Fatty acid profile in vertical strata of elephant grass subjected to intermittent stocking.

The milk and meat from animals with a pasture-based diet have higher proportions of CLA and C18:3 and lower omega-6:omega-3 ratios than products from animals with diets based on corn silage and concentrate. However, most of the published studies have evaluated fatty acid profiles in temperate climate grasses and the literature with tropical grasses is scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological and fatty acid compositions in the vertical strata of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) swards subjected to grazing heights (90 or 120 cm pre-grazing heights) and levels of defoliation (50% or 70% removal of the initial pre-grazing height). There were no interactions among pre-grazing height, the level of defoliation and grazing stratum. However, higher proportion of C18:3 (58% and 63%) was found in the 90-cm swards and in the half upper stratum. A higher proportion of C18:3 was associated with a higher leaf proportion and crude protein content. Thus, the upper stratum of sward or a grazing management scheme (e.g. first-last stocking) resulting in a higher proportion of leaves and crude protein both provide higher proportions of C18:3 to animals grazing in elephant grass swards.

Milk Yield, Milk Composition, and the Nutritive Value of Feed Accessed Varies with Milking Order for Pasture-Based Dairy Cattle.

(1) Background: Pasture varies in its chemical composition from the top of the sward to the base and cattle prefer to eat the leaf fraction. In pasture-based dairy systems, cattle predominantly walk back to pasture voluntarily after each milking, with the first cattle arriving to pasture hours before the last. Here we study the impact of pasture composition according to milking order on milk yield and milk composition for dairy cattle offered grazed ryegrass pasture. (2) Methods: In the first experiment, individual cow milk yield data were recorded on six farms over 8 months. The herd was divided into groups of 50 cows for analysis according to milking order. In the second experiment, the impact of milking order on milk composition and pasture composition accessed was determined in addition to milk yield on three farms. (3) Results: After accounting for age and stage of lactation effects, cattle milked first in experiment 1 produced, on average, 4.5 L/cow/day (+18%; range 14 to 29%) more than cattle milked last. In experiment 2, dairy cattle milked first (first 50 cows) in farm 1 had greater milk, protein, and solids non-fat (SNF) yield; and less lactose content than those milked last (last 50 cows). In farm 2, dairy cattle milked first had greater milk yield, SNF yield, lactose yield, and fat yield; but less protein and SNF content than cattle milked last. In farm 3, cattle milked first produced milk with greater fat and protein content than cattle milked last. In line with these differences in milk yield and composition, the composition of pasture across vertical strata differed, particularly for crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content. Conclusion: This work highlights the opportunity to increase herd nutrient use efficiency for improved milk production through strategic pasture allowance and supplementation strategies.

Toxicity screening of a novel poly(methylmethacrylate)-Eudragit nanocarrier on L929 fibroblasts.

Translation of innovative drug delivery nanosystems into the market involves an early toxicity screening in the development phase. Previously, we showed that inclusion of the polymer Eudragit (EUD) into poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles (NP) resulted in a novel nanocarrier (PMMA-EUD) with an improved biomedical performance. The safety of this novel nanoparticulate system (PMMA-EUDNPs) was assessed in this work and compared to that of the original PMMANPs by using an integrated approach, comprising in vitro toxicity assessment and NPs physicochemical characterization in water and cell medium. For toxicity assessment several endpoints were analysed, including cell death, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity using L929 fibroblasts. PMMA-EUDNPs proved to be more hydrophobic than the original PMMANPs. Also, charge of both NPs was strongly affected by cell medium. On the other hand, the novel nanosystem was easily uptaken by L929 cells and did not display relevant in vitro cytotoxic or genotoxic effects. On the contrary, PMMANPs were less internalized in cells and proved to be genotoxic, as measured by the micronucleus assay. To conclude, our results provide initial evidence about the safety of the novel and promising PMMA-EUD nanoparticulate system, enabling its further development towards applications for drug delivery.

Fatty acid profile in vertical strata of elephant grass subjected to intermittent stocking

ABSTRACT The milk and meat from animals with a pasture-based diet have higher proportions of CLA and C18:3 and lower omega-6:omega-3 ratios than products from animals with diets based on corn silage and concentrate. However, most of the published studies have evaluated fatty acid profiles in temperate climate grasses and the literature with tropical grasses is scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological and fatty acid compositions in the vertical strata of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) swards subjected to grazing heights (90 or 120 cm pre-grazing heights) and levels of defoliation (50% or 70% removal of the initial pre-grazing height). There were no interactions among pre-grazing height, the level of defoliation and grazing stratum. However, higher proportion of C18:3 (58% and 63%) was found in the 90-cm swards and in the half upper stratum. A higher proportion of C18:3 was associated with a higher leaf proportion and crude protein content. Thus, the upper stratum of sward or a grazing management scheme (e.g. first-last stocking) resulting in a higher proportion of leaves and crude protein both provide higher proportions of C18:3 to animals grazing in elephant grass swards.

Levels of defoliation and regrowth dynamics in elephant grass swards / Níveis de desfolhação e a dinâmica da rebrotação em pastos de capim-elefante

The morphogenetic and structural characteristics of forage plants and the processes of growth and senescence in tissues may vary according to the grazing management strategies used. This research aimed to assess the process of regrowth in elephant grass swards Cv. 'Pioneiro' submitted to two pre-grazing heights (90 and 120cm) combined with two levels of defoliation (50 and 70%). A reduction of the leaf elongation rate (LER) was observed during the regrowth stages, in addition to a reduction in the rate of leaf appearance (LAR) and aerial tiller population density (ATPD). In contrast, an increase was observed in leaf senescence (LSR) and stem and pseudo stem elongation rates (SER). The severe defoliation (70%) combined with a pre-grazing height of 120cm compromised the regrowth of elephant grass cv. 'Pioneiro', which must be managed with a maximum height of 90cm and maximum level of defoliation of 50% of the initial height.

As características morfogênicas e estruturais das plantas forrageiras, bem como os processos de crescimento e senescência de tecidos podem variar de acordo com as estratégias de manejo utilizadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o processo de rebrotação em pastos de capim-elefante, cultivar 'Pioneiro', submetidos a duas alturas em pré-pastejo (90 e 120cm) combinadas com duas severidades de desfolhação (50 e 70% da altura inicial). Ao longo das fases de rebrotação, ocorreu uma diminuição das taxas de alongamento foliar (TAF), aparecimento de folhas (TAP) e da densidade populacional de perfilhos aéreos (DPPA), aumento das taxas de senescência foliares (TSF) e alongamento de colmo mais pseudocolmo (TACP). A severidade de desfolha de 70% aliada à altura em pré-pastejo de 120cm comprometeu o processo de rebrotação do capim-elefante cv. 'Pioneiro', devendo este ser manejado com altura máxima de 90cm e com severidade de desfolha não excedendo 50% da altura inicial.

Avaliação nutricional da polpa de maçã como suplementação energética para bovinos / Nutritional evaluation of apple pulp as energetically supplementation to cattle

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação com polpa de maçã, em substituição ao grão de milho, para bovinos ingerindo azevém anual verde. Os tratamentos experimentais foram pasto de azevém à vontade (AZ) ou suplementado com 0,5% do peso vivo de MS constituída: de grão de milho (AM), de uma mistura de grão de milho + polpa de maçã (50:50; AMP) ou de polpa de maçã (AP). Os animais utilizados foram quatro novilhos machos, castrados, com peso vivo médio de 219±22,1kg, dotados de cânula ruminal e distribuídos em um quadrado latino 4×4, com períodos de 16 dias (10 de adaptação e 6 de coleta). O consumo voluntário de MO da forragem (71,5g kg-1 PV0,75) não se alterou com o uso de suplementação nem com o tipo de suplemento, mas o consumo total de MO e de energia metabolizável aumentaram, respectivamente, 17,4g kg-1 PV0,75 e 9,8MJ dia-1 nos animais suplementados, sem que houvesse diferença entre os animais recebendo os diferentes tipos de suplementação. O pH ruminal (6,7), o valor energético das dietas (média = 12,1MJ kg-1 MS) e a síntese de proteína microbiana (média = 414g dia-1) não se alteraram com o fornecimento da suplementação energética nem com o tipo desta. Entretanto, a digestibilidade do FDA (-10%) e o consumo de MO digestível (-9,7g kg-1 PV0,75) foram inferiores nos animais ingerindo somente polpa, em comparação aos demais tipos de suplementação. A substituição de até 50% da MS do grão de milho por polpa de maçã, para bovinos ingerindo pastos de azevém, é uma prática segura quando se objetiva aumentar a ingestão de MO digestível.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with apple pulp to heifers receiving fresh Italian ryegrass. The treatments were fresh Italian ryegrass (R) ad libidum or supplemented with 0.5% of DM of body weight as: corn ground (RC), corn ground + apple pulp (50:50; RCP) or apple pulp (RP). Four Holstein steers (mean LW of 219±22.1kg) with permanent ruminal cannulae, housed in metabolic cages were assigned in a 4×4 latin square experiment with periods of 16 days (10 for adaptation and 6 for measurements). The OM voluntary intake of herbage was similar in heifers with or without supplementation (average = 71.5g kg-1 BW0,75), but total OM intake and metabolisable energy intake increased, respectively, 17.4g kg-1 PV0.75 e 9.8MJ day-1 in supplemented heifers compared with the no supplemented ones. The ruminal pH (average = 6.7), the energetically values of diets (average = 12.0MJ kg-1 DM) and microbial protein synthesis (average 414g day-1) did not change with supplementation. However the ADF digestibility (-10%) and digestible OM intake (-9.7g kg-1 BW0.75) were lower in animals receiving apple pulp only comparing with other supplement types. In conclusion, to improve the digestible OM intake apple pulp can be used to replace until 50% of DM of corn ground to heifers eating fresh Italian ryegrass.

Relationship between diurnal grazing time and herbage intake in dairy cows in rotational grazing / Inter-relação entre o tempo de pastejo diurno e o consumo de forragem em vacas leiteiras em pastejo rotativo

The aim of this study was describe the relationship between grazing time and herbage intake and identify tools to grazing management of dairy cows grazing Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) on a rotational grazing method. Six dairy cows in mid-lactation period were allowed to graze paddocks during three grazing cycles. During each cycle cows grazed two paddocks with 9 days of occupation by paddock and an herbage allowance of 30kg DM cow-1 day-1. Measurements were made in the last 9 days of each period and during intervals between cycles cows grazed an adjacent area with a mixed of temperate species. It was compared three grazing cycles and cows eating similar herbage amount with different daily grazing time. Independently of herbage intake, daily grazing time increased 12min by cm of the reduction on leaf height. Reductions on efficiency to graze are clearly associated to structural traits of canopy as proximity to ground level and stems + pseudo-stems content on the graze layer. In conclusion, under rotational grazing, daily grazing time is strongly associated with leaf height in the grazing layer, but it is not a good indicator of DM herbage intake. Structural traits of canopy are clearly associated with efficiency to graze, independently of daily herbage intake.

Objetivou-se descrever a relação entre o tempo de pastejo e o consumo de forragem e identificar possíveis indicadores de manejo para vacas leiteiras em pastos de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) no método rotativo. Foram utilizadas seis vacas leiteiras no terço médio de lactação durante três ciclos de pastejo. Em cada ciclo, os animais tiveram acesso a dois piquetes com nove dias de ocupação e oferta de forragem de 30kg MS vaca-1 dia-1. As medidas foram realizadas nos últimos nove dias de cada ciclo e, nos intervalos entre ciclos, os animais permaneceram em área adjacente com acesso a uma mistura de espécies forrageiras de clima temperado. Comparando os três ciclos, foi possível observar que as vacas obtiveram semelhante consumo de forragem com diferentes tempos de pastejo diário. Independente da quantidade de forragem ingerida, o tempo de pastejo diário aumentou 12min por cm de redução na altura residual de lâminas foliares e reduções na eficiência de pastejo foram claramente associadas a características estruturais da pastagem, como, a proximidade ao solo e a proporção de colmos + pseudocolmos no estrato pastejado. Em conclusão, sob pastejo rotativo, o tempo de pastejo está intimamente associado com a altura residual de folhas, mas não é um bom indicador do consumo de forragem. As características estruturais do pasto são claramente associadas à eficiência de pastejo, independente do consumo diário de forragem.

Farelo de glúten de milho para vacas leiteiras em pastos de azevém anual / Corn gluten meal to dairy cows grazing italian ryegrass

Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito da suplementação com proteína de baixa degradabilidade ruminal (PNDR) para vacas leiteiras em pastos de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Foram utilizadas 12 vacas da raça Holandesa no terço médio de lactação. Os tratamentos avaliados foram zero e 4,0kg vaca-1 dia-1 de uma mistura 60:40 de grão de milho + farelo de glúten de milho, em três períodos de avaliação de 15 dias. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro lotes uniformes (dois por tratamento) e alocados em piquetes de azevém manejado no método rotativo, com uma oferta de 24kg de MS vaca-1 dia-1. A massa de forragem (2.325kg MS ha-1) e a altura (15,8cm) antes da entrada dos animais foram semelhantes nos piquetes dos animais suplementados e não suplementados. Da mesma forma, os teores médios de PB e FDN da forragem ingerida foram semelhantes entre tratamentos (18,9% e 53,0%, respectivamente). O consumo de MS da forragem não variou com o uso da suplementação (média=8,5kg vaca-1 dia-1). O consumo de MS total aumentou 3,0kg vaca-1 dia-1 e o de energia metabolizável aumentou 42MJ vaca-1 dia-1. A produção de leite aumentou 4,0kg vaca-1 dia-1 com o uso da suplementação, mas os teores de gordura e de proteína não variaram entre tratamentos, sendo observados valores médios de 32,8g kg-1 e 29,2g kg-1, respectivamente. Em baixa oferta de forragem, a suplementação com alimento concentrado (22% PB) contendo farelo de glúten de milho eleva a produção de leite na ordem de 1kg por kg de concentrado. A resposta a esse tipo de suplementação em condição de oferta de forragem não-limitante deve ser estudada.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of undegradable protein supplementation to dairy cows grazing Italian ryegrass. Twelve Holstein cows in the mid lactation were used and treatments were 0 (zero) and a mixture (60:40) of ground corn + corn gluten meal (4.0kg cow day-1) evaluated along three periods of fifteen days. Cows were distributed in four groups (two per treatment) and assigned to Italian ryegrass plots submitted to intermittent grazing with a herbage allowance of 24kg of DM cow day-1. Pre-grazing herbage mass (2325kg of DM ha-1) and sward surface height (15.8cm) were similar on plots and crude protein and NDF of ingested forage were 18.9 and 53,0%, respectively. Supplementation did not affect herbage DM intake (mean=8.5kg cow day-1) but, both, total DM intake and metabolisable energy increased 3.0kg and 42MJ cow day-1, respectively. Supplementation increased milk production (4.0 kg.cow.day-1) but did not change protein and fat milk content (32.8 and 29.2g kg-1). At low herbage allowance, supplementation with corn ground meal (22% of crude protein) increase milk production on proportion of 1:1 and studies should be done at conditions of non- limitant herbage allowance.