RESUMO
According to previous studies, the median raphe region (MRR) is known to contribute significantly to social behavior. Besides serotonin, there have also been reports of a small population of dopaminergic neurons in this region. Dopamine is linked to reward and locomotion, but very little is known about its role in the MRR. To address that, we first confirmed the presence of dopaminergic cells in the MRR of mice (immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR), and then also in humans (RT-PCR) using healthy donor samples to prove translational relevance. Next, we used chemogenetic technology in mice containing the Cre enzyme under the promoter of the dopamine transporter. With the help of an adeno-associated virus, designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) were expressed in the dopaminergic cells of the MRR to manipulate their activity. Four weeks later, we performed an extensive behavioral characterization 30 min after the injection of the artificial ligand (Clozapine-N-Oxide). Stimulation of the dopaminergic cells in the MRR decreased social interest without influencing aggression and with an increase in social discrimination. Additionally, inhibition of the same cells increased the friendly social behavior during social interaction test. No behavioral changes were detected in anxiety, memory or locomotion. All in all, dopaminergic cells were present in both the mouse and human samples from the MRR, and the manipulation of the dopaminergic neurons in the MRR elicited a specific social response.
Assuntos
Clozapina/análogos & derivados , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos , Comportamento Social , Animais , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Humanos , Clozapina/farmacologia , Núcleos da Rafe/metabolismo , Comportamento Animal , Dopamina/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
Arctigenin is a bioactive dibenzylbutyrolactone-type lignan exhibiting various pharmacological activities. The neuroprotective effects of arctigenin were demonstrated to be mediated via inhibition of AMPA and KA type glutamate receptors in the somatosensory cortex of the rat brain. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of arctigenin with matairesinol and trachelogenin on synaptic activity in ex vivo rat brain slices. Arctigenin, matairesinol and trachelogenin were isolated from Arctium lappa, Centaurea scabiosa and Cirsium arvense, respectively, and applied on brain slices via perfusion medium at the concentration range of 0.5â-â40 µM. The effects of the lignans were examined in the CA1 hippocampus and the somatosensory cortex by recording electrically evoked field potentials. Arctigenin and trachelogenin caused a significant dose-dependent decrease in the amplitude of hippocampal population spikes (POPS) and the slope of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), whereas matairesinol (1 µM and 10 µM) decreased EPSP slope but had no effect on POPS amplitude. Trachelogenin effect (0.5 µM, 10 µM, 20 µM) was comparable to arctigenin (1 µM, 20 µM, 40 µM) (p > 0.05). In the neocortex, arctigenin (10 µM, 20 µM) and trachelogenin (10 µM) significantly decreased the amplitude of evoked potential early component, while matairesinol (1 µM and 10 µM) had no significant effect (p > 0.05). The results suggest that trachelogenin and arctigenin act via inhibition of AMPA and KA receptors in the brain and trachelogenin has a higher potency than arctigenin. Thus, trachelogenin and arctigenin could serve as lead compounds in the development of neuroprotective drugs.
Assuntos
Lignanas , Ratos , Animais , Ácido alfa-Amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoxazol Propiônico , Lignanas/farmacologia , HipocampoRESUMO
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP-1R) agonists have been approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, the brain actions of these drugs are not properly established. We used post mortem microdissected human hypothalamic samples for RT-qPCR and Western blotting. For in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunolabelling, parallel cryosections were prepared from the hypothalamus. We developed in situ hybridization probes for human GLP-1R and oxytocin. In addition, GLP-1 and oxytocin were visualized by immunohistochemistry. Radioactive in situ hybridization histochemistry revealed abundant GLP-1R labelling in the human paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), particularly in its magnocellular subdivision (PVNmc). Quantitative analysis of the mRNA signal demonstrated increased GLP-1R expression in the PVNmc in post mortem hypothalamic samples from T2DM subjects as compared to controls, while there was no difference in the expression level of GLP-1R in the other subdivisions of the PVN, the hypothalamic dorsomedial and infundibular nuclei. Our results in the PVN were confirmed by RT-qPCR. Furthermore, we demonstrated by Western blot technique that the GLP-1R protein level was also elevated in the PVN of T2DM patients. GLP-1 fibre terminals were also observed in the PVNmc closely apposing oxytocin neurons using immunohistochemistry. The data suggest that GLP-1 activates GLP-1Rs in the PVNmc and that GLP-1R is elevated in T2DM patients, which may be related to the dysregulation of feeding behaviour and glucose homeostasis in T2DM.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Núcleo Hipotalâmico Paraventricular , Humanos , Núcleo Hipotalâmico Paraventricular/metabolismo , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/genética , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Ocitocina/metabolismo , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/metabolismoRESUMO
The default mode network (DMN) plays an outstanding role in psychiatric disorders. Still, gene expressional changes in its major component, the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), have not been characterized. We used RNA sequencing in postmortem DMPFC samples to investigate suicide victims compared to control subjects. 1400 genes differed using log2FC > ±1 and adjusted p-value < 0.05 criteria between groups. Genes associated with depressive disorder, schizophrenia and impaired cognition were strongly overexpressed in top differentially expressed genes. Protein−protein interaction and co-expressional networks coupled with gene set enrichment analysis revealed that pathways related to cytokine receptor signaling were enriched in downregulated, while glutamatergic synaptic signaling upregulated genes in suicidal individuals. A validated differentially expressed gene, which is known to be associated with mGluR5, was the N-terminal EF-hand calcium-binding protein 2 (NECAB2). In situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry proved that NECAB2 is expressed in two different types of inhibitory neurons located in layers II-IV and VI, respectively. Our results imply extensive gene expressional alterations in the DMPFC related to suicidal behavior. Some of these genes may contribute to the altered mental state and behavior of suicide victims.
Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo Maior , Suicídio , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Humanos , Córtex Pré-Frontal/metabolismo , Ideação Suicida , TranscriptomaRESUMO
(1) Background: The objective of this study was to uncover genomic causes of parental care. Since birds do not lactate and, therefore, do not show the gene expressional changes required for lactation, we investigate gene expression associated with parenting in caring and non-caring females in an avian species, the small passerine bird zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Here, we compare expression patterns in the hypothalamic-septal region since, previously, we showed that this area is activated in parenting females. (2) Methods: Transcriptome sequencing was first applied in a dissected part of the zebra finch brain related to taking care of the nestlings as compared to a control group of social pairs without nestlings. (3) Results: We found genes differentially expressed between caring and non-caring females. When introducing a log2fold change threshold of 1.5, 13 annotated genes were significantly upregulated in breeding pairs, while 39 annotated genes were downregulated. Significant enrichments of dopamine and acetylcholine biosynthetic processes were identified among upregulated pathways, while pro-opiomelanocortin and thyroid hormone pathways were downregulated, suggesting the importance of these systems in parental care. Network analysis further suggested neuro-immunological changes in mothers. (4) Conclusions: The results confirm the roles of several hypothesized major pathways in parental care, whereas novel pathways are also proposed.
Assuntos
Tentilhões , Animais , Encéfalo , Feminino , Tentilhões/genética , Genoma , Septo do Cérebro , TranscriptomaRESUMO
(1) Background: Preoptic region of hypothalamus is responsible to control maternal behavior, which was hypothesized to be associated with gene expressional changes. (2) Methods: Transcriptome sequencing was first applied in the preoptic region of rat dams in comparison to a control group of mothers whose pups were taken away immediately after parturition and did not exhibit caring behavior 10 days later. (3) Results: Differentially expressed genes were found and validated by quantitative RT-PCR, among them NACHT and WD repeat domain containing 1 (Nwd1) is known to control androgen receptor (AR) protein levels. The distribution of Nwd1 mRNA and AR was similar in the preoptic area. Therefore, we focused on this steroid hormone receptor and found its reduced protein level in rat dams. To establish the function of AR in maternal behavior, its antagonist was administered intracerebroventricularly into mother rats and increased pup-directed behavior of the animals. (4) Conclusions: AR levels are suppressed in the preoptic area of mothers possibly mediated by altered Nwd1 expression in order to allow sustained high-level care for the pups. Thus, our study first implicated the AR in the control of maternal behaviors.
Assuntos
Comportamento Materno , Período Pós-Parto , Área Pré-Óptica/metabolismo , Receptores Androgênicos/fisiologia , Animais , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Mães , Ratos , Receptores Androgênicos/genética , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência de RNARESUMO
Our knowledge on the bioavailability and actions of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has markedly expanded in recent years as novel mechanisms were discovered on IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) and their ability to release IGF-1. The new discoveries allowed a better understanding of the endogenous physiological actions of IGF-1 and also its applicability in therapeutics. The focus of the present review is to summarize novel findings on the neuronal, neuroendocrine and neuroplastic actions of IGF-1 in the adult brain. As most of the new regulatory mechanisms were described in the periphery, their implications on brain IGF system will also be covered. In addition, novel findings on the effects of IGF-1 on lactation and maternal behavior are described. Based on the enormous neuroplastic changes related to the peripartum period, IGF-1 has great but largely unexplored potential in maternal adaptation of the brain, which is highlighted in the present review.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Depressão Pós-Parto/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a Fator de Crescimento Semelhante a Insulina/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/metabolismo , Lactação/metabolismo , Comportamento Materno/fisiologia , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Animais , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
Deoxynivalenol (DON) or vomitoxin, is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced mainly by Fusarium graminearum and culmorum. Mycotoxins or secondary metabolic products of mold fungi are micro-pollutants, which may affect human and animal health. The neuronal and behavioural actions of DON were analysed in the present study. To address, which neurons can be affected by DON, the neuronal activation pattern following intraperitoneal injection of DON (1 mg/kg) was investigated in adult male rats and the results were confirmed in mice, too. DON-induced neuronal activation was assessed by c-Fos immunohistochemistry. DON injection resulted in profound c-Fos activation in only the elements of the reward system, such as the accumbens nucleus, the medial prefrontal cortex, and the ventral tegmental area. Further double labelling studies suggested that GABAergic neurons were activated by DON treatment. To study the behavioural relevance of this activation, we examined the effect of DON on feed intake as an example of reward-driven behaviours. Following DON injection, feed consumption was markedly reduced but returned to normal the following day suggesting an inhibitory action of DON on feed intake without forming taste-aversion. To further test how general the effect of DON on goal-directed behaviours is, its actions on maternal behaviour was also examined. Pup retrieval latencies were markedly increased by DON administration, and DON-treated mother rats spent less time with nursing suggesting reduced maternal motivation. In a supplementary control experiment, DON did not induce conditioned place preference arguing against its addictive or aversive actions. The results imply that acute uptake of the mycotoxin DON can influence the reward circuit of the brain and exert inhibitory actions on goal-directed, reward-driven behaviours. In addition, the results also suggest that DON exposure of mothers may have specific implications.
Assuntos
Comportamento Alimentar/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios GABAérgicos/fisiologia , Comportamento Materno/efeitos dos fármacos , Micotoxinas/toxicidade , Tricotecenos/toxicidade , Ração Animal/microbiologia , Animais , Contaminação de Alimentos , Neurônios GABAérgicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , RatosRESUMO
Critically important components of the maternal neural circuit in the preoptic area robustly activated by suckling were recently identified. In turn, suckling also contributes to hormonal adaptations to motherhood, which includes oxytocin release and consequent milk ejection. Other reproductive or social stimuli can also trigger the release of oxytocin centrally, influencing parental or social behaviors. However, the neuronal pathways that transfer suckling and other somatosensory stimuli to the preoptic area and oxytocin neurons have been poorly characterized. Recently, a relay center of suckling was determined and characterized in the posterior intralaminar complex of the thalamus (PIL). Its neurons containing tuberoinfundibular peptide 39 project to both the preoptic area and oxytocin neurons in the hypothalamus. The present review argues that the PIL is a major relay nucleus conveying somatosensory information supporting maternal behavior and oxytocin release in mothers, and may be involved more generally in social cue evoked oxytocin release, too.
Assuntos
Galanina/metabolismo , Comportamento Materno/fisiologia , Neuropeptídeos/metabolismo , Ocitocina/metabolismo , Núcleo Hipotalâmico Paraventricular/metabolismo , Núcleos Posteriores do Tálamo/metabolismo , Área Pré-Óptica/metabolismo , Percepção Social , Animais , FemininoRESUMO
A hierarchical hormonal cascade along the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis orchestrates bodily responses to stress. Although corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), produced by parvocellular neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and released into the portal circulation at the median eminence, is known to prime downstream hormone release, the molecular mechanism regulating phasic CRH release remains poorly understood. Here, we find a cohort of parvocellular cells interspersed with magnocellular PVN neurons expressing secretagogin. Single-cell transcriptome analysis combined with protein interactome profiling identifies secretagogin neurons as a distinct CRH-releasing neuron population reliant on secretagogin's Ca(2+) sensor properties and protein interactions with the vesicular traffic and exocytosis release machineries to liberate this key hypothalamic releasing hormone. Pharmacological tools combined with RNA interference demonstrate that secretagogin's loss of function occludes adrenocorticotropic hormone release from the pituitary and lowers peripheral corticosterone levels in response to acute stress. Cumulatively, these data define a novel secretagogin neuronal locus and molecular axis underpinning stress responsiveness.
Assuntos
Corticosterona/metabolismo , Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Núcleo Hipotalâmico Paraventricular/metabolismo , Secretagoginas/metabolismo , Estresse Fisiológico/fisiologia , Animais , Corticosterona/genética , Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/genética , Masculino , Camundongos , Neurônios/citologia , Núcleo Hipotalâmico Paraventricular/citologia , Hipófise/citologia , Hipófise/metabolismo , Interferência de RNA , Secretagoginas/genética , Transcriptoma/fisiologiaRESUMO
Succinate-CoA ligase (SUCL) is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha subunit encoded by SUCLG1, and a beta subunit encoded by either SUCLA2 or SUCLG2 catalyzing an ATP- or GTP-forming reaction, respectively, in the mitochondrial matrix. The deficiency of this enzyme represents an encephalomyopathic form of mtDNA depletion syndromes. We describe the fatal clinical course of a female patient with a pathogenic mutation in SUCLG1 (c.626Câ¯>â¯A, p.Ala209Glu) heterozygous at the genomic DNA level, but homozygous at the transcriptional level. The patient exhibited early-onset neurometabolic abnormality culminating in severe brain atrophy and dystonia leading to death by the age of 3.5â¯years. Urine and plasma metabolite profiling was consistent with SUCL deficiency which was confirmed by enzyme analysis and lack of mitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation (mSLP) in skin fibroblasts. Oxygen consumption- but not extracellular acidification rates were altered only when using glutamine as a substrate, and this was associated with mild mtDNA depletion and no changes in ETC activities. Immunoblot analysis revealed no detectable levels of SUCLG1, while SUCLA2 and SUCLG2 protein expressions were largely reduced. Confocal imaging of triple immunocytochemistry of skin fibroblasts showed that SUCLG2 co-localized only partially with the mitochondrial network which otherwise exhibited an increase in fragmentation compared to control cells. Our results outline the catastrophic consequences of the mutated SUCLG1 leading to strongly reduced SUCL activity, mSLP impairment, mislocalization of SUCLG2, morphological alterations in mitochondria and clinically to a severe neurometabolic disease, but in the absence of changes in mtDNA levels or respiratory complex activities.
Assuntos
Mitocôndrias/patologia , Doenças Mitocondriais/diagnóstico , Mutação , Succinato-CoA Ligases/genética , Pré-Escolar , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Heterozigoto , Homozigoto , Humanos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Succinato-CoA Ligases/sangue , Succinato-CoA Ligases/urinaRESUMO
The behavior of female rats changes profoundly as they become mothers. The brain region that plays a central role in this regulation is the preoptic area, and lesions in this area eliminates maternal behaviors in rodents. The molecular background of the behavioral changes has not been established yet; therefore, in the present study, we applied proteomics to compare protein level changes associated with maternal care in the rat preoptic area. Using 2-dimensional fluorescence gel electrophoresis followed by identification of altered spots with mass spectrometry, 12 proteins were found to be significantly increased, and 6 proteins showed a significantly reduced level in mothers. These results show some similarities with a previous proteomics study of the maternal medial prefrontal cortex and genomics approaches applied to the preoptic area. Gene ontological analysis suggested that most altered proteins are involved in glucose metabolism and neuroplasticity. These proteins may support the maintenance of increased neuronal activity in the preoptic area, and morphological changes in preoptic neuronal circuits are known to take place in mothers. An increase in the level of alpha-crystallin B chain (Cryab) was confirmed by Western blotting. This small heat shock protein may also contribute to maintaining the increased activity of preoptic neurons by stabilizing protein structures. Common regulator and target analysis of the altered proteins suggested a role of prolactin in the molecular changes in the preoptic area. These results first identified the protein level changes in the maternal preoptic area. The altered proteins contribute to the maintenance of maternal behaviors and may also be relevant to postpartum depression, which can occur as a molecular level maladaptation to motherhood.
Assuntos
Comportamento Materno/fisiologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiopatologia , Área Pré-Óptica/metabolismo , Proteômica , Animais , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Eletroforese em Gel Bidimensional/métodos , Feminino , Neurônios/metabolismo , Córtex Pré-Frontal/metabolismo , Área Pré-Óptica/fisiopatologia , Proteômica/métodos , RatosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to understand the effects of suckling on the brain of the pups by mapping their brain activation pattern in response to suckling. METHODS: The c-fos method was applied to identify activated neurons. Fasted rat pups were returned to their mothers for suckling and sacrificed 2 hours later for Fos immunohistochemistry. Double labeling was also performed to characterize some of the activated neurons. For comparison, another group of fasted pups were given dry food before Fos mapping. RESULTS: After suckling, we found an increase in the number of Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the insular and somatosensory cortices, central amygdaloid nucleus (CAm), paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei, lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), and the area postrema. Double labeling experiments demonstrated the activation of calcitonin gene-related peptide-ir (CGRP-ir) neurons in the LPB, corticotropin-releasing hormone-ir (CRH-ir) but not oxytocin-ir neurons in the PVN, and noradrenergic neurons in the NTS. In the CAm, Fos-ir neurons did not contain CRH but were apposed to CGRP-ir fiber terminals. Refeeding with dry food-induced Fos activation in all brain areas activated by suckling. The degree of activation was higher following dry food consumption than suckling in the insular cortex, and lower in the supraoptic nucleus and the NTS. Furthermore, the accumbens, arcuate, and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei, and the lateral hypothalamic area, which were not activated by suckling, showed activation by dry food. DISCUSSION: Neurons in a number of brain areas are activated during suckling, and may participate in the signaling of satiety, taste perception, reward, food, and salt balance regulation.
Assuntos
Animais Lactentes , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Peptídeo Relacionado com Gene de Calcitonina/metabolismo , Núcleo Central da Amígdala/fisiologia , Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Neurônios/metabolismo , Ocitocina/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismo , DesmameRESUMO
An increasing number of studies have revealed associations between pre- and perinatal immune activation and the development of schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Accordingly, neuroimmune crosstalk has a considerably large impact on brain development during early ontogenesis. While a plethora of heterogeneous abnormalities have already been described in established maternal immune activation (MIA) rodent and primate animal models, which highly correlate to those found in human diseases, the underlying molecular background remains obscure. In the current study, we describe the long-term effects of MIA on the neocortical pre- and postsynaptic proteome of adolescent rat offspring in detail. Molecular differences were revealed in sub-synaptic fractions, which were first thoroughly characterized using independent methods. The widespread proteomic examination of cortical samples from offspring exposed to maternal lipopolysaccharide administration at embryonic day 13.5 was conducted via combinations of different gel-based proteomic techniques and tandem mass spectrometry. Our experimentally validated proteomic data revealed more pre- than postsynaptic protein level changes in the offspring. The results propose the relevance of altered synaptic vesicle recycling, cytoskeletal structure and energy metabolism in the presynaptic region in addition to alterations in vesicle trafficking, the cytoskeleton and signal transduction in the postsynaptic compartment in MIA offspring. Differing levels of the prominent signaling regulator molecule calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the postsynapse was validated and identified specifically in the prefrontal cortex. Finally, several potential common molecular regulators of these altered proteins, which are already known to be implicated in schizophrenia and ASD, were identified and assessed. In summary, unexpectedly widespread changes in the synaptic molecular machinery in MIA rats were demonstrated which might underlie the pathological cortical functions that are characteristic of schizophrenia and ASD.
Assuntos
Córtex Pré-Frontal/metabolismo , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/imunologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/metabolismo , Proteoma/metabolismo , Sinapses/metabolismo , Sinaptossomos/metabolismo , Animais , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/etiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Masculino , Gravidez , Proteômica/métodos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Esquizofrenia/etiologia , Sinapses/patologia , Sinaptossomos/patologiaRESUMO
We have recently shown that the ATP-forming SUCLA2 subunit of succinyl-CoA ligase, an enzyme of the citric acid cycle, is exclusively expressed in neurons of the human cerebral cortex; GFAP- and S100-positive astroglial cells did not exhibit immunohistoreactivity or in situ hybridization reactivity for either SUCLA2 or the GTP-forming SUCLG2. However, Western blotting of post mortem samples revealed a minor SUCLG2 immunoreactivity. In the present work we sought to identify the cell type(s) harboring SUCLG2 in paraformaldehyde-fixed, free-floating surgical human cortical tissue samples. Specificity of SUCLG2 antiserum was supported by co-localization with mitotracker orange staining of paraformaldehyde-fixed human fibroblast cultures, delineating the mitochondrial network. In human cortical tissue samples, microglia and oligodendroglia were identified by antibodies directed against Iba1 and myelin basic protein, respectively. Double immunofluorescence for SUCLG2 and Iba1 or myelin basic protein exhibited no co-staining; instead, SUCLG2 appeared to outline the cerebral microvasculature. In accordance to our previous work there was no co-localization of SUCLA2 immunoreactivity with either Iba1 or myelin basic protein. We conclude that SUCLG2 exist only in cells forming the vasculature or its contents in the human brain. The absence of SUCLA2 and SUCLG2 in human glia is in compliance with the presence of alternative pathways occurring in these cells, namely the GABA shunt and ketone body metabolism which do not require succinyl CoA ligase activity, and glutamate dehydrogenase 1, an enzyme exhibiting exquisite sensitivity to inhibition by GTP.
Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral/enzimologia , Neuroglia/enzimologia , Succinato-CoA Ligases/metabolismo , Idoso , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Feminino , Fibroblastos/enzimologia , Humanos , Masculino , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteína Básica da Mielina/metabolismo , Fosforilação/fisiologiaRESUMO
Peripheral injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) facilitates 8-10Hz spike-wave discharges (SWD) characterizing absence epilepsy in WAG/Rij rats. It is unknown however, whether peripherally administered LPS is able to alter the generator areas of epileptic activity at the molecular level. We injected 1mg/kg dose of LPS intraperitoneally into WAG/Rij rats, recorded the body temperature and EEG, and examined the protein expression changes of the proteome 12h after injection in the fronto-parietal cortex and thalamus. We used fluorescent two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis to investigate the expression profile. We found 16 differentially expressed proteins in the fronto-parietal cortex and 35 proteins in the thalamus. It is known that SWD genesis correlates with the transitional state of sleep-wake cycle thus we performed meta-analysis of the altered proteins in relation to inflammation, epilepsy as well as sleep. The analysis revealed that all categories are highly represented by the altered proteins and these protein-sets have considerable overlap. Protein network modeling suggested that the alterations in the proteome were largely induced by the immune response, which invokes the NFkB signaling pathway. The proteomics and computational analysis verified the known functional interplay between inflammation, epilepsy and sleep and highlighted proteins that are involved in their common synaptic mechanisms. Our physiological findings support the phenomenon that high dose of peripheral LPS injection increases SWD-number, modifies its duration as well as the sleep-wake stages and decreases body temperature.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Epilepsia Tipo Ausência/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Proteoma , Animais , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Eletroencefalografia , Epilepsia Tipo Ausência/fisiopatologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/toxicidade , Proteômica , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos , Ratos Wistar , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
The lateral septum (LS) is involved in controlling anxiety, aggression, feeding, and other motivated behaviors. Lesion studies have also implicated the LS in various forms of caring behaviors. Recently, novel experimental tools have provided a more detailed insight into the function of the LS, including the specific role of distinct cell types and their neuronal connections in behavioral regulations, in which the LS participates. This article discusses the regulation of different types of maternal behavioral alterations using the distributions of established maternal hormones such as prolactin, estrogens, and the neuropeptide oxytocin. It also considers the distribution of neurons activated in mothers in response to pups and other maternal activities, as well as gene expressional alterations in the maternal LS. Finally, this paper proposes further research directions to keep up with the rapidly developing knowledge on maternal behavioral control in other maternal brain regions.
Assuntos
Comportamento Materno , Núcleos Septais , Comportamento Materno/fisiologia , Animais , Núcleos Septais/fisiologia , Núcleos Septais/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Ocitocina/metabolismo , Ocitocina/fisiologiaRESUMO
The estrus cycle in female rodents has been shown to affect a variety of physiological functions. However, little is known about its presumably thorough effect on auditory processing during the sleep-wake cycle and sleep deprivation. Vertex auditory evoked potentials (vAEPs) were evoked by single click tone stimulation and recorded during different stages of the estrus cycle and sleep deprivation performed in metestrus and proestrus in female rats. vAEPs showed a strong sleep-dependency, with the largest amplitudes present during slow wave sleep while the smallest ones during wakefulness. Higher amplitudes and longer latencies were seen in the light phase during all vigilance stages. The largest amplitudes were found during proestrus (light phase) while the shortest latencies were seen during estrus (dark phase) compared to the 2nd day diestrus baseline. High-amplitude responses without latency changes were also seen during metestrus with increased homeostatic sleep drive. More intense and faster processing of auditory information during proestrus and estrus suggesting a more effective perception of relevant environmental cues presumably in preparation for sexual receptivity. A 4-h sleep deprivation resulted in more pronounced sleep recovery in metestrus compared to proestrus without difference in delta power replacement suggesting a better tolerance of sleep deprivation in proestrus. Sleep deprivation decreased neuronal excitability and responsiveness in a similar manner both during metestrus and proestrus, suggesting that the negative consequences of sleep deprivation on auditory processing may have a limited correlation with the estrus cycle stage.
Assuntos
Estro , Privação do Sono , Ratos , Feminino , Animais , Metestro , Proestro , DiestroRESUMO
The medial preoptic area (MPOA) has long been implicated in maternal and male sexual behavior. Modern neuroscience methods have begun to reveal the cellular networks responsible, while also implicating the MPOA in other social behaviors, affiliative social touch, and aggression. The social interactions rely on input from conspecifics whose most important modalities in rodents are olfaction and somatosensation. These inputs bypass the cerebral cortex to reach the MPOA to influence the social function. Hormonal inputs also directly act on MPOA neurons. In turn, the MPOA controls social responses via various projections for reward and motor output. The MPOA thus emerges as one of the major brain centers for instinctive social behavior. While key elements of MPOA circuits have been identified, a synthesis of these new data is now provided for further studies to reveal the mechanisms by which the area controls social interactions.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pituitary lactotrophs are under tonic dopaminergic inhibitory control and bromocriptine treatment blocks prolactin secretion. METHODS: Sleep and local field potential were addressed for 72 h after bromocriptine treatments applied during the different stages of the estrus cycle and for 24 h in the early- and middle postpartum period characterized by spontaneously different dynamics of prolactin release in female rats. RESULTS: Sleep changes showed strong dependency on the estrus cycle phase of the drug application. Strongest increase of wakefulness and reduction of slow wave sleep- and rapid eye movements sleep appeared during diestrus-proestrus and middle postpartum treatments. Stronger sleep-wake effects appeared in the dark phase in case of the estrus cycle treatments, but in the light phase in postpartum treatments. Slow wave sleep and REM sleep loss in case of estrus cycle treatments was not compensated at all and sleep loss seen in the first day post-injection was gained further later. In opposition, slow wave sleep loss in the light phase after bromocriptine injections showed compensation in the postpartum period treatments. Bromocriptine treatments resulted in a depression of local field potential delta power during slow wave sleep while an enhancement in beta and gamma power during wakefulness regardless of the treatment timing. CONCLUSIONS: These results can be explained by the interplay of dopamine D2 receptor agonism, lack of prolactin release and the spontaneous homeostatic sleep drive being altered in the different stages of the estrus cycle and the postpartum period.