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OBJECTIVE: The levonorgestrel intrauterine system treatment prevents 67.7% of surgeries in patients with heavy menstrual bleeding and enlarged uteri. To evaluate the effectiveness of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system in the treatment of patients with heavy menstrual bleeding and an enlarged uterus and to compare satisfaction and its complications with hysterectomy. METHODS: This was a comparative cross-sectional observational study of women with heavy menstrual bleeding and an enlarged uterus. Sixty-two women were treated and followed up for four years. Insertion of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system was performed in Group 1, and laparoscopic hysterectomy was performed in Group 2. RESULTS: In Group 1 (n=31), 21 patients (67.7%) showed improvement in the bleeding pattern, and 11 patients (35.5%) had amenorrhea. Five patients (16.1%) remained with heavy bleeding and were considered to have experienced treatment failure. There were seven expulsions (22.6%); in five patients, bleeding remained heavy, but in two patients the bleeding returned to that of normal menstruation. No relationship was found between treatment failure and greater hysterometries (p=0.40) or greater uterine volumes (p=0.50), whereas expulsion was greater in uteri with smaller hysterometries (p=0.04). There were 13 (21%) complications, seven (53.8%) in the group that underwent insertion of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (all were device expulsions), and six (46.2%) in the surgical group, which were the most severe ones (p=0.76). Regarding satisfaction, 12 patients (38.7%) were dissatisfied with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and one (3.23%) was dissatisfied with the surgical treatment (p=0.00). CONCLUSION: Treatment with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system in patients with heavy menstrual bleeding and an enlarged uterus was effective, and when compared with laparoscopic hysterectomy, it had a lower rate of satisfaction and the same rate of complications, although less severe.
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Laparoscopia , Menorragia , Humanos , Feminino , Levanogestrel/uso terapêutico , Menorragia/tratamento farmacológico , Menorragia/cirurgia , Estudos Transversais , Útero/cirurgia , HisterectomiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate 2 different predicting scores of submucous myoma removal, fluid balance, and operative time in woman undergoing hysteroscopic myomectomy. DESIGN: A multicenter and prospective study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SETTING: Six hysteroscopy centers in Brazil. PATIENTS: A total of 191 women who underwent hysteroscopic resection of 205 submucous myomas. INTERVENTION: Resection of submucous myomas (hysteroscopic myomectomy). Myomas were scored according to the European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy (ESGE) and STEPW (size, topography, extension, penetration, and wall) classifications. The validation of the 2 classifications was assessed with sensitivity and specificity of each classification, with their best cutoff point. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: To correlate ESGE and STEPW classifications with complete or incomplete removal of submucous myoma, length of surgery, surgical complications, and fluid balance. RESULTS: Removal of the myoma was complete in 190 (92.7%) of 205 myomectomies, and incomplete in 15 (7.3%). All 140 (100%) of 140 myomas with a score ≤ 4 in the STEPW classification were completely removed, and 50 (76.9%) of 65 myomas with a score >4 were removed. All 15 (100%) cases of incomplete hysteroscopic myomectomy had a STEPW score >4. With the ESGE classification, 156/164 (95.1%) cases of type 0 and type 1 myomas, and 34/41 (82.9%) of type 2 were completely resected. STEPW scores >4 were statistically associated with longer duration of surgery, surgical complications, higher levels of fluid balance, and use of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue if compared with lower scores. The ESGE scores were not associated with any of these variables. CONCLUSION: Classifying submucous myomas with the STEPW classification allows better prediction of myoma removal, fluid balance, length of surgery and surgical complications in hysteroscopic myomectomy than ESGE classification.
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Histeroscopia , Leiomioma/classificação , Neoplasias Uterinas/classificação , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Leiomioma/patologia , Leiomioma/cirurgia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mucosa/patologia , Mucosa/cirurgia , Duração da Cirurgia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Estudos Prospectivos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Resultado do Tratamento , Neoplasias Uterinas/patologia , Neoplasias Uterinas/cirurgia , Equilíbrio HidroeletrolíticoRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system in the treatment of patients with heavy menstrual bleeding and an enlarged uterus and to compare satisfaction and its complications with hysterectomy. Methods This was a comparative cross-sectional observational study of women with heavy menstrual bleeding and an enlarged uterus. Sixty-two women were treated and followed up for four years. Insertion of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system was performed in Group 1, and laparoscopic hysterectomy was performed in Group 2. Results In Group 1 (n=31), 21 patients (67.7%) showed improvement in the bleeding pattern, and 11 patients (35.5%) had amenorrhea. Five patients (16.1%) remained with heavy bleeding and were considered to have experienced treatment failure. There were seven expulsions (22.6%); in five patients, bleeding remained heavy, but in two patients the bleeding returned to that of normal menstruation. No relationship was found between treatment failure and greater hysterometries (p=0.40) or greater uterine volumes (p=0.50), whereas expulsion was greater in uteri with smaller hysterometries (p=0.04). There were 13 (21%) complications, seven (53.8%) in the group that underwent insertion of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (all were device expulsions), and six (46.2%) in the surgical group, which were the most severe ones (p=0.76). Regarding satisfaction, 12 patients (38.7%) were dissatisfied with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and one (3.23%) was dissatisfied with the surgical treatment (p=0.00). Conclusion Treatment with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system in patients with heavy menstrual bleeding and an enlarged uterus was effective, and when compared with laparoscopic hysterectomy, it had a lower rate of satisfaction and the same rate of complications, although less severe.
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate results of early tubal occlusions performed by hysteroscopy (Essure®). METHODS: This prospective study included 38 patients, 73.7% of them were white, mean age 34.5 years, they have had on average 3 pregnancies and 2.7 of deliveries. A total of 86.8% of patients previously prepared the endometrium. All procedures were carried out at outpatient unit without anesthesia. RESULTS: Insertion rate of the device was 100% at a mean time of 4 minutes and 50 seconds. Based on the analogical visual scale, average pain reported was three, and 55.3% of women did not report pain after the procedure. After 3 months, 89.5% of patients were very satisfied with the method. Simple radiographs of the pelvis showed 92.1% of topical devices, and one case of unilateral expulsion had occurred. A four years follow-up did not show failure in the method. CONCLUSIONS: Tubal occlusion through hysteroscopy at outpatient unit and without anesthesia was a quickly and well-tolerated procedure. No serious complications were seen, the success rate was high, and patients were satisfied. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados das primeiras oclusões tubárias realizadas pela via histeroscópica (Essure®). MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo com 38 pacientes, sendo 73,7% caucasianas, com média de idade de 34,5 anos, e com 3 gestações e 2,7 partos em média. Do total, 86,8% das pacientes fizeram preparo prévio do endométrio. Todos os procedimentos foram ambulatoriais e sem anestesia. RESULTADOS: A taxa de inserção do dispositivo foi de 100%, com tempo médio de 4 minutos e 50 segundos. Segundo a Escala Visual Analógica, a dor média obtida foi de três, e 55,3% das mulheres não referiram qualquer dor após o método. Ocorreu um caso de reflexo vagal e 89,5% das pacientes retornaram às atividades normais no mesmo dia. Após 3 meses, 89,5% das pacientes encontravam-se muito satisfeitas com o método. A radiografia simples da pelve evidenciou 92,1% de dispositivos tópicos, ocorrendo um caso de expulsão unilateral. Após 4 anos de seguimento, não houve falha do método. CONCLUSÃO: A oclusão tubária por via histeroscópica em regime ambulatorial e sem anestesia foi um procedimento rápido, bem tolerado, isento de complicações graves e com alta taxa de sucesso e satisfação das pacientes.
Assuntos
Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Ambulatórios/métodos , Histeroscopia/métodos , Esterilização Tubária/métodos , Adulto , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Histeroscopia/instrumentação , Medição da Dor , Satisfação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Prospectivos , Esterilização Tubária/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To examine the aspect of the uterine cavity after hysteroscopic endometrial ablation, to determine the prevalence of synechiae after the procedure, and to analyze the importance of hysteroscopy during the postoperative period. METHODS: The results of the hysteroscopic exams of 153 patients who underwent outpatient hysteroscopy after endometrial ablation due to abnormal uterine bleeding of benign etiology during the period from January 2006 to July 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups: HIST≤60 (n=90) consisting of patients undergoing the exam 40-60 days after the ablation procedure, and the group HIST>60 (n=63) consisting of patients undergoing the exam between 61 days and 12 months after the procedure. RESULTS: In the HIST≤60 group, 30% of the patients presented some degree of synechiae: synechiae grade I in 4.4% of patients, grade II in 6.7% , grade IIa in 4.4%, grade III in 7.8%, and grade IV in 2.2%. In the HIST>60 group, 53.9% of all cases had synechiae, 3.2% were grade I, 11.1% grade II, 7.9% grade IIa, 15.9% grade III, and 4.8% grade IV. Hematometra was detected in 2.2 % of all cases in group HIST≤60 and in 6.3% of all cases in group HIST>60. CONCLUSIONS: The uterine cavity of the patients submitted to diagnostic hysteroscopy up to 60 days after endometrial ablation showed significantly fewer synechiae compared to the uterine cavity of patients who underwent the exam after 60 days. Long-term follow-up is necessary to fully evaluate the importance of outpatient hysteroscopy after endometrial ablation regarding menstrual patterns, risk of cancer and prevalence of treatment failure.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Ablação Endometrial , Endométrio/patologia , Ginatresia/patologia , Histeroscopia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/patologia , Adulto , Endométrio/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Aderências Teciduais/patologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of premalignant lesions and cancer in endometrial polyps, in patients undergoing hysteroscopic polypectomy. METHODS: The results of 1,020 pathological examinations of patients submitted to hysteroscopic polypectomy were analyzed, as well as their diagnostic and surgical hysteroscopy findings. As to their menstrual status, 295 (28.9%) patients were in menacme. Of the total, 193 (65.4%) presented abnormal uterine bleeding, and 102 (34.6%) were asymptomatic with altered endometrial echo on transvaginal ultrasound. Out of 725 (71.1%) postmenopausal patients, 171 (23.6%) were symptomatic (abnormal uterine bleeding), and 554 (76.4%) were asymptomatic with endometrial echo >5.0mm. RESULTS: Twenty-one (2.0%) patients presented premalignant lesions in the polyps, 13 had simple glandular hyperplasia, of which 5 had no atypia, and eight presented atypia. Eight polyps presented focal area of complex hyperplasia: 4 with atypia and 4 without lesions. Cancer was diagnosed in 5 (0.5%) polyps. Of the 21 polyps that harbored premalignant lesions, 12 were interpreted as benign in diagnostic and surgical hysteroscopy. Of the polyps with cancer, 4 were also histeroscopically interpreted as normal. CONCLUSION: Symptomatic polyps in menacme and in all postmenopausal women should be resected and submitted to histopathological examination, since they may have a benign aspect, even when harboring areas of cellular atypia or cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Endométrio/epidemiologia , Histeroscopia/métodos , Pólipos/epidemiologia , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/epidemiologia , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Endométrio/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperplasia/epidemiologia , Hiperplasia/patologia , Incidência , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pólipos/patologia , Pólipos/cirurgia , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare the endometrial echo values obtained by transvaginal ultrasonography with the body mass index of postmenopausal patients; to verify if there is higher prevalence of endometrial thickening in women with body mass index ≥ 30. METHODS: This is an analytical and cross-sectional study that evaluated 294 patients. Postmenopausal women were included, and those on hormone therapy were excluded. The variables evaluated were body mass index (considering obesity if >30), number of pregnancies, years since menopause, and age. These variables were correlated with endometrial echography. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant correlation between overweight and obese patients and increased endometrial thickness (p=0.0236). The correlation between age and endometrial echo was negative and statistically significant, that is, the older the woman, the lower the endometrial thickness (p=0.0478). Pregnancies and years since menopause showed no statistical significance in relation to endometrial echo, with p=0.0614 and p=0.115, respectively. CONCLUSION: There was positive and significant correlation between body mass index ≥ 30 and endometrial thickeness.
Assuntos
Endométrio/diagnóstico por imagem , Sobrepeso/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Índice de Massa Corporal , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Endométrio/fisiopatologia , Endossonografia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sobrepeso/fisiopatologia , Pós-MenopausaRESUMO
Tubal sterilization is the definitive procedure most often used worldwide to control fecundity. Laparoscopic ligature is safe, but invasive and with possible surgical and anesthetic risks. The hysteroscopic approach enables tubal occlusion at outpatient's setting without the need of incisions or anesthesia. A microdevice (Essure®) is inserted directly into the tubes and its polyethelene fibers cause obstruction of tubes in about three months. During this period, it is recommended that patients continue the use of a temporary birth control method. Several women use the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system, which is called in the market as Mirena®. This report evaluated the possibility of inserting Essure® without remove the intrauterine device; patient tolerance to the procedure was also assessed. The tubal device was successfully placed in the patient without the need to remove Mirena®. After three months the intrauterine device was removed with no intercurrent events.
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Anticoncepcionais Femininos/uso terapêutico , Histeroscopia/métodos , Dispositivos Intrauterinos , Levanogestrel/uso terapêutico , Esterilização Tubária/instrumentação , Adulto , Remoção de Dispositivo , Feminino , Humanos , Poliésteres/uso terapêutico , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Esterilização Tubária/métodos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes after a minimum period of 5 years of follow-up of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding of benign etiology who underwent endometrial ablation, analyzing the success rate of treatment defined as patient satisfaction and improvement in uterine abnormal bleeding, as well as late complications and factors associated with recurrence of symptoms. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted after a minimum period of 5 years after surgery in patients who underwent the procedure between 1999 and 2004. We analyzed the following data: age at the time of surgery, immediate and late complications and associated factors. Logistic regression with Odds Ratio (OR) calculation was performed to evaluate possible associations between the success rate of surgery and the analyzed variables. RESULTS: A total of 114 patients underwent endometrial ablation between March 1999 and April 2004. The median follow-up was 82 months. The logistic regression model allowed the correct prediction of the success of endometrial ablation in 80.6% of cases. Age was directly related to the success of the procedure (OR=1.2; p=0.003) and previous tubal ligation showed a negative association with the success of endometrial ablation (OR=0.3; p=0.049). Among the patients with treatment failure, 21 (72.4%) underwent hysterectomy. In one of the hysterectomy cases, hydro/hematosalpinx was confirmed by the anatomopathological exam, characterizing the postablation-tubal sterilization syndrome. CONCLUSION: Endometrial ablation has proven to be a worthwhile treatment option, maintaining high rates of patient satisfaction, even over long-term follow-up. The age at endometrial ablation influenced the therapeutic success. Further studies are needed to evaluate the factors that may influence the future indication for the procedure in selected cases.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Ablação Endometrial/métodos , Histeroscopia , Hemorragia Uterina/cirurgia , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare results of hysteroscopic polypectomy of the endometrium performed in an outpatient clinic, under no anesthesia, to conventional hysteroscopic polypectomy under anesthesia in the operating theatre, assessing success rate, procedure time and complications; and to measure pain referred by patients in both groups. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional study of 60 patients with hysteroscopic diagnosis of endometrial polyps, divided into two groups: the Outpatient Group, comprising patients submitted to outpatient's hysteroscopic polypectomy by continuous flow vaginoscopy using endoscopic forceps under no anesthesia, and the Conventional Group with patients submitted to hysteroscopic polypectomy in the operating theater, using a monopolar resectoscope under anesthesia. RESULTS: The groups were similar as to age, parity, mode of delivery and menopausal status. Both groups presented 100% efficacy in exeresis of polyps. The mean time of procedure was 7 minutes in the Outpatient Group and 35.16 minutes in the Conventional Group. In the Outpatient Group, menopausal patients (p=0.04) and those with polyps >1cm (p=0.01) had longer procedures. Using the Verbal Analog Scale of Pain, the mean score of pain referred by patients during the procedure was 2.93 in the Outpatient Group and, after anesthetic effect, 1.42 in the Conventional Group. There were no complications in the Outpatient Group. There was one case of uterine perforation and one case of false passage in the Conventional Group. CONCLUSION: Hysteroscopic polypectomy performed in an outpatient setting under no anesthesia is a well-tolerated procedure. As compared to conventional treatment, it displays the same efficacy, but the procedure time is shorter and the complication rate is lower.
Assuntos
Endométrio/cirurgia , Histeroscopia/métodos , Pólipos/cirurgia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Ambulatórios/métodos , Anestesia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Medição da Dor , Pólipos/complicações , Resultado do Tratamento , Doenças Uterinas/cirurgiaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate results of early tubal occlusions performed by hysteroscopy (Essure®). Methods This prospective study included 38 patients, 73.7% of them were white, mean age 34.5 years, they have had on average 3 pregnancies and 2.7 of deliveries. A total of 86.8% of patients previously prepared the endometrium. All procedures were carried out at outpatient unit without anesthesia. Results Insertion rate of the device was 100% at a mean time of 4 minutes and 50 seconds. Based on the analogical visual scale, average pain reported was three, and 55.3% of women did not report pain after the procedure. After 3 months, 89.5% of patients were very satisfied with the method. Simple radiographs of the pelvis showed 92.1% of topical devices, and one case of unilateral expulsion had occurred. A four years follow-up did not show failure in the method. Conclusions Tubal occlusion through hysteroscopy at outpatient unit and without anesthesia was a quickly and well-tolerated procedure. No serious complications were seen, the success rate was high, and patients were satisfied.
RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os resultados das primeiras oclusões tubárias realizadas pela via histeroscópica (Essure®). Métodos Estudo prospectivo com 38 pacientes, sendo 73,7% caucasianas, com média de idade de 34,5 anos, e com 3 gestações e 2,7 partos em média. Do total, 86,8% das pacientes fizeram preparo prévio do endométrio. Todos os procedimentos foram ambulatoriais e sem anestesia. Resultados A taxa de inserção do dispositivo foi de 100%, com tempo médio de 4 minutos e 50 segundos. Segundo a Escala Visual Analógica, a dor média obtida foi de três, e 55,3% das mulheres não referiram qualquer dor após o método. Ocorreu um caso de reflexo vagal e 89,5% das pacientes retornaram às atividades normais no mesmo dia. Após 3 meses, 89,5% das pacientes encontravam-se muito satisfeitas com o método. A radiografia simples da pelve evidenciou 92,1% de dispositivos tópicos, ocorrendo um caso de expulsão unilateral. Após 4 anos de seguimento, não houve falha do método. Conclusão A oclusão tubária por via histeroscópica em regime ambulatorial e sem anestesia foi um procedimento rápido, bem tolerado, isento de complicações graves e com alta taxa de sucesso e satisfação das pacientes.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Esterilização Tubária/métodos , Histeroscopia/métodos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Ambulatórios/métodos , Esterilização Tubária/instrumentação , Medição da Dor , Histeroscopia/instrumentação , Estudos Prospectivos , Seguimentos , Satisfação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the intensity of pain reported by patients undergoing outpatient diagnostic hysteroscopy. METHODS: Exam performed with a 5-mm lens hysteroscope, vaginal speculum, tenaculum and uterine distention with carbon dioxide gas. Before and after the examination, patients were interviewed to define, in a verbal scale from 0 to 10, pain values that they expected to feel and that they experienced after the end, and also if they would repeat it if indicated. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 15.0, statistic significance was defined as p < 0.05 with a study power of 95%. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients were included with mean age of 50.9 years, with 32.8% at postmenopause and 6.9% nulliparous. Among those with previous deliveries, mean parity was 2.21 and at least one vaginal delivery had occurred in 63.8%. Only 24.1% of patients knew how the exam would be done, 62.1% needed an endometrial sample and the result was considered satisfactory in 89.7%. The means of expected and experienced pain were similar (6.0 versus 6.1), and 91.4% of women would repeat the hysteroscopy if necessary. The only factor associated with less pain after the exam was previous vaginal delivery, with a decrease of pain score from 7.1 to 5.5 (p = 0.03). Mean pain was significantly lower in those who agreed to repeat the exam (5.8 versus 9.4; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Outpatient diagnostic hysteroscopy with gas can be associated with moderate but tolerable discomfort and satisfactory results.
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PURPOSE: to compare the pain reported by patients submitted to hysteroscopy by the standard technique with carbon dioxide (CO2) and to vaginal hysteroscopy with physiological saline (0.9% NaCl). METHODS: this was a prospective cohort study conducted at an ambulatory hysteroscopy service. A total of 117 patients with indication for the exam were included, being randomly assigned to one of the groups. All patients answered an epidemiological questionnaire and scored the pain expected before the exam and that felt after the end of the procedure on a verbal pain scale from 0 to 10. A speculum, traction of the cervix, insertion of a 30 masculine light source and a diagnostic shirt with a total diameter of 5 mm were used for the standard technique. The cavity was distended with CO2 under a pressure of 100 mmHg controlled with a hysteroflator, and a biopsy was obtained with a Novak curette. Vaginoscopy was performed without a touch by distention of the vagina with fluid, direct visualization of the cervix and introduction of the light source with two continuous-flow shirts, with an accessory channel with an oval profile, the whole set measuring 5 mm in diameter. The medium distention was 0.9% NaCl and the pressure used was that considered to be necessary for an adequate visualization of the canal and of the cavity with an external pneumatic pressurizer. The biopsy was obtained in a directed manner using an endoscopic clamp. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for the quantitative variables and the frequency was calculated for the qualitative variables. The Student's t-test was used to compare the means, and the chi-square or exact Fisher test was used (when n<5) for the categorical analysis using the SPSS 15.0 software. The study was designed for a 95% test power, with the level of significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS: the groups were similar regarding age, parity, previous uterine surgeries, menopausal status, and the need for a biopsy. In comparison to the group submitted to the standard technique, the vaginoscopy group involved a lower technical difficulty (5.1 versus 17.2%, p=0.03), a higher rate of exams considered to be satisfactory (98.3 versus 89.7%, p=0.04) and a lower pain index (4.8 versus 6.1; p=0.01), as the difference were more evident when patients who never had a previous normal delivery were compared (4.9 versus 7.1; p=0.0001). When the pain scale was stratified as mild (0-4), moderate (5-7) or intense (8-10), the vaginoscopy technique was found to be associated with a 52% reduction of the frequency of intense pain (p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: vaginohysteroscopy was proved to be a less painful procedure than the technique based on the use of a speculum and CO2, regardless of age, menopause or parity, with more satisfactory results and lower technical difficulty.
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Histeroscopia/efeitos adversos , Medição da Dor/métodos , Dor Pós-Operatória/diagnóstico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Assistência Ambulatorial , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Visita a Consultório Médico , Dor Pós-Operatória/etiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Verificar o aspecto da cavidade uterina após a ablação endometrial histeroscópica, a prevalência de sinéquias após o procedimento e, com isso, avaliar a importância da histeroscopia realizada no pós-operatório dessas pacientes. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, os laudos dos exames de 153 pacientes que haviam sido submetidas à histeroscopia ambulatorial após ablação do endométrio devido a sangramento uterino anormal de causa benigna, no período entre janeiro de 2006 e julho de 2011. As pacientes foram divididas em dois grupos: HIST≤60 (n=90), com pacientes submetidas ao exame no período de 40 a 60 dias após o procedimento, e grupo HIST>60 (n=63), das que foram examinadas entre 61 dias e 12 meses. RESULTADOS: No grupo HIST≤60, 30% das pacientes apresentavam algum grau de sinéquia; aderências grau I foram descritas em 4,4%; grau II em 6,7%; grau IIa em 4,4%; grau III em 7,8%; e 2,2% apresentavam grau IV. No HIST>60, sinéquias foram descritas em 53,9% dos casos, 3,2% tinham sinéquias grau I; 11,1%, grau II; 7,9%, grau IIa; 15,9%, grau III; e 4,8%, grau IV. Hematometra foi descrito em 2,2% dos casos do HIST≤60 e em 6,3% no HIST>60. CONCLUSÕES: A cavidade uterina de pacientes submetidas à histeroscopia ambulatorial até 60 dias após a ablação endometrial mostrou menor número de sinéquias quando comparada com as cavidades uterinas de pacientes que foram submetidas ao exame após 60 dias. Acompanhamento em longo prazo é necessário para avaliar plenamente o impacto da histeroscopia ambulatorial após a ablação endometrial. .
PURPOSE: To examine the aspect of the uterine cavity after hysteroscopic endometrial ablation, to determine the prevalence of synechiae after the procedure, and to analyze the importance of hysteroscopy during the postoperative period. METHODS: The results of the hysteroscopic exams of 153 patients who underwent outpatient hysteroscopy after endometrial ablation due to abnormal uterine bleeding of benign etiology during the period from January 2006 to July 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups: HIST≤60 (n=90) consisting of patients undergoing the exam 40-60 days after the ablation procedure, and the group HIST>60 (n=63) consisting of patients undergoing the exam between 61 days and 12 months after the procedure. RESULTS: In the HIST≤60 group, 30% of the patients presented some degree of synechiae: synechiae grade I in 4.4% of patients, grade II in 6.7% , grade IIa in 4.4%, grade III in 7.8%, and grade IV in 2.2%. In the HIST>60 group, 53.9% of all cases had synechiae, 3.2% were grade I, 11.1% grade II, 7.9% grade IIa, 15.9% grade III, and 4.8% grade IV. Hematometra was detected in 2.2 % of all cases in group HIST≤60 and in 6.3% of all cases in group HIST>60. CONCLUSIONS: The uterine cavity of the patients submitted to diagnostic hysteroscopy up to 60 days after endometrial ablation showed significantly fewer synechiae compared to the uterine cavity of patients who underwent the exam after 60 days. Long-term follow-up is necessary to fully evaluate the importance of outpatient hysteroscopy after endometrial ablation regarding menstrual patterns, risk of cancer and prevalence of treatment failure. .
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Técnicas de Ablação Endometrial , Endométrio/patologia , Ginatresia/patologia , Histeroscopia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/patologia , Endométrio/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Aderências Teciduais/patologiaRESUMO
Objective To compare the endometrial echo values obtained by transvaginal ultrasonography with the body mass index of postmenopausal patients; to verify if there is higher prevalence of endometrial thickening in women with body mass index ≥30. Methods This is an analytical and cross-sectional study that evaluated 294 patients. Postmenopausal women were included, and those on hormone therapy were excluded. The variables evaluated were body mass index (considering obesity if >30), number of pregnancies, years since menopause, and age. These variables were correlated with endometrial echography. Results There was a statistically significant correlation between overweight and obese patients and increased endometrial thickness (p=0.0236). The correlation between age and endometrial echo was negative and statistically significant, that is, the older the woman, the lower the endometrial thickness (p=0.0478). Pregnancies and years since menopause showed no statistical significance in relation to endometrial echo, with p=0.0614 and p=0.115, respectively. Conclusion There was positive and significant correlation between body mass index ≥30 and endometrial thickeness. .
Objetivo Relacionar os valores do eco endometrial obtidos à ultrassonografia transvaginal com o índice de massa corporal de pacientes na pós-menopausa; verificar se existe maior prevalência de espessamento endometrial naquelas com índice de massa corporal ≥30. Métodos Trata-se de estudo analítico, transversal, que avaliou 294 pacientes. As pacientes incluídas estavam na pós-menopausa; foram excluídas aquelas que faziam uso de terapia hormonal. As variáveis avaliadas foram o índice de massa corporal, sendo considerado obesidade quando acima de 30, o número de gestações, o número de anos após a menopausa e a idade. Todas foram correlacionadas com os valores de eco endometrial. Resultados Houve correlação estatisticamente significante entre as pacientes com sobrepeso/obesas e o aumento do eco endometrial (p=0,0236). A correlação entre idade e valores de eco endometrial foi negativa e significante, isto é, quanto maior a idade, menor o eco (p=0,0478). Gestações e anos após a menopausa não demonstraram significância com relação ao eco endometrial, com p=0,0614 e p=0,115, respectivamente. Conclusão Houve correlação positiva e significante entre o aumento do eco endometrial e o índice de massa corporal ≥30. Objective To compare the endometrial echo values obtained by transvaginal ultrasonography with the body mass index of postmenopausal patients; to verify if there is higher prevalence of endometrial thickening in women with body mass index ≥30. Methods This is an analytical and cross-sectional study that evaluated 294 patients. Postmenopausal women were included, and those on hormone therapy were excluded. The variables evaluated were body mass index (considering obesity if >30), number of pregnancies, years since menopause, and age. These ...
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Endométrio , Sobrepeso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Endossonografia , Endométrio/fisiopatologia , Sobrepeso/fisiopatologia , Pós-MenopausaRESUMO
Objective : To evaluate the incidence of premalignant lesions and cancer in endometrial polyps, in patients undergoing hysteroscopic polypectomy. Methods : The results of 1,020 pathological examinations of patients submitted to hysteroscopic polypectomy were analyzed, as well as their diagnostic and surgical hysteroscopy findings. As to their menstrual status, 295 (28.9%) patients were in menacme. Of the total, 193 (65.4%) presented abnormal uterine bleeding, and 102 (34.6%) were asymptomatic with altered endometrial echo on transvaginal ultrasound. Out of 725 (71.1%) postmenopausal patients, 171 (23.6%) were symptomatic (abnormal uterine bleeding), and 554 (76.4%) were asymptomatic with endometrial echo >5.0mm. Results : Twenty-one (2.0%) patients presented premalignant lesions in the polyps, 13 had simple glandular hyperplasia, of which 5 had no atypia, and eight presented atypia. Eight polyps presented focal area of complex hyperplasia: 4 with atypia and 4 without lesions. Cancer was diagnosed in 5 (0.5%) polyps. Of the 21 polyps that harbored premalignant lesions, 12 were interpreted as benign in diagnostic and surgical hysteroscopy. Of the polyps with cancer, 4 were also histeroscopically interpreted as normal. Conclusion : Symptomatic polyps in menacme and in all postmenopausal women should be resected and submitted to histopathological examination, since they may have a benign aspect, even when harboring areas of cellular atypia or cancer. .
Objetivo : Avaliar a incidência de lesões precursoras e câncer em pólipos do endométrio de pacientes submetidas à polipectomia histeroscópica. Métodos : Análise dos resultados de 1.020 exames anatomopatológicos de pacientes submetidas, em hospital público, à polipectomia histeroscópica, e achados em suas histeroscopias diagnóstica e cirúrgica. Em termos de estado menstrual, 295 (28,9%) pacientes encontravam-se na menacme. Do total, 193 (65,4%) apresentavam sangramento uterino anormal e 102 (34,6%) eram assintomáticas, com alteração da medida do eco endometrial à ultrassonografia transvaginal. Das 725 (71,1%) pacientes na pós-menopausa, 171 (23,6%) eram sintomáticas (sangramento uterino anormal) e 554 (76,4%) assintomáticas, com eco endometrial >5,0mm. Resultados : Vinte e uma (2,0%) pacientes apresentaram lesões precursoras nos pólipos, 13 com hiperplasia glandular simples, das quais 5 sem atipias e 8 com atipias. Oito pólipos apresentavam área focal de hiperplasia complexa, quatro com atipias e quatro sem lesões. Câncer foi diagnosticado em cinco (0,5%) pólipos. Dos 21 pólipos que abrigavam lesões precursoras, 12 foram interpretados como benignos nas histeroscopias diagnóstica e cirúrgica. Quatro dos pólipos com câncer também foram interpretados histeroscopicamente como normais. Conclusão : Os pólipos sintomáticos na menacme, bem como todos na pós-menopausa, devem ser ressecados para realização de exame anatomopatológico, por poderem apresentar aspecto benigno, mesmo quando abrigam áreas de atipia celular ou câncer. .
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Neoplasias do Endométrio/epidemiologia , Histeroscopia/métodos , Pólipos/epidemiologia , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/epidemiologia , Distribuição por Idade , Brasil/epidemiologia , Endométrio/patologia , Hiperplasia/epidemiologia , Hiperplasia/patologia , Incidência , Pólipos/patologia , Pólipos/cirurgia , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
A esterilização tubária é o procedimento definitivo mais utilizado no mundo para controle da fecundidade. A ligadura laparoscópica é segura, porém invasiva e com possíveis riscos cirúrgicos e anestésicos. A via histeroscópica permite a oclusão tubária em ambiente ambulatorial, sem incisões ou anestesia. Um microdispositivo (Essure®) é inserido diretamente no interior das tubas e suas fibras internas de poliéster causam sua obstrução em até 3 meses. Durante esse período, deve ser mantido o método contraceptivo temporário utilizado pela paciente. Várias mulheres utilizam o sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel, denominado comercialmente Mirena®. O objetivo neste estudo foi de avaliar a possibilidade de inserção do Essure® sem a remoção do dispositivo intrauterino e a tolerância da paciente ao procedimento. O dispositivo foi colocado com sucesso em paciente portadora do Mirena® sem necessidade de retirada do mesmo. Após 3 meses o dispositivo intrauterino foi retirado sem intercorrências.
Tubal sterilization is the definitive procedure most often used worldwide to control fecundity. Laparoscopic ligature is safe, but invasive and with possible surgical and anesthetic risks. The hysteroscopic approach enables tubal occlusion at outpatient's setting without the need of incisions or anesthesia. A microdevice (Essure®) is inserted directly into the tubes and its polyethelene fibers cause obstruction of tubes in about three months. During this period, it is recommended that patients continue the use of a temporary birth control method. Several women use the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system, which is called in the market as Mirena®. This report evaluated the possibility of inserting Essure® without remove the intrauterine device; patient tolerance to the procedure was also assessed. The tubal device was successfully placed in the patient without the need to remove Mirena®. After three months the intrauterine device was removed with no intercurrent events.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Histeroscopia/métodos , Dispositivos Intrauterinos , Esterilização TubáriaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados clínicos, após seguimento mínimo de 5 anos, de pacientes com sangramento uterino anormal de etiologia benigna que realizaram ablação endometrial, analisando a taxa de sucesso do tratamento em relação ao método, compreendida como satisfação da paciente e melhora do sangramento uterino anormal, bem como complicações tardias, fatores associados e recorrência dos sintomas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal conduzido após período mínimo de 5 anos de cirurgia em pacientes submetidas ao procedimento entre 1999 e 2004. Foram analisados os seguintes dados: faixa etária quando da realização da cirurgia, complicações imediatas e tardias, e fatores associados. Foi utilizado o modelo de regressão logística com cálculo da respectiva Odds Ratio (OR) para se observarem as possíveis associações existentes entre a taxa de sucesso da cirurgia e as variáveis analisadas. RESULTADOS: Cento e quatorze pacientes foram submetidas à ablação endometrial no período de Março de 1999 a Abril de 2004. O tempo mediano de seguimento foi de 82 meses. O modelo de regressão logística permitiu a predição correta do sucesso da ablação endometrial em 80,6 por cento. A idade relacionou-se diretamente com o sucesso do procedimento (OR=1,2; p=0,003) e a ligadura tubária pregressa mostrou relação inversa com o sucesso da ablação endometrial (OR=0,3; p=0,049). Dentre as pacientes com falha terapêutica, 21 (72,4 por cento) foram tratadas com histerectomia. Em uma das pacientes submetidas à histerectomia foi confirmada a presença de hidro-hematossalpinge ao exame anatomopatológico, caracterizando a síndrome da ligadura tubária pós-ablação. CONCLUSÃO: A ablação endometrial tem se mostrado uma opção de tratamento vantajosa, mantendo altos índices de satisfação das pacientes, mesmo em seguimentos a longo prazo A idade quando da ablação endometrial influenciou no sucesso terapêutico e mais estudos são necessários para avaliar os fatores que poderão futuramente influenciar na indicação do procedimento em casos selecionados.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes after a minimum period of 5 years of follow-up of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding of benign etiology who underwent endometrial ablation, analyzing the success rate of treatment defined as patient satisfaction and improvement in uterine abnormal bleeding, as well as late complications and factors associated with recurrence of symptoms. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted after a minimum period of 5 years after surgery in patients who underwent the procedure between 1999 and 2004. We analyzed the following data: age at the time of surgery, immediate and late complications and associated factors. Logistic regression with Odds Ratio (OR) calculation was performed to evaluate possible associations between the success rate of surgery and the analyzed variables. RESULTS: A total of 114 patients underwent endometrial ablation between March 1999 and April 2004. The median follow-up was 82 months. The logistic regression model allowed the correct prediction of the success of endometrial ablation in 80.6 percent of cases. Age was directly related to the success of the procedure (OR=1.2; p=0.003) and previous tubal ligation showed a negative association with the success of endometrial ablation (OR=0.3; p=0.049). Among the patients with treatment failure, 21 (72.4 percent) underwent hysterectomy. In one of the hysterectomy cases, hydro/hematosalpinx was confirmed by the anatomopathological exam, characterizing the postablation-tubal sterilization syndrome. CONCLUSION: Endometrial ablation has proven to be a worthwhile treatment option, maintaining high rates of patient satisfaction, even over long-term follow-up. The age at endometrial ablation influenced the therapeutic success. Further studies are needed to evaluate the factors that may influence the future indication for the procedure in selected cases.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Técnicas de Ablação Endometrial/métodos , Histeroscopia , Hemorragia Uterina/cirurgia , Estudos Transversais , Seguimentos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Comparar resultados da polipectomia histeroscópica endometrial efetuada ambulatorialmente, sem anestesia, com polipectomia histeroscópica convencional sob anestesia, em centro cirúrgico, avaliando taxa de sucesso, tempo de procedimento e complicações. Mensurar dor aferida pela paciente nos dois grupos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal observacional de 60 pacientes com diagnóstico histeroscópico de pólipo endometrial divididas em dois grupos: Grupo Ambulatorial, composto por pacientes submetidas à polipectomia histeroscópica ambulatorial, utilizando-se pinça endoscópica em histeroscópio operatório ambulatorial de fluxo contínuo, por meio de vaginoscopia sem anestesia, e Grupo Convencional com pacientes submetidas à polipectomia histeroscópica em centro cirúrgico, utilizando-se ressectoscópio monopolar sob anestesia. RESULTADOS: Os grupos foram similares quanto a idade, paridade, tipo de parto e presença ou não de menopausa. Ambos os grupos apresentaram 100% de eficácia na exérese dos pólipos. O tempo médio de procedimento foi de 7 minutos no Grupo Ambulatorial e 35,16 minutos no Grupo Convencional. No Grupo Ambulatorial, as pacientes após a menopausa (p=0,04) e aquelas com pólipos >1cm (p=0,01) apresentaram tempo de procedimento maior. Durante o procedimento,a média de dor referida pelas pacientes, segundo a Escala Analógica Verbal de Dor, no Grupo Ambulatorial, foi de 2,93 e, após efeito anestésico do procedimento no Grupo Convencional, foi de 1,42 pontos. Não houve complicações no Grupo Ambulatorial. No Grupo Convencional, registraram-se um caso de perfuração uterina e um de falso trajeto. CONCLUSÃO: A polipectomia histeroscópica realizada em regime ambulatorial, sem anestesia, é um procedimento bem tolerado. Quando comparada ao tratamento convencional, apresenta a mesma eficácia, porém com menor tempo gasto no procedimento e menor índice de complicações.
OBJECTIVE: To compare results of hysteroscopic polypectomy of the endometrium performed in an outpatient clinic, under no anesthesia, to conventional hysteroscopic polypectomy under anesthesia in the operating theatre, assessing success rate, procedure time and complications; and to measure pain referred by patients in both groups. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional study of 60 patients with hysteroscopic diagnosis of endometrial polyps, divided into two groups: the Outpatient Group, comprising patients submitted to outpatient´s hysteroscopic polypectomy by continuous flow vaginoscopy using endoscopic forceps under no anesthesia, and the Conventional Group with patients submitted to hysteroscopic polypectomy in the operating theater, using a monopolar resectoscope under anesthesia. RESULTS: The groups were similar as to age, parity, mode of delivery and menopausal status. Both groups presented 100% efficacy in exeresis of polyps. The mean time of procedure was 7 minutes in the Outpatient Group and 35.16 minutes in the Conventional Group. In the Outpatient Group, menopausal patients (p=0.04) and those with polyps >1cm (p=0.01) had longer procedures. Using the Verbal Analog Scale of Pain, the mean score of pain referred by patients during the procedure was 2.93 in the Outpatient Group and, after anesthetic effect, 1.42 in the Conventional Group. There were no complications in the Outpatient Group. There was one case of uterine perforation and one case of false passage in the Conventional Group. CONCLUSION: Hysteroscopic polypectomy performed in an outpatient setting under no anesthesia is a well-tolerated procedure. As compared to conventional treatment, it displays the same efficacy, but the procedure time is shorter and the complication rate is lower.
Assuntos
Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Ambulatórios , Anestesia , Endométrio , Histeroscopia , Medição da Dor , PóliposRESUMO
Objective: To evaluate the intensity of pain reported by patients undergoing outpatient diagnostic hysteroscopy. Methods: Exam performed with a 5-mm lens hysteroscope, vaginal speculum, tenaculum and uterine distention with carbon dioxide gas. Before and after the examination, patients were interviewed to define, in a verbal scale from 0 to 10, pain values that they expected to feel and that they experienced after the end, and also if they would repeat it if indicated. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 15.0, statistic significance was defined as p < 0.05 with a study power of 95%. Results: Fifty-eight patients were included with mean age of 50.9 years, with 32.8% at postmenopause and 6.9% nulliparous. Among those with previous deliveries, mean parity was 2.21 and at least one vaginal delivery had occurred in 63.8%. Only 24.1% of patients knew how the exam would be done, 62.1% needed an endometrial sample and the result was considered satisfactory in 89.7%. The means of expected and experienced pain were similar (6.0 versus 6.1), and 91.4% of women would repeat the hysteroscopy if necessary. The only factor associated with less pain after the exam was previous vaginal delivery, with a decrease of pain score from 7.1 to 5.5 (p = 0.03). Mean pain was significantly lower in those who agreed to repeat the exam (5.8 versus 9.4; p = 0.003). Conclusions: Outpatient diagnostic hysteroscopy with gas can be associated with moderate but tolerable discomfort and satisfactory results.
Objetivo: Avaliar a intensidade da dor referida pelas pacientes submetidas à histeroscopia diagnóstica ambulatorial. Métodos: Exame realizado com ótica de 5 mm, espéculo, pinçamento do colo com Pozzi e distensão da cavidade uterina com dióxido de carbono. Antes e depois do exame, as pacientes foram entrevistadas para definir, em uma escala verbal de 0 a 10, valores para espectativa de dor e dor experimentada após seu término, e também se elas o repetiriam se houvesse indicação. Os dados foram analisados no Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 15.0, com significância estatística definida como p < 0,05 e poder do teste de 95%. Resultados: Foram incluídas 58 pacientes, com idade média de 50,9 anos, sendo 32,8% na pós-menopausa e 6,9% nulíparas. Dentre as pacientes com partos anteriores, a paridade média foi 2,21 e pelo menos um parto normal ocorreu em 63,8%. Apenas 24,1% das pacientes sabiam como o exame seria feito, 62,1% necessitaram de biópsia endometrial e o resultado foi considerado satisfatório em 89,7% dos casos. As médias de dor esperada e referida pelas pacientes foram semelhantes (6,0 versus 6,1), e 91,4% das mulheres repetiriam a histeroscopia quando necessário. O único fator associado à redução da dor após o exame foi o antecedente de parto normal, com queda de 7,1 para 5,5 (p = 0,03). A média de dor foi significativamente menor nas pacientes que aceitariam repetir o exame (5,8 versus 9,4; p = 0,003). Conclusões: A histeroscopia diagnóstica ambulatorial com gás pode estar associada a desconforto moderado, porém tolerável, com resultados satisfatórios.