis showed that having a positive donor CMV serostatus was associated with an increased risk of developing CMV viremia (P<0.012), while use of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors was associated with a decreased risk (P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: In a population of HT recipients, the CMV infection rate was similar to that seen in previous studies, but the progression to overt CMV disease was very low. Having a CMV-positive donor was identified as an independent risk factor for developing CMV viremia, while the use of mTOR inhibitors was protective against viremia.

Human health risk assessment associated with the consumption of mussels (Perna perna) and oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae) contaminated with metals and arsenic in the estuarine channel of Vitória Bay (ES), Southeast Brazil.

The estuarine channel of Vitória Bay was evaluated regarding bioaccumulation of metals (Al, Ba, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, Hg) and As in mollusks. Mussels from an aquaculture farm and transplanted into the estuary, whereas oysters were collected in situ in the same area. Concentrations of Al, Mn, Fe, Cr and As were higher in P. perna, whereas C. rhizophorae bioaccumulated more Ba, Zn and Cu. Arsenic concentrations in P. perna exceeded the limit of the Brazilian legislation in the outer estuary. Salinity seemed to influence metal uptake differently for each bivalve, with P. perna absorbing more metal at higher salinities and C. rhizophorae in areas of lower salinity. Hazard index (HI) >1 revealed risk for both bivalves for high level consumers. Target Cancer Risk (TCR) for As revealed threat for human health associated with the consumption of mussels and oysters from the study area.

Lower incidence of cytomegalovirus infection with everolimus versus mycophenolate mofetil in de novo cardiac transplant recipients: a randomized, multicenter study.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of infectious complications following cardiac transplantation, severely affecting short- and long-term outcomes. A 12-month, multicenter, randomized, open-label study in de novo cardiac transplant patients was undertaken to compare the efficacy, renal function, and safety of everolimus plus reduced cyclosporine versus mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) plus standard cyclosporine (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00150046). CMV-specific data was prospectively collected on infections, laboratory evidence, CMV syndrome, and CMV disease. In total, 176 patients were randomized (everolimus 92; MMF 84). Use of CMV prophylaxis was similar between groups (everolimus 20.8%; MMF 24.0%). Patients in the everolimus arm had a significantly lower incidence of any CMV event (8.8% versus 32.5% with MMF, P<0.001), CMV infection as an adverse event (4.4% versus 16.9%, P=0.011), laboratory evidence of CMV (antigenemia 7.7% versus 27.7%, P<0.001; polymerase chain reaction assay 2.2% versus 12.0%, P=0.015), and CMV syndrome (1.1% versus 8.4%, P=0.028). In the donor (D)+/recipient (R)+and D-/R+ subgroups, even after adjusting for use of prophylaxis, the CMV event rate remained significantly lower with everolimus than with MMF (P=0.0015 and P=0.0381, respectively). In conclusion, de novo cardiac transplant recipients experienced lower rates of CMV infection, CMV syndrome, or organ involvement on an everolimus-based immunosuppressant regimen compared with MMF.

Malignancy after heart transplantation: incidence, prognosis and risk factors.

The Spanish Post-Heart-Transplant Tumour Registry comprises data on neoplasia following heart transplantation (HT) for all Spanish HT patients (1984-2003). This retrospective analysis of 3393 patients investigated the incidence and prognosis of neoplasia, and the influence of antiviral prophylaxis. About 50% of post-HT neoplasias were cutaneous, and 10% lymphomas. The cumulative incidence of skin cancers and other nonlymphoma cancers increased with age at HT and with time post-HT (from respectively 5.2 and 8.9 per 1000 person-years in the first year to 14.8 and 12.6 after 10 years), and was greater among men than women. None of these trends held for lymphomas. Induction therapy other than with IL2R-blockers generally increased the risk of neoplasia except when acyclovir was administered prophylactically during the first 3 months post-HT; prophylactic acyclovir halved the risk of lymphoma, regardless of other therapies. Institution of MMF during the first 3 months post-HT reduced the incidence of skin cancer independently of the effects of sex, age group, pre-HT smoking, use of tacrolimus in the first 3 months, induction treatment and antiviral treatment. Five-year survival rates after first tumor diagnosis were 74% for skin cancer, 20% for lymphoma and 32% for other tumors.

Prevalence and incidence of hyperkalaemia in the Spanish population with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a systematic review and populational relevance. / Prevalencia e incidencia de hiperpotasemia en población española con insuficiencia cardiaca con fracción de eyección deprimida: revisión sistemática y relevancia poblacional.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hyperkalaemia (K+ levels≥5.5mmol/L) is a severe ion imbalance that occurs in patients who have heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and increases the risk of ventricular fibrillation. Given that there are no estimates on the number of patients with this complication, the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and incidence of hyperkalaemia in patients with HFrEF in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Based on a systematic literature search and through a meta-analysis, we calculated an HFrEF prevalence of ≤40% in the European and U.S. POPULATION: Based on another systematic literature search, we calculated the prevalence of hyperkalaemia in patients with HF and its annual incidence rate. Considering the previous values and the Spanish population pyramid in 2016, we estimated the number of individuals with HFrEF who currently have hyperkalaemia and those who develop it each year in Spain. RESULTS: Approximately 17,100 (10,000 men and 7100 women) of the 508,000 patients with HFrEF in Spain have hyperkalaemia. Furthermore, approximately 14,900 patients with HFrEF (9500 men and 5400 women) develop hyperkalaemia each year. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 1 of every 30 patients with HFrEF has plasma potassium values >5.5 mmol/L.

Gastrointestinal complications in heart transplant patients: MITOS study.

INTRODUCTION: The most frequent immunosuppressive treatment complications in solid organ transplant recipients are gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional study to evaluate the prevalence and management of GI complications in transplanted patients was conducted via a written questionnaire given to doctors at their practice. RESULTS: This study included 1788 patients; 181 corresponded to heart transplant recipients. The mean age for the heart transplant patients was 58.7 +/- 11.8 years. The mean time from the transplantation was 5.2 +/- 4.4 years. GI complications were seen in 38.7% of cases. Regarding the clinical management, in 72.9% of cases patients with GI complications received pharmacologic treatment, 86.3% with gastric protectors, 32.8% reduced the dose of some drug, 8.1% interrupted the drug temporarily, and 10.9% discontinued the drug permanently. The drug that was always discontinued was mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and in 85.7% of cases in which the dose of an immunosuppressive drug was reduced, the reduced drug was also MMF. CONCLUSIONS: Almost 40% of heart transplant recipients suffered GI complications which affected daily activities in most cases. The most used strategy to manage these complications was based on a treatment with gastric protectors together with dose reduction and/or partial or definitive MMF discontinuation.

[Peculiarities of meningoencephalitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in America]. / Peculiaridades de la meningoencefalitis por Angiostrongylus cantonensis en América.

INTRODUCTION: 25 years ago was first reported in Cuba and in the western hemisphere an emergent disease: eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae. AIM: To collect in a summary form the accumulated experience and the findings of the study of this parasitosis during the period in the Western hemisphere. DEVELOPMENT AND CONCLUSIONS: There have been collected the first evidences, the parasitological and malacological findings, the experimental and molecular studies on immunology and neuroimmunology, the clinic-pathological findings in children and adults with the particularities of this diseases in our environment with special emphasis in the never-before scientific findings reported. It has been documented the testimony, the main findings among the malacological studies, the role of the immunoglobulin E and the mechanism involved in the central nervous system, the intrathecal synthesis patterns of immunoglobulins and the clinical elements in children and adults.

Impact of mild pulmonary hypertension on mortality and pulmonary artery pressure profile after heart transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypertension is a risk factor for early mortality after transplantation, but the risk threshold is debated. Also, little is known about the evolution of pulmonary circulation after transplantation. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of current risk pulmonary pressure parameters on early post-operative mortality and to assess the time-related changes in pulmonary pressure after surgery. METHODS: One hundred twelve consecutive transplanted patients were studied retrospectively to determine the influence of trans-pulmonary gradient of >12 mm Hg and pulmonary vascular resistance of >2.5 Wood units, at baseline or after vasodilator test, on early mortality. A multivariate analysis was used to study the hemodynamic parameters associated with early mortality. The pulmonary pressures of all surviving patients were studied for up to 3 years after surgery. RESULTS: Early mortality in the groups with and without pulmonary hypertension were 24.4% and 5.6%, respectively (p =.009). The only variable that was independently associated with early mortality was the pulmonary vascular resistance index (odds ratio = 1.459). Mild pulmonary hypertension disappeared 1 year after heart transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Mild pulmonary hypertension is a risk factor for early postoperative mortality. The hemodynamic parameter most closely associated with early mortality is pulmonary vascular resistance index. The hemodynamic profile of pulmonary circulation after heart transplantation is partially dependent on the level of pulmonary hypertension before transplantation, at least during the first year after surgery.

Chronic cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxiciy in heart transplant patients: long-term benefits of treatment with mycophenolate mofetil and low-dose cyclosporine.

BACKGROUND: Cyclosporine-induced nephropathy is a major limitation in heart transplant patients. Cyclosporine dose reduction may lead to substantial early improvement in renal function. Our aim was to study the long-term benefits of therapy with low doses of cyclosporine plus mycophenolate mofetil in heart transplant patients with drug-induced nephrotoxicity. METHODS: Twenty-five adult heart transplant patients with cyclosporine-related nephrotoxicity (mean posttransplant = 41.7 +/- 25.7 months) were included in the retrospective analysis (22 men, mean age = 58.8 +/- 7.9 years.). Patients were switched from azathioprine to mycophenolate mofetil (1 to 3 g/d), followed by a stepwise reduction in cyclosporine dosage (trough cyclosporine level maintained around 100 ng/mL). Renal function was determined by serial measurements of serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate at 3-month intervals. RESULTS: With a mean follow-up of 30 +/- 13 months, the baseline creatinine of 2.37 +/- 0.5 mg/dL decreased to 1.59 +/- 0.40 mg/dL (P < .0001). The baseline glomerular filtration rate of 36.77 +/- 10.10 mL/min improved to 54.98 +/- 13.80 mL/min (P < .0001). The cyclosporine level was the unique independent variable associated with renal functional improvement (partial R(2) = 0.4). Within the first 3 months, renal function displayed a rapid improvement after conversion to mycophenolate mofetil (P < .001), reaching a plateau, without further significant improvement over the course of time. CONCLUSIONS: Cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity is not a progressive, irreversible disease. Reduction in cyclosporine exposure by addition of mycophenolate mofetil is useful to achieve long-term renal functional improvement, thereby avoiding chronic renal failure. A unique, significant factor associated with this improvement was the reduction in cyclosporine level.

Successful heart transplantation in patients with inherited myopathies associated with end-stage cardiomyopathy.

UNLABELLED: Inherited myopathies in patients with secondary end-stage cardiomyopathies have always been considered a relative contraindication for cardiac transplantation. High operative risk related to muscle impairment and potential graft involvement secondary to the underlying myopathy have been the two main reasons implicated in the poor prognosis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome in patients who underwent cardiac transplantation in our hospital due to end-stage cardiomyopathy secondary to inherited myopathies. METHODS: Among 311 patients who underwent heart transplantation in our hospital, five (2%) had end-stage cardiomyopathies related to inherited myopathies. Four patients had muscular dystrophy (three Becker's muscular dystrophy and one hips-dystrophy) and the fifth desminopathy. In one patient cardiomyopathy was the initial manifestation of the disease. Mean age at the time of transplantation was 38.6 years (range from 24 to 55). The mean follow-up after transplantation was 57.4 months (range from 13 to 128). The intraoperative and postoperative course of these individuals did not show higher complication rates than other patients. All recipients experienced successful rehabilitation; no evidence of graft dysfunction has been detected during follow-up. All of them are alive with a good performance status. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, patients who underwent heart transplantation due to end-stage cardiomyopathy secondary to inherited myopathy with only a mild degree of muscle impairment did not display higher postoperative nor long-term complications compared to other recipients.

[Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in Villa Clara (Cuba). A study of 17 patients]. / Meningoencefalitis eosinofílica en Villa Clara (Cuba). Estudio de 17 pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: Infection by Angiostrongylus cantonensis is caused by eating snails and slugs or contaminated vegetables, and is the commonest cause of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis throughout the world. OBJECTIVES: To make a further study of this condition, analyze the clinical behaviour and evaluate the cerebrospinal fluid findings and response to treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We made a retrospective, descriptive study by reviewing the clinical histories of a series of 17 adult patients attended in two university hospitals in the province of Villa Clara (Cuba), between December 1991 and January 2000. We recorded the characteristics of the clinical picture, results of the complementary investigations, treatment given and clinical course and the necropsy findings of the three patients who died. The data was collected from questionnaires. RESULTS: Headache was a constant symptom. Twelve patients had high temperatures and seven had stiff necks. Motor deficit and coma were seen in the three patients who died. In two patients the cranial nerves were involved. Spinal fluid pleocytosis varied between 48 and 2570 cells/mm3. Initially there was lymphocyte predominance in 10 patients and subsequently eosinophil conversion. The peripheral eosinophilia, seen in all patients, varied between 7% and 61%. Of the 14 patients cured, eight received symptomatic treatment and six antihelminth drugs. Steroids were given to only one patient. Of the three patients who died, two had received antihelminth drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Motor deficit and coma worsen the prognosis, which is generally good. There is no relation between cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and raised protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid, nor between blood eosinophilia and prognosis. The most difficult differential diagnosis in our patients was with leptospirosis. No differences were seen in clinical evolution in relation to the treatment given.

Chronic renal dysfunction in maintenance heart transplant patients: the ICEBERG study.

Chronic renal dysfunction (CRD) is a major complication after heart transplantation. We sought to describe the renal function over time, to assess the risk factors associated with CRD development, and to evaluate the clinical attitudes on diagnosis and treatment of CRD. A retrospective, cross-sectional, multicenter study was conducted in 13 outpatient clinics in Spain. A total of 244 heart recipients who survived more than 2 years after transplantation were included. Post-transplantation follow-up was 7.7 years (range: 2-22 years). CRD was diagnosed in 32.4% of patients at a mean of 3.3 years after transplantation. Serum creatinine increased 0.1 ± 0.2 mg/dL per year in CRD group compared with 0.0 ± 0.2 mg/dL per year in non-CRD group (P = .003) and glomerular filtration rate decreased -1.5 ± 4.3 mL/min/1.73 m(2) per year in CRD group versus -0.1 ± 4.8 mL/min/1.73 m(2) per year in non-CRD group (P = .027). After CRD diagnosis, major changes in immunosuppression based on calcineurin inhibitors reduction were instituted in 46.8% of patients. Multivariate model identified recipient age (P < .0001), female sex (P = .0398), and time since transplant (P < .0001) as predictors of CRD. In conclusion, the prevalence of CRD in long-term heart recipient survivors was quite high. CRD was associated with nonmodifiable factors (age, gender, and time since transplant).