Overdiagnosis of vaccine allergy: Skin testing and challenge at a public specialized unit (CRIE) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Background: Vaccination is an extremely safe public health intervention, but rare IgE-mediated adverse events must be identified to avoid the risk of anaphylaxis in the event of reexposure. However, using only clinical history to diagnose previous allergic reactions may lead to overdiagnosis of vaccine allergy and even to the use of medical exemptions as a subterfuge to mandatory vaccination. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study to describe the outcomes of patients with a history of vaccine or vaccine component allergy who were evaluated at our unit from 2011 to 2017. Data on allergy history, skin test results, vaccines prescribed, and adverse events were retrieved from the medical records at the Centro de Referência para Imunobiológicos Especiais (Reference Center of Special Immunobiologicals)-Fiocruz, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Results: Of 34 adults with history of allergy to vaccine or vaccine components, 32 (94.1%) were successfully vaccinated without serious adverse events after our evaluation. In 12 patients (35%), the time elapsed between the allergy symptoms and evaluation in the Centro de Referência para Imunobiológicos Especiais-Fiocruz was more than 10 years. Conclusion: Specialized care and use of skin tests allowed safe vaccination of the majority of patients. An objective, systematic evaluation of a history of vaccine allergy can prevent its improper use to avoid mandatory vaccination and reduce missed opportunities for immunization.

Acquisition of antimicrobial resistance determinants in Enterobacterales by international travelers from a large urban setting in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance is increased by international mobility. We present data about intestinal colonization of travelers departing from a middle-income country. METHODS: Travelers were recruited from 2015 to 2019, collected an anal stool specimen and answered a questionnaire before and after travel. Enterobacterales isolates were investigated for antimicrobial resistance; extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase production; plasmid-encoded cephalosporinases (pAmpC), plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and mcr genes by PCR and sequencing; and association with travel related variables. RESULTS: Among 210 travelers, 26 (12%) carried multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales (MDR-E) and 18 (9%) ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) before travel, with an increased prevalence from 1% to 11% over the study years. Acquisition of MDR-E and ESBL-E occurred in 59 (32%) and 43 (22%) travelers, respectively, mostly blaCTX-M-15 carrying Escherichia coli. One traveler acquired one isolate carrying blaOXA-181 gene, and two others, isolates carrying mcr-1. PMQR were detected in 14 isolates of returning travelers. The risk of MDR-E acquisition was higher in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent, and after using antimicrobial agents. CONCLUSION: We describe an increasing pre-travel prevalence of ESBL-E colonization in subjects departing from this middle-income country over time. Travel to known risk areas and use of antimicrobial agents during travel were associated with acquisition of MDR-E. Travel advice is critical to mitigating this risk, as colonization by MDR-E may raise the chances of antimicrobial-resistant infections.

Travel Medicine in the Dominican Republic / La Medicina del Viajero en República Dominicana

Introduction: Travel Medicine specialty has existed for more than 40 years. However, this is practically unknown by Dominicans despite the large number of people who travel to and from our country. Methods: With the objective of determining the knowledge of Dominicans about the existence of Travel Medicine specialty and their attitudes in relation to it, we conducted a virtual survey of 8 questions, in which 2,584 Dominicans participated. Results: Despite the fact that more than 80 % of those surveyed knew that to travel to certain countries they had to take certain vaccines, less than 25 % had heard of the specialty of Traveler's Medicine. After knowing the definition and objectives of the specialty, more than 90 % of the participants considered it important to consult a specialist prior to the trip. Conclusion: The lack of knowledge of the specialty and the absence of this service in the public health system are the main barriers to the access of Dominicans to the Travel Medicine consultation. It is necessary to publicize the specialty, using scientific evidence and taking as an example the worldwide dissemination of COVID-19 through travelers, to make the population aware of the importance of pre and post-trip consultation, as well as the creation of this service in public hospitals

Introducción: la especialidad Medicina del Viajero existe hace más de 40 años. Sin embargo, esta es prácticamente desconocida por los dominicanos a pesar de la gran cantidad de personas que viajan desde y hacia nuestro país. Material y métodos: Con el objetivo de determinar el conocimiento de los dominicanos sobre la existencia de la Medicina del Viajero y sus actitudes en relación a esta, realizamos una encuesta virtual de 8 preguntas, de la cual participaron 2,584 dominicanos. Resultados: a pesar de que más del 80 % de los encuestados sabían que para viajar a determinados países debían tomar ciertas vacunas, menos del 25 % había escuchado hablar de la especialidad Medicina del Viajero. Tras conocer la definición y objetivos de la especialidad más del 90 % de los participantes consideró importante realizar una consulta previa al viaje con un especialista. Conclusión: el desconocimiento de la especialidad y la ausencia de este servicio en el sistema público de salud son las principales barreras para el acceso de los dominicanos a la consulta de Medicina del Viajero. Es necesario dar a conocer la especialidad, utilizando evidencia científica y tomando como ejemplo la difusión mundial de la COVID-19 a través de los viajeros, concienciar a la población de la importancia de la consulta pre y post viaje, así como la creación de este servicio en hospitales públicos

Barreras para la inmunización en República Dominicana y COVID-19 / Barriers to immunization in the Dominican Republic and COVID-19

En los últimos años la República Dominicana ha experimentado una importante reducción en las coberturas de vacunación, producto de esta situación son los casos de tétanos y difteria que han surgido recientemente. Con el objetivo de identificar las barreras para la inmunización y determinar el impacto de la COVID-19 en la adherencia a la vacunación, 2.584 dominicanos completaron una encuesta en línea sobre el historial de vacunación personal y las razones para no vacunarse. Además, respondieron preguntas sobre la aceptación de la vacuna contra la COVID-19 y la influencia de la pandemia en su percepción/adherencia a la vacunación. La mayoría de los encuestados no se vacunó durante la pandemia, el principal motivo fue: no tenía ninguna vacuna programada para este año. Lo que indica que a pesar de que la pandemia dificultó el acceso a los servicios de vacunación, esta no fue la principal barrera para la inmunización en República Dominicana en el 2020. A pesar de que la mayoría de los participantes están a favor de la vacunación, de las vacunas incluidas en nuestro estudio, la vacuna contra sarampión, rubéola y parotiditis (en niños) fue la única que alcanzó el objetivo del Plan de Acción Mundial sobre Vacunas, de lograr una cobertura de vacunación del 90 por ciento para el 2020. La principal barrera para la inmunización es el olvido de vacunarse. Es necesario adoptar un sistema de recordatorio eficaz para aumentar la adherencia y mejorar las tasas de inmunización(AU)

In recent years, the Dominican Republic has experienced a significant reduction in vaccination coverage; cases of tetanus and diphtheria that have recently emerged are a result of this situation. In order to identify barriers to immunization and determine the impact of COVID-19 on vaccination adherence, 2,584 Dominicans completed an online survey on personal vaccination history and reasons for not getting vaccinated. In addition, they answered questions about the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine and the influence of the pandemic on their perception/adherence to vaccination. Most of those surveyed were not vaccinated during the pandemic, the main reason being: I had no vaccination scheduled for this year. This indicates that even though the pandemic made it difficult to access vaccination services, this was not the main barrier to immunization in the Dominican Republic in 2020. Despite the fact that most of the participants are in favor of vaccination, of the vaccines included in our study, the only one that reached the goal of the Global Vaccine Action Plan of achieving 90 por ciento vaccination coverage by 2020 was measles, mumps and rubella in children. The main barrier to immunization is forgetting to get vaccinated. It is necessary to adopt an effective reminder system to increase adherence and improve immunization rates(AU)