Impact of IKZF1 Deletions in the Prognosis of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Argentina.

An association of deletions in the IKZF1 gene (IKZF1del) with poor prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has been demonstrated. Additional deletions in other genes (IKZF1plus) define different IKZF1del subsets. We analyzed the influence of IKZF1del and/or IKZF1plus in the survival of children with ALL. From October 2009 to July 2021, 1055 bone marrow samples from patients with ALL were processed by Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Of them, 28 patients died during induction and 4 were lost-in-follow-up, resulting in an eligible 1023 cases. All patients were treated according to ALLIC-BFM-2009-protocol. Patients were classified into three subsets: IKZF1not-deleted (IKZFF1not-del), IKZF1deleted (IKZF1del) and IKZF1del plus deletion of PAX5, CDKN2A, CDKN2B and/or alterations in CRLF2 with ERG-not-deleted (IKZF1plus). The LFSp and SE were calculated with the Kaplan−Meier calculation and compared with a log-rank test. From the 1023 eligible patients, 835 (81.6%) were defined as IKZF1not-del, 94 (9.2%) as IKZF1del and 94 (9.2%) as IKZF1plus. Of them, 100 (9.8%) corresponded to Standard-Risk (SRG), 629 (61.5%) to Intermediate-Risk (IRG) and 294 (28.7%) to High-Risk (HRG) groups. LFSp(SE) was 7 5(2)% for IKZF1not-del, 51 (6)% for IKZF1del and 48 (6)% for IKZF1plus (p-value < 0.00001). LFSp(SE) according to the risk groups was: in SRG, 91 (4)% for IKZF1not-del, 50 (35)% IKZF1del and 100% IKZF1plus (p-value = ns); in IRG, 77 (2)% IKZF1not-del, 61 (10)% IKZF1del and 54 (7)% IKZF1plus (p-value = 0.0005) and in HRG, 61 (4)% IKZF1not-del, 38 (8)% IKZF1del and 35 (9)% IKZF1plus (p-value = 0.0102). The IKZF1 status defines a population of patients with a poor outcome, mainly in IRG. No differences were observed between IKZF1del versus IKZF1plus. MLPA studies should be incorporated into the risk-group stratification of pediatric ALL.

Cytoplasmic CD3 expression in infant acute megakaryoblastic leukemia: A new ambiguous lineage subtype?

Several conventions have been established in order to define and characterize Mixed Phenotype Acute Leukemia (MPAL). However, megakaryocytic markers have not been included in the definition of MPAL neither in the European Group for the Immunological Characterization of Leukemias (EGIL) proposal nor in any of the WHO Classification of Tumors issues. We report four pediatric acute leukemia (AL) cases (prevalence: 0.18%) with megakaryoblasts co-expressing the T-specific antigen CD3 (cytoplasmic), together with a very homogeneous antigen profile of immature cells and other lymphoid traits. In one case, the presence of epsilon CD3 mRNA was confirmed as well on sorted CD34+ blasts. All four cases were infants, and two of them disclosed trisomy 21 in the blast population (not constitutional) without being children with Down Syndrome. They were homogeneously treated with AML schemes, achieving all four CR. However, 3 patients relapsed early. Only one patient is alive and remain disease-free, with a long follow-up. Even though cyCD3 was the only T cell marker expressed, its specificity entails the consideration of these cases as a new subtype of MPAL Megakaryoblastic/T, keeping this in mind when designing diagnostic panels. Detection and report of these cases are necessary so as to further characterize them in order to define the most appropriate treatment.

Caracterización del perfil de reordenamientos génicos de inmunoglobulinas y receptores de linfocitos T en leucemia linfoblástica aguda pediátrica / Pattern of immunoglobulins and T lymphocyte receptor gene rearrangements in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia / Caracterização do perfil de rearranjos gênicos de imunoglobulinas e receptores de linfócitos T na leucemia linfoide aguda pediátrica

Resumen Durante la ontogenia linfocitaria se produce el reordenamiento de los segmentos génicos V-(D)-J que codifican para la región variable de las cadenas de inmunoglobulinas (Ig) y receptores de linfocitos T (TCR). Durante este proceso, los segmentos se reordenan al azar y ocurren deleciones e inserciones de nucleótidos en la región de unión entre ellos. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron describir las incidencias de los reordenamientos Ig/TCR y de los segmentos V-(D)-J involucrados, en niños con leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA). Para ello se estudiaron 769 pacientes pediátricos con LLA, diagnosticados entre 1999 y 2018 por los centros de la Sociedad Argentina de Hemato-Oncología Pediátrica. Se caracterizaron reordenamientos de Ig/TCR mediante PCR-multiplex y secuenciación para la búsqueda de recombinaciones génicas IGH, IGK, TCRB, TCRG y TCRD, en muestras de ADN obtenidas de médula ósea o sangre periférica al diagnóstico. El 95% (n=730) de los casos presentaron reordenamientos Ig/TCR. En el 68% de los casos se caracterizaron recombinaciones génicas IGH, en 43% IGK, en 25% TCRB, en 49% TCRG y en el 55% TCRD. Se caracterizó un total de 2506 reordenamientos de Ig/TCR que correspondían 1161 a inmunoglobulinas y 1345 a TCR. En la mayoría de los casos los reordenamientos de IGH fueron completos, IGK involucró a IGKde, TRCB se reordenó frecuentemente con el segmento Jb2, TCRG involucró preferentemente a Vg9 y los TCRD fueron principalmente reordenamientos incompletos. Este trabajo constituye el primer estudio realizado en la Argentina sobre la caracterización de reordenamientos Ig/TCR en un número muy significativo de pacientes con LLA pediátrica.

Abstract During lymphocyte ontogeny, the variable region of immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptor (TCR) is generated by rearrangements of the V-(D)-J gene segments. In this random process, nucleotide deletions and insertions occur between V-(D)-J segments. The aims of this work were to describe the incidence of Ig/TCR rearrangements, and the V-(D)-J segments involved in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. With this purpose, 769 pediatric ALL patients belonging to Sociedad Argentina de Hemato-Oncología Pediátrica, diagnosed between 1999 and 2018, were studied. Ig/TCR rearrangements were characterized by multiplex PCR and sequencing to evaluate IGH, IGK, TCRB, TCRG and TCRD rearrangements in DNA samples obtained at diagnosis from bone marrow or peripheral blood. In total, 95% (n=730) of patients disclosed Ig/TCR rearrangements. IGH rearrangements were detected in 68% of cases; in 43% IGK, in 25% TCRB, in 49% TCRG and in 55% of cases, TCRD. A total of 2506 Ig/TCR rearrangements were characterized, being 1161 immunoglobulins and 1345 TCR. In most cases, IGH rearrangements were complete, IGK involved IGKde, TRCB was frequently rearranged with the Jb2 segment, TCRG preferentially involved Vg9, and TCRDs were mostly incomplete rearrangements. This work is the first study of Ig/TCR rearrangements characterization in a very significant number of childhood ALL carried out in Argentina.

Resumo Durante a ontogenia dos linfócitos, ocorre um rearranjo dos segmentos gênicos V-(D)-J que codificam para a região variável das cadeias de imunoglobulinas (Ig) e receptores de linfócitos T (TCR). Durante esse processo, os segmentos reorganizam-se aleatoriamente e exclusões e inserções de nucleotídeos ocorrem na região da união entre eles. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram descrever as incidências dos rearranjos Ig/TCR e dos segmentos V-(D)-J envolvidos, em crianças com leucemia linfoide aguda (LLA). Para tanto, foram estudados 769 pacientes pediátricos com LLA, diagnosticados entre 1999 e 2018 pelos centros da Sociedade Argentina de Hemato-Oncologia Pediátrica. Rearranjos de Ig/TCR foram caracterizados através de PCR-multiplex e sequenciação para procurar recombinações gênicas IGH, IGK, TCRB, TCRG e TCRD em amostras de DNA obtidas da medula óssea ou sangue periférico no diagnóstico. Do total de pacientes estudados, 95% (n=730) apresentaram rearranjos de Ig/TCR. Os rearranjos gênicos IGH foram caracterizados em 68% dos casos, em 43% de IGK, em 25% de TCRB, em 49% de TCRG e em 55% de TCRD. Foi caracterizado um total de 2506 rearranjos de Ig/TCR, correspondendo 1161 a imunoglobulinas e 1345 a TCR. Na maioria dos casos, os rearranjos de IGH foram concluídos, o IGK envolveu o IGKde, o TRCB foi frequentemente rearranjado com o segmento Jb2, o TCRG preferencialmente envolveu o Vg9 e os TCRDs foram principalmente os rearranjos incompletos. Este trabalho constitui o primeiro estudo realizado na Argentina sobre a caracterização de rearranjos de Ig/TCR em um número muito significativo de pacientes com LLA pediátrica.