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Research on island species-area relationships (ISAR) has expanded to incorporate functional (IFDAR) and phylogenetic (IPDAR) diversity. However, relative to the ISAR, we know little about IFDARs and IPDARs, and lack synthetic global analyses of variation in form of these three categories of island diversity-area relationship (IDAR). Here, we undertake the first comparative evaluation of IDARs at the global scale using 51 avian archipelagic data sets representing true and habitat islands. Using null models, we explore how richness-corrected functional and phylogenetic diversity scale with island area. We also provide the largest global assessment of the impacts of species introductions and extinctions on the IDAR. Results show that increasing richness with area is the primary driver of the (non-richness corrected) IPDAR and IFDAR for many data sets. However, for several archipelagos, richness-corrected functional and phylogenetic diversity changes linearly with island area, suggesting that the dominant community assembly processes shift along the island area gradient. We also find that archipelagos with the steepest ISARs exhibit the biggest differences in slope between IDARs, indicating increased functional and phylogenetic redundancy on larger islands in these archipelagos. In several cases introduced species seem to have 're-calibrated' the IDARs such that they resemble the historic period prior to recent extinctions.
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Biodiversidade , Aves , Animais , Filogenia , Ilhas , EcossistemaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This report aimed to describe the results of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) assessed by doubly labeled water (DLW TDEE) and the adequacy of the dietary reference intakes (DRI) equations to estimate energy requirements (DRI ER). METHODS: A cross-sectional and observational study in a convenience sample of 40 healthy Brazilian adults (≥20 years; 21 women) living in a tropical urban region. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry, DLW TDEE was compared with DRI ER using individual calculated physical activity level (PAL = DLW TDEE/BMR) in its estimation. RESULTS: BMR (5043 ± 548 kJ/day in women and 6213 ± 656 kJ/day in men), DLW TDEE (8372 ± 1324 kJ/day and 11 453 ± 1834 kJ/day), and PAL (1.66 ± 0.17 and 1.85 ± 0.30, respectively) were significantly higher in men. The DRI ER significantly overestimated DLW TDEE by 13.7 ± 8.3% and 12.7 ± 10.7% in women and men, respectively. CONCLUSION: In the present sample of relatively active urban Brazilian subjects, the DRI ER yielded inaccurate estimation of DLW TDEE. More data from low- and moderate-income countries are necessary to develop accurate estimates of TDEE.
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OBJECTIVES: Excessive adiposity is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Anthropometric indices are useful in screening individuals at higher risk for these diseases. However, there are no studies that show which of these indices has the best discriminatory power among Afro-descendant Brazilian women. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of anthropometric indices in identifying risk factors for CVD in Afro-descendant Brazilian women and define the one most suitable for use under the operating conditions prevailing in Quilombola communities. METHODS: A household random sample of 1661 women descendants of African slaves were analyzed. The anthropometric predictors analyzed were waist circumference (WC), body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, conicity index (C-index), body shape index, and percentage of body fat (%BF; estimated by bioimpedance). The assessed risk factors for CVD were arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemias (hypertriglyceridemia; hypercholesterolemia; low high-density lipoprotein). To identify the statistical significance between the differences in the areas under the ROC curves (AUC) obtained with the different predictors and outcomes, was used the Bonferroni test adjusted for multiple analyses by the Sidak method. RESULTS: The AUC obtained with WC was higher (p < .05) or similar (p > .05) to those obtained with the other predictors 29 times out of 30 possibilities (six predictors x five outcomes). Only the AUC obtained with C-index in identifying hypercholesterolemia was significantly higher than that with WC. CONCLUSION: Due to its accuracy and greater operational simplicity, WC was the most adequate predictor for identifying Afro-descendant women at greatest risk for CVD.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Antropometria , Índice de Massa Corporal , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Curva ROC , Fatores de Risco , Circunferência da Cintura , Razão Cintura-EstaturaRESUMO
South America holds 30% of the world's avifauna, with the Atlantic Forest representing one of the richest regions of the Neotropics. Here we have compiled a data set on Brazilian Atlantic Forest bird occurrence (150,423) and abundance samples (N = 832 bird species; 33,119 bird individuals) using multiple methods, including qualitative surveys, mist nets, point counts, and line transects). We used four main sources of data: museum collections, on-line databases, literature sources, and unpublished reports. The data set comprises 4,122 localities and data from 1815 to 2017. Most studies were conducted in the Florestas de Interior (1,510 localities) and Serra do Mar (1,280 localities) biogeographic sub-regions. Considering the three main quantitative methods (mist net, point count, and line transect), we compiled abundance data for 745 species in 576 communities. In the data set, the most frequent species were Basileuterus culicivorus, Cyclaris gujanensis, and Conophaga lineata. There were 71 singletons, such as Lipaugus conditus and Calyptura cristata. We suggest that this small number of records reinforces the critical situation of these taxa in the Atlantic Forest. The information provided in this data set can be used for macroecological studies and to foster conservation strategies in this biodiversity hotspot. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Data Paper if data are used in publications and teaching events.
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The objective of this study was to describe the frequency of cross-breastfeeding, human milk donation to human milk banks and reception of human milk from human milk banks, and to investigate the intersection between cross-breastfeeding and breast milk donation practices. This study used data from the national household-based survey Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019), which collected information from 14,558 children < 5 years old between February 2019 and March 2020. The present study included data from 5,831 biological mothers who reported having breastfed their child < 2 years old at least once and replied questions about cross-breastfeeding, donation and recaption of human milk to human milk banks. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated for each stratifier, considering the study complex sample design. Among mothers of children < 2 years old who breastfed their child at least once, 21.1% practiced cross-breastfeeding; breastfeeding another child was more frequent (15.6%) than allowing a child to be breastfed by another woman (11.2%). Among this population, 4.8% of women donated human milk to a human milk bank, and 3.6% reported that their children had received donated human milk. The donation of human milk is a practice recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and has the potential to save thousands of newborns throughout Brazil. In contrast, cross-breastfeeding is contraindicated due to the potential risk of transmitting HIV. There is a need for a broad debate on these practices in Brazil and worldwide.
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Aleitamento Materno , Bancos de Leite Humano , Criança , Recém-Nascido , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Brasil , Leite Humano , MãesRESUMO
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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A decline in species number often occurs after forest fragmentation and habitat loss, which usually results in the loss of ecological functions and a reduction in functional diversity in the forest fragments. However, it is uncertain whether these lost ecological functions are consistently maintained throughout continuous forests, and so the importance of these functions in continuous forests remains unknown. Point counts were used to assess both the taxonomic and functional diversity of specialist and generalist birds from sampling in a continuous primary forest compared with forest fragments in order to investigate the responses of these groups to forest fragmentation. We also measured alpha and beta diversity. The responses of specialists and generalists were similar when we assessed all bird species but were different when only passerines were considered. When examining passerines we found lower total taxonomic beta diversity for specialists than for generalists in the continuous forest, while taxonomic beta diversity was higher in the fragmented forest and similar between bird groups. However, total functional beta-diversity values indicated clearly higher trait regularity in continuous forest for specialists and higher trait regularity in fragments for generalists. Specialists showed significantly higher functional alpha diversity in comparison with generalists in the continuous forest, while both groups showed similar values in fragments. In passerines, species richness and alpha functional diversity of both specialist and generalist were explained by forest connectivity; but, only fragment size explained those parameters for specialist passerines. We suggest that considering subsets of the community with high similarity among species, as passerines, provides a better tool for understanding responses to forest fragmentation. Due to the regularity of specialists in continuous forest, their lost could highly affect functionality in forest fragments.
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It is generally assumed that deforestation affects a species consistently across space, however populations near their geographic range edge may exist at their niche limits and therefore be more sensitive to disturbance. We found that both within and across Atlantic Forest bird species, populations are more sensitive to deforestation when near their range edge. In fact, the negative effects of deforestation on bird occurrences switched to positive in the range core (>829 km), in line with Ellenberg's rule. We show that the proportion of populations at their range core and edge varies across Brazil, suggesting deforestation effects on communities, and hence the most appropriate conservation action, also vary geographically.
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Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Florestas , Animais , Aves , BrasilRESUMO
Waterbirds have a major functional role in wetlands, and understanding how functional traits of waterbirds depend on environmental characteristics can facilitate management of ecosystems and their services. We investigate how the waterbird community in a Neotropical river-floodplain system responds to environmental gradients, identifying how they affect waterbird species richness, functional diversity (measured as functional dispersion) and functional composition (specific functional traits). We sampled 22 lakes in the Upper Paraná floodplain system in southern Brazil, and modelled avian functional diversity and species richness as a function of environmental variables. Then we used a unified RLQ and fourth-corner analysis to evaluate environment-trait relationships. Waterbird species richness and functional diversity varied according to different environmental variables. Lake area and diversity of aquatic vegetation were associated with avian species richness, while relative abundance of grass and emergent macrophytes and mean and variation of depth were related to functional diversity. Furthermore, changes in functional diversity seemed to be mainly driven by presence of species that depend on perches for foraging (e.g. kingfishers, cormorants, and kites), whose presence was mainly associated with deep water and emergent macrophytes. Nevertheless, changes in functional diversity and functional composition did not depend on exactly the same set of environmental variables, suggesting that trait combinations (e.g. below surface feeders who feed on fish), not only specific traits, are important drivers of the variation in functional diversity between lakes. Given the observed differences in responses of species richness and functional diversity, both these diversity metrics should be used as complementary tools in ecosystem management. Furthermore, our results show that functional diversity and composition are partially coupled, suggesting that although functional diversity is influenced by the environmental filtering of particular traits, it also reflects other ecological mechanisms (e.g. competitive interactions among species).
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Biodiversidade , Aves/classificação , Meio Ambiente , Animais , LagosRESUMO
Abstract: The objective of this study was to describe the frequency of cross-breastfeeding, human milk donation to human milk banks and reception of human milk from human milk banks, and to investigate the intersection between cross-breastfeeding and breast milk donation practices. This study used data from the national household-based survey Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019), which collected information from 14,558 children < 5 years old between February 2019 and March 2020. The present study included data from 5,831 biological mothers who reported having breastfed their child < 2 years old at least once and replied questions about cross-breastfeeding, donation and recaption of human milk to human milk banks. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated for each stratifier, considering the study complex sample design. Among mothers of children < 2 years old who breastfed their child at least once, 21.1% practiced cross-breastfeeding; breastfeeding another child was more frequent (15.6%) than allowing a child to be breastfed by another woman (11.2%). Among this population, 4.8% of women donated human milk to a human milk bank, and 3.6% reported that their children had received donated human milk. The donation of human milk is a practice recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and has the potential to save thousands of newborns throughout Brazil. In contrast, cross-breastfeeding is contraindicated due to the potential risk of transmitting HIV. There is a need for a broad debate on these practices in Brazil and worldwide.
Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a frequência de amamentação cruzada, doação de leite humano para bancos de leite humano e recepção de leite humano dos bancos de leite humano, além de investigar a interseção entre práticas de amamentação cruzada e a doação de leite materno. Este estudo utilizou dados do Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019), uma pesquisa populacional de base domiciliar que coletou informações de 14.558 crianças < 5 anos entre fevereiro de 2019 e março de 2020. Dados de 5.831 mães biológicas que relataram ter amamentado seu filho com menos de dois anos de idade pelo menos uma vez e que responderam às perguntas sobre amamentação cruzada, doação e recepção de leite humano nos bancos de leite humano foram inclusos. Foram estimados as prevalências e os intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%) para cada estratificador, considerando o desenho amostral complexo do estudo. Entre as mães de crianças com menos de dois anos que amamentaram o filho pelo menos uma vez, 21,1% praticaram a amamentação cruzada. Amamentar outra criança foi mais frequente (15,6%) do que permitir que a sua criança fosse amamentada por outra mulher (11,2%). Entre essas mulheres, 4,8% doaram leite humano para um bancos de leite humano e 3,6% relataram que seus filhos receberam leite humano doado. A doação de leite humano é uma prática recomendada pelo Ministério da Saúde e tem o potencial de salvar milhares de recém-nascidos em todo o Brasil. Em contraste, a amamentação cruzada é contraindicada devido ao risco potencial de transmissão do HIV. Há necessidade de um amplo debate sobre essas práticas no Brasil e no mundo.
Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la frecuencia de lactancia materna cruzada, la donación de leche humana a los bancos de leche humana y la recepción de leche humana de los bancos de leche humana, además de investigar la intersección entre las prácticas de lactancia materna cruzada y la donación de leche materna. Este estudio utilizó datos del Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019), una encuesta nacional de hogares que recopiló información de 14.558 niños < 5 años, en el periodo entre febrero de 2019 y marzo de 2020. Se incluyeron datos de 5.831 madres biológicas que reportaron haber amamantado a su hijo < 2 años, al menos una vez, y que respondieron preguntas sobre lactancia cruzada, donación y recepción de leche humana en los bancos de leche humana. Se estimaron prevalencias y los intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%) para cada estrato, considerando el diseño muestral complejo del estudio. Entre las madres de niños < 2 años que amamantaron a su hijo al menos una vez, el 21,1% practicaba la lactancia cruzada. Amamantar a otro hijo fue más frecuente (15,6%) que dejar que su hijo sea amamantado por otra mujer (11,2%). Entre estas mujeres, el 4,8% donó leche humana a un bancos de leche humana y el 3,6% informó que sus hijos recibieron leche humana donada. La donación de leche humana es una práctica recomendada por el Ministerio de Salud brasileño y puede salvar muchos recién nacidos en todo Brasil. Por el contrario, la lactancia cruzada está contraindicada debido al potencial riesgo de transmisión del VIH. Es necesario un amplio debate sobre estas prácticas en Brasil y en el mundo.
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Access by schoolchildren (7-10 years of age) to the School Food Program was investigated in a probabilistic sample of the Brazilian population living in the Northeast and Southeast regions in 1996-97. Among children enrolled in public schools, 87.4% had lunch at school: 77.9% in the Northeast, 93.7% in the Southeast, and 77.9% and 90.7% in the rural and urban areas, respectively. Stunting was observed in 13.2% of children (13.8% of boys and 12.6% of girls) and was most prevalent in the rural Northeast (22%) and least in the urban Southeast (8.5%). Stunting was more prevalent in children out of school (27.9%) or enrolled in schools that did not supply lunch (17.9%). Prevalence of overweight was relatively high (9.6%) and similar between boys and girls, but was more prevalent in children who had lunch at school (9.8%) as compared to children attending schools without lunch programs (5.5%). These data suggest inadequate geographic, economic, and biological criteria in the School Food Program.
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Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/epidemiologia , Serviços de Alimentação/estatística & dados numéricos , Estado Nutricional , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Instituições Acadêmicas , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/diagnóstico , Feminino , Serviços de Alimentação/normas , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade/diagnóstico , Setor Público , População Rural , População UrbanaRESUMO
A household survey was conducted to assess the nutritional status of the adult population in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In the selected households, all adults (>or= 20 years) had their body mass and stature measured. Body mass index (BMI) was used to determine the nutritional status according to the World Health Organization classification. The population estimates showed low prevalence of underweight (BMI < 18.5kg/m(2)), while 45.8% of women and 49.6% of men were overweight/obese (BMI >or= 25kg/m(2)). Obesity prevalence varied from 5.6% to 19.3% in men and from 9.6% to 21.3% in women, according to age. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was not associated with income (in either men and women) or schooling (in men), but there was an inverse relationship between schooling and overweight/obesity in women. The prevalence of underweight decreased with increasing mean income in the census enumeration area. The authors conclude that overweight/obesity is the most prevalent nutritional disorder in both men and women in Niterói. This pattern resembles recent results for the adult population in Southeast Brazil as a whole, where Niterói is located.
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Índice de Massa Corporal , Atividade Motora , Estado Nutricional , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Magreza/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Antropometria , Brasil/epidemiologia , Escolaridade , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
While neurons in primary motor cortex (M1) have been shown to respond to sensory stimuli, exploration of this phenomenon has proven challenging. Accurate and repeatable presentation of sensory inputs is difficult. Here, we describe a novel paradigm to study response to joint motion and fingertip force. We employed a custom exoskeleton to drive index finger metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) of a macaque to follow sinusoid trajectories at 4 different frequencies (0.2, 0.5, 1, 2Hz) and 2 movement ranges (68.4, 34.2 degrees). We highlight results of a specific M1 unit that displayed sensitivity to direction (more active during flexion than extension), frequency (greater firing rate at higher frequencies), and movement amplitude (higher rate at larger amplitude). Joint movement trajectories were accurately reconstructed from this single unit with mean R2 =0.64 ± 0.13. The exoskeleton holds promise for examination of sensory feedback. In addition, it can be used as an external device controlled by a brain-machine interface (BMI) system. The proprioceptive related units in M1 may contribute to improving BMI control performance.
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Dedos , Animais , Articulações dos Dedos , Haplorrinos , Córtex Motor , MovimentoRESUMO
Data from Brazilian national surveys conducted since the 1970s have indicated an increase in the prevalence of overweight/obesity. The two most frequently cited causes of this trend have been dietary changes and reduction in physical activity, characterizing a "contemporary Western lifestyle". The objective of this paper is to identify and assess some indicators associated with changes in eating habits and physical activity patterns in the Brazilian population in the last 30 years. Despite the lack of detailed data, the following factors appear to play an important role in the process: internal migration; dining out; increased consumption of fast food; labor changes; transportation; and the use of home appliances. More information on dietary and physical activity patterns in association with anthropometric data on the Brazilian population are needed for a better understanding of each factor's role in these relationships. Meanwhile, inter-sector programs and projects with well-defined targets and outcomes are needed for the population's adherence to a healthier lifestyle, in order to control the increase in overweight/obesity.
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Exercício Físico , Comportamento Alimentar , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Peso Corporal , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Humanos , PrevalênciaRESUMO
The measurement of usual food intake (FI) is necessary to accurately establish the relationship between diet and disease. In most studies data are collected at one particular time of the year, which may influence the interpretation of the results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of seasonality on FI in a sample of adults from Niterói, RJ, Brazil. A total of 102 healthy subjects (69 women) aged between 20 and 69 years were interviewed to obtain six 24-hour dietary recalls, three in summer and three in winter. In both seasons, the intake of energy (EI) and 23 nutrients was determined and the percent of subjects who met the recommendations for the nutrients were computed. The data of FI were deattenuated considering the within-person variability and adjusted for energy. The intake of energy and some nutrients were significantly different between men and women. EI did not differ between seasons, for both sexes, but the intake of macro and micronutrients was different. The results of this study suggest that the seasonality in the measurement of FI should be considered in order to improve the methods and instruments used in population dietary surveys.
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Ingestão de Alimentos , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estações do Ano , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Currently, there are no clinical or laboratory parameters that can be used efficiently to predict the prognosis of critically ill patients, but in some situations, raw bioelectrical impedance parameters have been shown to be useful. The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavior of reactance and resistance in the severity of the critically ill pediatric patient. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed bioelectrical impedance in a sample of 332 critically ill pediatric patients submitted to mechanical ventilation. The values taken on admission and discharge were correlated with major outcomes to the critically ill patient. RESULTS: We found an association of low values of Xc/H (<27.7 Ohm/m) and of R/H (<563.6 Ohm/m) on admission with multiple organs dysfunction greater or equal to 4. Both R/H and Xc/H increased significantly between admission and discharge among survivors, while among nonsurvivors there was a trend of decrease between admission and the last measurement before death. CONCLUSIONS: Bioelectrical impedance is a useful tool for monitoring of critically ill pediatric patients. A possible role of R/H and Xc/H, especially the latter, as a predictive biomarker of evolution for septic shock and organ dysfunction still remains to be elucidated.
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Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/diagnóstico , Composição Corporal , Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos/diagnóstico , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/diagnóstico , Choque Séptico/diagnóstico , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/fisiopatologia , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/terapia , Adolescente , Biomarcadores , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estado Terminal , Estudos Transversais , Impedância Elétrica , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica , Masculino , Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos/fisiopatologia , Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos/terapia , Sistemas Automatizados de Assistência Junto ao Leito , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Respiração Artificial , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/fisiopatologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/terapia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Choque Séptico/fisiopatologia , Choque Séptico/terapiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Ethnicity may influence bioimpedance values. The goal of this study was to measure total body impedance vector in infants and pre-school children in Brazil and compare them with those reported in other countries. METHODS: We analyzed bioelectrical impedance from a sample of 255 healthy Brazilian children, aged 1-36 months, using the RXc graph method (tetrapolar analysis at 50 kHz frequency). The 95%, 75% and 50% tolerance ellipses were plotted by age group. RESULTS: The mean impedance vector showed migration across age groups, with progressive higher reactances and lower resistances as age increased. The mean bioimpedance vectors from the present sample of Brazilian children were different from those of European children of the same age ranges. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm the importance of defining reference values of total body impedance vector for each country in view of the considerable ethnic diversity among different geographical areas.
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Impedância Elétrica , Etnicidade , Composição Corporal , Estatura , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Brasil , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Valores de Referência , Análise de Regressão , População BrancaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Walking is commonly recommended for enhancing energy expenditure (EE), a basic principle in weight management, and cardiorespiratory fitness. However, walking EE varies with characteristics of a given population, especially by sex and age. PURPOSE: The study's purpose was to measure EE of walking as influenced by physical and physiological characteristics of a sample of adults (≥ 20 yr) living in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: Walking EE and HR were measured during a submaximal multistage treadmill test. The test stages lasted for 3 min each and started at a speed of 1.11 m·s(-1) and a grade of 0%. In the second stage, the grade was maintained at 0%, but the speed was increased to 1.56 m·s(-1) and maintained at this speed but with grade raised by 2.5% at each stage until 10% at stage 6. We measured resting oxygen consumption (MET m) before the test with the participants sitting quietly. RESULTS: MET m (mL O2·kg(-1)·min(-1), mean ± SE) was lower both in women (2.85 ± 0.03) and in men (2.97 ± 0.04) by almost 19% and 15%, respectively, compared with the conventionally estimated MET (METe) of 3.5 mL O2·kg(-1)·min(-1). Walking EE for any given speed and grade had an absolute intensity, expressed as multiples of MET m or MET e, that was practically equal between sexes and age groups, but it incurred higher individual physiological demand or relative intensity for women and older adults. CONCLUSIONS: Resting EE reflected by using METe is overestimated in the adult population of Niterói. Prescription of activities to counteract the existing worldwide obesity epidemic should be ideally based on individual physiological information, especially among women and older individuals.
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Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Teste de Esforço/métodos , Caminhada/fisiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Although maximal voluntary handgrip strength (HGS) is considered a reliable tool in nutritional assessment there are few reference data available. This paper presents reference values for handgrip strength of healthy adults (age > or = 20 years) from a household survey. METHODS: Data were obtained from a representative sample of adults (1122 males and 1928 females) living in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. HGS was measured three times with a Jamar mechanical dynamometer in both hands and the highest value used in the analysis. The percentile distribution of HGS was calculated according to sex and age categories. RESULTS: Mean values of right and left HGS were 42.8 and 40.9 kg for males, and 25.3 and 24.0 kg for females, respectively. HGS increased with age and significantly decreased after 40 and 50 year-olds for women and men, respectively. Body mass index (BMI) was associated with HGS in both sexes but only underweight male subjects had significantly lower HGS values. CONCLUSIONS: The highest HGS values are observed at the 4th decade of life with significant declines thereafter. HGS is significantly associated with BMI. The reference values of HGS may be useful in assessing the nutritional status of similar adult urban population.
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Força da Mão/fisiologia , Dinamômetro de Força Muscular/normas , Avaliação Nutricional , Estado Nutricional , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valores de Referência , Distribuição por Sexo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The accurate assessment of energy expenditure (EE) and of the physical activity level (PAL) is important for establishing the energy requirements (ER) of populations. Little is known about these variables in the Brazilian population. The purpose of the present study was to assess EE and PAL in the adult population (> 20 years) of Niterói, RJ. An adapted version of the MOSPA time-budget questionnaire was used to assess the duration of the daily activities of the subjects. The energy cost of the activities was obtained from the table published by FAO in 2004, expressed as multiples of the basal metabolic rate (BMR) measured by indirect calorimetry. Total daily EE (TDEE) was calculated as the sum of EE of all activities of a typical daily routine. TDEE was higher in males than in females (2382.0 + 38.0 and 1987.1 + 22.9 kcal.day-1 respectively) but women showed higher PAL values (1.70 + 0.02 and 1.75 + 0.01 respectively). ER estimated using a PAL of 1.40 was the best predictor of EE of the population in all nutritional status categories, particularly for males. In conclusion, it seems prudent to use lower PAL values when estimating the ER of the adult population of Niterói. It is also evident that more data on the energy cost of activities must be generated for establishing the ER of the Brazilian population.