Large-Scale Comparative Analyses of Tick Genomes Elucidate Their Genetic Diversity and Vector Capacities.

Among arthropod vectors, ticks transmit the most diverse human and animal pathogens, leading to an increasing number of new challenges worldwide. Here we sequenced and assembled high-quality genomes of six ixodid tick species and further resequenced 678 tick specimens to understand three key aspects of ticks: genetic diversity, population structure, and pathogen distribution. We explored the genetic basis common to ticks, including heme and hemoglobin digestion, iron metabolism, and reactive oxygen species, and unveiled for the first time that genetic structure and pathogen composition in different tick species are mainly shaped by ecological and geographic factors. We further identified species-specific determinants associated with different host ranges, life cycles, and distributions. The findings of this study are an invaluable resource for research and control of ticks and tick-borne diseases.

A comprehensive study of oxidative stress-related effects on the prognosis and drug therapy of cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer (CC) is a serious global disease with poor prognoses and a significant recurrence rate in patients with advanced disease. Oxidative stress (OS) greatly influences many types of human cancers, making it crucial to understand the functional mechanisms of OS-related genes in CC. METHODS: The transcriptome and clinical data of three normal samples and 306 patients with CC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. The GSE44001 dataset was acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. OS-related subtypes in the cohort with CC were identified using unsupervised hierarchical clustering, univariate Cox analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis. Additionally, molecular pathways that differ across subtypes were determined and OS-related genes linked to the prognosis of patients of CC were determined. Finally, a clinical prognostic gene signature was developed and validated. The relative infiltration level of immune cell subpopulations in different risk groups and subtypes was evaluated using the cell-type identification by estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts (CIBERPORT) algorithm and single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) techniques. RESULTS: The present study established two distinct OS subtypes (OS clusters A and B). Analysis using ssGSEA and CIBERSPORT revealed that OS cluster B exhibited a significant level of immune infiltration. A clinical prognostic gene signature was established using OS-related characteristic genes identified by examining the differentially expressed genes across both subtypes. Furthermore, patients with CC were grouped into high- and low-risk groups, with the low-risk group showing higher survival rates. Additionally, these individuals exhibited significant advantages in terms of survival and immunotherapy. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated the higher predictive value of the clinical prognostic gene signature. The outcomes of the validation group depicted congruence with those recorded in the training group. CONCLUSIONS: A new model was constructed based on eight OS-related characteristic genes to aid the prediction of the survival rates of individuals with CC. The present study contributes to the existing literature on the mechanisms of OS genes in CC and offers a fresh perspective for future advancements in immunotherapy for such individuals.

Associations between postoperative cognitive dysfunction, serum interleukin-6 and postoperative delirium among patients after coronary artery bypass grafting: A mediation analysis.

BACKGROUND: POCD is a common complication among patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), it is linked to loss of independence and reduced quality of life. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), postoperative delirium (POD) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. METHODS: Patients who underwent elective isolated CABG were enrolled. POCD was assessed by a set of cognitive function tools. Delirium was assessed using the CAM-ICU. The logistic regression analyses were used to identify the predictive value of POD or IL-6 on POCD. The path analysis was used to analyse the relationship among POD, IL-6 and POCD. RESULTS: A total of 212 patients were enrolled, with 25.0% of patients developing POD and 32.5% developing POCD. The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that patients with POD had a four-fold increased hazard of POCD (OR = 3.655), and patients with IL-6 ≥ 830.50 pg/mL at the 6th hours after surgery had a 5-fold increased risk of experiencing POCD (OR = 5.042). However, the mediation effect of POD between IL-6 and POCD was not statistically significant (ß = 0.059, p = .392). CONCLUSIONS: POD and IL-6 at the 6th hour after surgery (≥830.50 pg/mL) are two potent predictors for POCD, while POD did not play a mediation effect between IL-6 and POCD. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Early identification of risk factors (e.g., delirium assessment and testing for serum IL-6 levels) by clinical nurses for POCD may contribute to the clinical practice for the targeted prevention nursing strategies.

Impact of delirium intervention on cognitive load among nurses in the intensive care unit: A multi-centre cluster randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: High cognitive load in nurses is a common problem in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, it remains unclear what different types of cognitive load the ICU nurses have experienced during the implementation of delirium interventions. AIM: To describe the characteristics and explore the effect of implementing a delirium intervention on the cognitive load of nurses working in the ICU. METHODS: A cluster-randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted. Six ICUs were randomized in a 1:1 ratio, and eligible nurses from these units provided either a delirium bundle intervention in addition to usual care (27 nurses) or usual care alone. An instrument was used to measure different types of cognitive load (MDT-CL), assessing intrinsic, extraneous and germane cognitive load. The repeated measures analysis of variance was used to detect between-group differences. RESULTS: Among these nurses, significant between-group differences were identified in terms of their overall (P < 0.001), intrinsic (P < 0.001) and extraneous (P < 0.001) cognitive load. There was no significant change observed in the germane cognitive load (P = 0.489) in the delirium intervention group. CONCLUSION: It is important to understand how the implementation of a delirium intervention affects different types of cognitive load in nurses, in order that tailored strategies can be applied to reduce cognitive load in ICU nurses.

Entanglement, Coherence, and Extractable Work in Quantum Batteries.

We investigate the connection between quantum resources and extractable work in quantum batteries. We demonstrate that quantum coherence in the battery or the battery-charger entanglement is a necessary resource for generating nonzero extractable work during the charging process. At the end of the charging process, we also establish a tight link of coherence and entanglement with the final extractable work: coherence naturally promotes the coherent work while coherence and entanglement inhibit the incoherent work. We also show that obtaining maximally coherent work is faster than obtaining maximally incoherent work. Examples ranging from the central-spin battery and the Tavis-Cummings battery to the spin-chain battery are given to illustrate these results.

A Prediction Rule Including Interleukin-6 in Pericardial Drainage Improves Prediction of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that a prediction rule including levels of interleukin-6 in pericardial drainage (pdIL-6) would improve the discrimination in classifying patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) into different postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) risk levels. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: A university-affiliated tertiary hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Patients undergoing CABG. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We prospectively recruited patients who underwent CABG into derivation and validation cohorts. The independent predictors were identified in the derivation cohort using multiple logistic regression and tested in the validation cohort. The performance of the predictive model was tested using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) in both cohorts. A prediction rule was created by assigning points to each predictor. Patients were classified in various risk levels according to their total risk scores. We enrolled 302 and 207 patients in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified six predictors: age ≥61 y, left atrial diameter ≥49 mm, right atrial diameter ≥45 mm, number of grafts ≥3, and serum uric acid ≥226 µmol/L and pdIL-6 levels ≥166 ng/mL at postoperative 12 h. The AUC of the model was 0.78 and 0.77 for the derivation and validation cohort, respectively, which was greatly increased by adding pdIL-6. Patients were stratified into low-risk, moderate-risk and high-risk groups. CONCLUSIONS: A POAF prediction rule including pdIL-6 had good performance for stratifying CABG patients into various risk groups for POAF. The inclusion of pdIL-6 resulted in clinically meaningful improvement in risk prediction.

Fear of progression in patients with mild or common type COVID-19.

AIM: To investigate the current condition and degree of fear of disease progression and associated factors in patients with mild or common type COVID-19. BACKGROUND: At the end of 2019, COVID-19 spread from Wuhan in Hubei Province throughout China. Confirmed cases and deaths have since been reported in many countries around the world. However, fear of progression in these patients has been poorly explored. METHODS: During February 2020, we recruited 114 patients with mild or common type COVID-19 admitted to a Fangcang shelter hospital. We assessed patients' degree of fear using the simplified Fear of Progression Questionnaire (Chinese version). Multiple regression analysis was applied to explore potential factors. RESULTS: The fear of disease progression scores of patients with mild or common COVID-19 was at the low-to-moderate level. Current unemployment, disease duration of 28 days or more and not having a spouse diagnosed with COVID-19 were factors potentially associated with fear of progression. CONCLUSION: With a high prevalence of fear of disease progression in patients with COVID-19, the risk of psychological effects from the pandemic is significant and fear of progression is one of the manifestations. The need for psychological support services for patients should be included in all pandemic and disaster planning.

Autotoxicity of Endogenous Organic Acid Stress in Two Ganoderma lucidum Cultivars.

Ganoderma lucidum has been used as a rare medical mushroom for centuries in China, due to its health-promoting properties. Successive cropping obstacles are common in the cultivation of G. lucidum, although the remaining nutrients in the germ substrate are sufficient for a second fruiting. Here, we aimed to study the metabolite profile of G. lucidum via nontargeted metabonomic technology. Metabonomic data revealed that organic acids played an important role in the cropping obstacles of G. lucidum, which is accordance with the pH decrease in the germ substrate. A Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that most differential acids participated in the metabolic pathways. Five acids were all significantly upregulated by two MS with high energy (MSE) modes in two cultivars, among which 5-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-ureido-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid is also involved in purine metabolism regulation and microbial metabolism in diverse environments. Taken together, this work illustrated the organic acid stress generated by G. lucidum, which formed the autotoxicity feedback, and resulted in cropping obstacles. Determining the cause of the cropping obstacles in G. lucidum will promote the utilization rate of fungus substrate to realize the sustainable use of this resource.

Efficacy of topical acidified aliphatic ester for treatment of axillary osmidrosis by rebalancing skin microecology.

This study investigated the mechanism and efficacy of topical acidified aliphatic ester for treatment of axillary osmidrosis (AO). A total of 32 AO patients were enrolled in this study. In the initial pilot study, 20 patients were double-blindly, randomly divided into acidified aliphatic ester or aliphatic ester treatment groups, followed by efficacy evaluation after 4 weeks. Then, all patients (n = 32) were treated with topical acidified aliphatic ester for 16 weeks. Efficacy was evaluated at every 4 weeks, and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Changes of pH values and microecology at targeting sites were analyzed. In the first cohort (n = 20) of pilot study, acidified aliphatic ester showed significantly higher curative rate (60% vs 10%, P < .05) and effective rate (90% vs 30%; P < .05) than aliphatic ester. For the next 16 weeks, 25 of 32 cases completed treatment. Curative rate showed gradual and significant increases from 64% to 96% during the treatment courses (P = .001); it slightly but insignificantly decreased at 3- and 6- month follow-ups. Abundance of Corynebacterium and Anaerobic bacteria decreased while Staphylococcus increased after treatments. Axillary pH values negatively correlated with Staphylococcus abundance (r = -.40, P = .01) and positively with Corynebacterium abundance (r = .64, P = .01). We concluded that topical acidified aliphatic ester could effectively alleviate conditions of AO patients by reducing value of axillary pH and rebalancing axillary microecology.

Serum exosomal microRNA transcriptome profiling in subacute spinal cord injured rats.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in a series of pathology of spinal cord injury (SCI). Although, locally expressed miRNAs have advantages in studying the pathological mechanism, they cannot be used as biomarkers. The "free circulation" miRNAs can be used as biomarkers, but they have low concentration and poor stability in body fluids. Exosomal miRNAs in body fluids have many advantages comparing with free miRNAs. Therefore, we hypothesized that the specific miRNAs in the central nervous system might be transported to the peripheral circulation and concentrated in exosomes after injury. Using next-generation sequencing, miRNA profiles in serum exosomes of sham and subactue SCI rats were analyzed. The results showed that SCI can lead to changes of serum exosomal miRNAs. These changed miRNAs and their associated signaling pathways may explain the pathological mechanism of suacute SCI. More importantly, we found some valuable serum exosomal miRNAs for diagnosis and prognosis of SCI.

Serum exosomal microRNA transcriptome profiling in subacute spinal cord injured rats.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in a series of pathology of spinal cord injury (SCI). Although, locally expressed miRNAs have advantages in studying the pathological mechanism, they cannot be used as biomarkers. The "free circulation" miRNAs can be used as biomarkers, but they have low concentration and poor stability in body fluids. Exosomal miRNAs in body fluids have many advantages comparing with free miRNAs. Therefore, we hypothesized that the specific miRNAs in the central nervous system might be transported to the peripheral circulation and concentrated in exosomes after injury. Using next-generation sequencing, miRNA profiles in serum exosomes of sham and subactue SCI rats were analyzed. The results showed that SCI can lead to changes of serum exosomal miRNAs. These changed miRNAs and their associated signaling pathways may explain the pathological mechanism of suacute SCI. More importantly, we found some valuable serum exosomal miRNAs for diagnosis and prognosis of SCI.

[Health risk assessment of exogenous harmful pollutants in Chinese medicine: a review].

In recent years, the quality and safety problems have been limiting the internationalization of Chinese medicine. The pollutants in Chinese medicine, particularly the exogenous harmful pollutants mainly including mycotoxins, pesticide residues, heavy metals, harmful elements, and sulfur dioxide, are of high risks for people. Therefore, the World Health Organization(WHO) and relevant national organizations have clearly defined the maximum residue limits(MRLs) of such pollutants. Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition, volume Ⅳ) also demonstrates the detection methods, MRLs and preliminary risk assessment methods for four typical exogenous harmful pollutants in Chinese medicine. Therefore, continuous optimization of the health risk assessment system can further help further raise the quality and safety of Chinese medicine. This paper reviews the research on the health risk assessment of four typical exogenous harmful pollutants in Chinese medicine and discusses the problems of and challenges for the assessment system, which is expected to lay a scientific basis for the establishment of the risk warning mode and response measures suitable for specific types of Chinese medicine.

Ozone therapy promotes the differentiation of basal keratinocytes via increasing Tp63-mediated transcription of KRT10 to improve psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory dermatosis. Recently, ozone therapy has been applicated to psoriasis treatment; however, the mechanism by which ozone therapy improves psoriasis remains unclear. The excessive proliferation and the differentiation of basal keratinocytes have been considered critical issues during pathological psoriasis process, in which keratin 6 (KRT6) and KRT10 might be involved. In the present study, KRT6, IL-17 and IL-22 protein within psoriasis lesions was decreased, while KRT10 and Tp63 protein in psoriasis lesions was increased by ozone treatment in both patient and IMQ mice psoriatic tissues. In the meantime, ozone treatment down-regulated KRT6 mRNA and protein expression while up-regulated KRT10 mRNA and protein expression within IL-22 treated primary KCs; the cell viability of KCs was suppressed by ozone treatment. Moreover, Tp63 bound to KRT10 promoter region to activate its transcription in basal keratinocytes; the promotive effects of ozone on Tp63 and KRT10 were significantly reversed by Tp63 silence. Both TP63 and KRT10 mRNA expression were significantly increased by ozone treatment in psoriasis lesions; there was a positive correlation between Tp63 and KRT10 expression within tissue samples, suggesting that ozone induces the expression of Tp63 to enhance the expression of KRT10 and the differentiation of keratinocytes, therefore improving the psoriasis. In conclusion, the application of ozonated oil could be an efficient and safe treatment for psoriasis; ozone promotes the differentiation of keratinocytes via increasing Tp63-mediated transcription of KRT10, therefore improving psoriasis.

CRID3, a blocker of apoptosis associated speck like protein containing a card, ameliorates murine spinal cord injury by improving local immune microenvironment.

BACKGROUND: After spinal cord injury (SCI), destructive immune cell subsets are dominant in the local microenvironment, which are the important mechanism of injury. Studies have shown that inflammasomes play an important role in the inflammation following SCI, and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a card (ASC) is the adaptor protein shared by inflammasomes. Therefore, we speculated that inhibiting ASC may improve the local microenvironment of injured spinal cord. Here, CRID3, a blocker of ASC oligomerization, was used to study its effect on the local microenvironment and the possible role in neuroprotection following SCI. METHODS: Murine SCI model was created using an Infinite Horizon impactor at T9 vertebral level with a force of 50 kdynes and CRID3 (50 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected following injury. ASC and its downstream molecules in inflammasome signaling pathway were measured by western blot. The immune cell subsets were detected by immunohistofluorescence (IHF) and flow cytometry (FCM). The spinal cord fibrosis area, neuron survival, myelin preservation, and functional recovery were assessed. RESULTS: Following SCI, CRID3 administration inhibited inflammasome-related ASC and caspase-1, IL-1ß, and IL-18 activation, which consequently suppressed M1 microglia, Th1 and Th1Th17 differentiation, and increased M2 microglia and Th2 differentiation. Accordingly, the improved histology and behavior have also been found. CONCLUSIONS: CRID3 may ameliorate murine SCI by inhibiting inflammasome activation, reducing proinflammatory factor production, restoring immune cell subset balance, and improving local immune microenvironment, and early administration may be a promising therapeutic strategy for SCI.

Application and challenge of reflectance confocal microscopy in the diagnosis of pigmented nevus.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the application and challenge of reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in the diagnosis of pigmented nevus. METHOD: A total of 997 patients with clinical diagnosis of pigmented nevus were included in the study, and RCM imaging was performed on the lesion of each patient. A biopsy was performed in 78 of these patients for histological diagnosis. We retrospectively analyzed the results of RCM diagnosis and histological diagnosis and then found the RCM characteristics of the histologically confirmed lesion. RESULTS: According to the RCM images, 823 of the 997 (82.55%) patients were diagnosed with pigmented nevus, while 113 (11.33%) were not diagnosed by dermatologists using RCM. Of the 78 biopsy lesions, 36 of the 46 (78.26%) cases diagnosed with pigmented nevus were consistent with histological diagnosis, while three were rediagnosed with dermatofibromas, four were seborrheic keratosis, one was malignant melanoma in situ, and two were lentigo. CONCLUSION: RCM exhibits a high diagnostic accuracy for patients with clinical diagnosis of pigmented nevus. However, due to the limitation of RCM scanning depth and the commonality of the microscopic characteristics of related diseases, RCM still faces certain challenges in the diagnosis of pigmented nevus.

Transcriptome profile of rat genes in bone marrow-derived macrophages at different activation statuses by RNA-sequencing.

The underlying mechanisms of macrophage polarization have been detected by genome-wide transcriptome analysis in a variety of mammals. However, the transcriptome profile of rat genes in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) at different activation statuses has not been reported. Therefore, we performed RNA-Sequencing to identify gene expression signatures of rat BMM polarized in vitro with different stimuli. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among unactivated (M0), classically activated pro-inflammatory (M1), and alternatively activated anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2) were analyzed by using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis. In this study, not only we have identified the changes of global gene expression in rat M0, M1 and M2, but we have also made clear systematically the key genes and signaling pathways in the differentiation process of M0 to M1 and M2. These will provide a foundation for future researches of macrophage polarization.

The underlying characteristics of sleep behavior and its relationship to sleep-related cognitions: a latent class analysis of college students in Wuhu city, China.

The aim of this study was to gain insight into the sleep quality of college students and related factors from a new perspective by using Latent Class Analysis (LCA). A total of 1,288 college students from four universities in Wuhu city participated in the study. LCA was used to identify the classes of sleep behaviors. Differences in class membership related to selected research factors were examined using multinomial logistic regression analysis.Four distinct classes of behaviors were identified: (1) good sleep (Class 1, 31.8%), (2) prolonged sleep latency (Class 2, 49.1%), (3) sleep disturbances and daytime dysfunction (Class 3, 6.8%), (4) multiple poor sleep behavior (Class 4, 12.3%). The latent classes of sleep behavior were correlated with the DBAS-16 total score (rs = -0.109, P < 0.001). Learning pressure and mental state during the day could affect overall sleep (Class 2, Class 3 and Class 4), and female students were at higher risk of severe sleep problems (Class 3 and Class 4), while bedtime exercised could improve mild sleep problems (Class 2). The sleep behavior of college students in Wuhu city has obvious class heterogeneity, and different influencingfactors may affect sleep to varying degrees. In addition, our research provides a basis for targeted intervnetion in college student's sleep. .

Challenge of reflectance confocal microscopy in the diagnosis of genital warts. / åå°„å¼å ±èšç„¦æ˜¾å¾®é•œåœ¨ç”Ÿæ®–å™¨ç–£è¯Šæ–­ä¸­é¢ä¸´çš„æŒ‘æˆ˜.

OBJECTIVES: Reflection confocal microscopy (RCM) is commonly used to assist in the diagnosis of skin diseases. RCM has been found to be useful in the diagnosis of genital warts. The characteristics of genital warts under RCM are not specific. This study aimed to face the challenge of diagnosing genital warts with RCM. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 161 patients with clinical diagnosis of genital warts who underwent RCM examination. Histopathological examination was performed for 75 of these patients. The results of histological diagnosis and RCM diagnosis were compared and analyzed. RESULTS: According to the RCM images, 102 of the 161 (63.35%) patients were diagnosed as genital warts. By comparison with histological results, the misdiagnosis rate of the 75 biopsy cases was 35.48% and the missed diagnosis rate was 20.45%.The diseases of misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis mainly included bowenoid papulosis, pseudocondylona of vulvae, squamous cell carcinoma in situ, molluscum contagiosum, and lichen planus. We further found that the RCM characteristics of genital warts conformed by histology were koilocytes, which mainly appeared in the granular layer or the spinous layer, larger than normal skin keratinocytes, and the cytoplasm with low refractive index. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the commonality of the microscopic characteristics of genital warts and related diseases, some cases are easy to be misdiagnosed or missed diagnosed. Diagnostic koilocytes could be an important basis for the diagnosis of genital warts.

Functions and regulatory mechanisms of metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1.

Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) is a long noncoding RNA whose transcript is around 8 kb in length. As an important stress response molecule, MALAT1 can be expressed differently under stress conditions, such as hypoxia, high glucose, hydrogen peroxide, ultraviolet irradiation, infection, and chemical stimulation. MALAT1 is involved in regulating multiple cell behaviors, such as proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, autophagy, and morphological maintenance. Extensive evidence show that MALAT1 plays critical roles in the physiopathological process of embryo implantation, angiogenesis, tissue inflammation, tumor progression, liver fibrosis, cardiovascular remodeling, and diabetes progression by regulating gene transcription, forming RNA-protein complexes with proteins as a structural component, regulating protein activity, assisting protein localization, mediating epigenetic changes, or by acting as a competing endogenous RNA. Furthermore, MALAT1 can affect the sensitivity of chemotherapy and radiotherapy; therefore, it could be used as a potential drug target for chemotherapy and radiotherapy sensitization. The levels of MALAT1 are reported to be overexpressed in most tumor tissues or sera, and the expression levels of MALAT1 often affect the tumor size, stage, lymph node metastasis, and distant invasion. Therefore, MALAT1 can be used as a biomarker for early diagnosis, severity assessment, or prognostic assessment. This review outlines the current understanding of the biological role and function of MALAT1. In the meantime, we have summarized the mechanisms involved in the reulation of MALAT1 expression and the mechanisms by which MALAT1 regulates the physiological and pathological processes.

Increased ceruloplasmin expression caused by infiltrated leukocytes, activated microglia, and astrocytes in injured female rat spinal cords.

Ceruloplasmin (Cp), an enzyme containing six copper atoms, has important roles in iron homeostasis and antioxidant defense. After spinal cord injury (SCI), the cellular components in the local microenvironment are very complex and include functional changes of resident cells and the infiltration of leukocytes. It has been confirmed that Cp is elevated primarily in astrocytes and to a lesser extent in macrophages following SCI in mice. However, its expression in other cell types is still not very clear. In this manuscript, we provide a sensible extension of these findings by examining this system within a female Sprague-Dawley rat model and expanding the scope of inquiry to include additional cell types. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis revealed that the Cp mRNA and protein in SCI tissue homogenates were quite consistent with prior publications. However, we observed that Cp was expressed not only in GFAP+ astrocytes (consistent with prior reports) but also in CD11b+ microglia, CNPase+ oligodendrocytes, NeuN+ neurons, CD45+ leukocytes, and CD68+ activated microglia/macrophages. Quantitative analysis proved that infiltrated leukocytes, activated microglia/macrophages, and astrocytes should be the major sources of increased Cp.