RESUMO
Structure-based design led to the discovery of a novel class of renin inhibitors in which an unprecedented phenyl ring filling the S1 site is attached to the phenyl ring filling the S3 pocket. Optimization for several parameters including potency in the presence of human plasma, selectivity against CYP3A4 inhibition and improved rat oral bioavailability led to the identification of 8d which demonstrated antihypertensive efficacy in a transgenic rat model of human hypertension.
Assuntos
Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Éteres Fenílicos/farmacologia , Renina/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Anti-Hipertensivos/síntese química , Anti-Hipertensivos/química , Disponibilidade Biológica , Cristalografia por Raios X , Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/sangue , Inibidores do Citocromo P-450 CYP3A , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Descoberta de Drogas , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Molecular , Éteres Fenílicos/síntese química , Éteres Fenílicos/química , Ratos , Ratos Transgênicos , Proteínas Recombinantes/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Recombinantes/isolamento & purificação , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Structure-guided drug design led to new alkylamine renin inhibitors with improved in vitro and in vivo potency. Lead compound 21a, has an IC(50) of 0.83nM for the inhibition of human renin in plasma (PRA). Oral administration of 21a at 10mg/kg resulted in >20h reduction of blood pressure in a double transgenic rat model of hypertension.
Assuntos
Aminas/química , Carbamatos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Piperidinas/química , Renina/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Aminas/síntese química , Aminas/farmacocinética , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Carbamatos/síntese química , Carbamatos/farmacocinética , Cristalografia por Raios X , Desenho de Fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacocinética , Haplorrinos , Humanos , Piperidinas/síntese química , Piperidinas/farmacocinética , Ratos , Ratos Transgênicos , Renina/sangue , Renina/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The discovery and synthesis of a series of 2-amino-5-benzoyl-4-(2-furyl)thiazoles as adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists from a small-molecule combinatorial library using a high-throughput radioligand-binding assay is described. Antagonists were further characterized in the A(2A) binding assay and an A(1) selectivity assay. Selected examples exhibited excellent affinity for A(2A) and good selectivity versus the A(1) receptor.
Assuntos
Antagonistas de Receptores Purinérgicos P1 , Tiazóis/síntese química , Tiazóis/farmacologia , Alquilação , Linhagem Celular , Técnicas de Química Combinatória , Descoberta de Drogas , Humanos , Ensaio Radioligante , Receptores Purinérgicos P1/metabolismo , Tiazóis/metabolismoRESUMO
Structure-based drug design led to the identification of a novel class of potent, low MW alkylamine renin inhibitors. Oral administration of lead compound 21l, with MW of 508 and IC(50) of 0.47nM, caused a sustained reduction in mean arterial blood pressure in a double transgenic rat model of hypertension.
Assuntos
Anti-Hipertensivos/química , Metilaminas/química , Renina/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Anti-Hipertensivos/síntese química , Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacocinética , Pressão Sanguínea , Simulação por Computador , Cristalografia por Raios X , Desenho de Fármacos , Humanos , Metilaminas/síntese química , Metilaminas/farmacocinética , Ratos , Ratos Transgênicos , Renina/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Inhibition of renin has been shown to be successful in managing hypertension and maintaining cardiac health. Canine models have played a key role in preclinical assessment of renin inhibitors. Here we report the cloning of canine prorenin gene. The amino acid sequence of mature canine renin was approximately 70% identical to that of human renin. The full-length prorenin was expressed in HEK 293 cells, purified and converted to its active form by trypsin-mediated cleavage of the 43 residue propeptide. The mature enzyme was characterized by steady-state kinetics using a peptide corresponding to the canine angiotensinogen sequence, Ac-Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-Ser-OH (cleavage between Leu(10)-Leu(11)). The reaction followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a K(M) of 120 microM and a second-order rate constant (k(cat)/K(M)) of 1.7 x 10(5) M(-)(1)s(-)(1). The enzyme was inhibited by various human renin inhibitors, but at reduced potency compared to the human renin. The basis of the species specificity was investigated by mutagenesis. Based on primary sequence and structural alignments, three mutants were prepared (G149S-S150T, V286L, G149S-S150T-V286L). Each mutant yielded catalytically active enzymes with lower specific activities than native canine renin. V286L had the greatest effect on substrate specificity, while G149S, S150T mutations produced enzymes with inhibitor profiles similar to human renin.
Assuntos
Renina/genética , Renina/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Clonagem Molecular , Cães , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Precursores Enzimáticos/isolamento & purificação , Precursores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Cinética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutagênese Sítio-Dirigida , Renina/química , Homologia de Sequência de AminoácidosRESUMO
The amyloid hypothesis asserts that excess production or reduced clearance of the amyloid-ß (Aß) peptides in the brain initiates a sequence of events that ultimately lead to Alzheimer's disease and dementia. The Aß hypothesis has identified BACE1 as a therapeutic target to treat Alzheimer's and led to medicinal chemistry efforts to design its inhibitors both in the pharmaceutical industry and in academia. This review summarizes two distinct categories of inhibitors designed based on conformational states of "closed" and "open" forms of the enzyme. In each category the inhibitors are classified based on the core catalytic interaction group or the aspartyl binding motif (ABM). This review covers the description of inhibitors in each ABM class with X-ray crystal structures of key compounds, their binding modes, related structure-activity data highlighting potency advances, and additional properties such as selectivity profile, P-gp efflux, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic data.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/antagonistas & inibidores , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/antagonistas & inibidores , Doença de Alzheimer/enzimologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/química , Animais , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/química , Biocatálise , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Permeabilidade da Membrana Celular , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Humanos , Isoenzimas/antagonistas & inibidores , Isoenzimas/química , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Ligação Proteica , Conformação Proteica , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Structure guided optimization of a series of nonpeptidic alkyl amine renin inhibitors allowed the rational incorporation of additional polar functionality. Replacement of the cyclohexylmethyl group occupying the S1 pocket with a (R)-(tetrahydropyran-3-yl)methyl group and utilization of a different attachment point led to the identification of clinical candidate 9. This compound demonstrated excellent selectivity over related and unrelated off-targets, >15% oral bioavailability in three species, oral efficacy in a double transgenic rat model of hypertension, and good exposure in humans.