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OBJECTIVE: Muscular strength and body composition are important components of health-related fitness (HRF). Grip strength and body fat percent, in particular, are associated with chronic disease and affected by health behaviours. Evidence suggests relationships between the neighbourhood built environment (BE) and HRF exist, however, few studies have focused on grip strength and body fat percent. Therefore, our study aimed to estimate the sex-specific associations between the neighbourhood BE, grip strength, and body fat percent among urban-dwelling Canadian adults. METHODS: We analyzed cross-sectional survey and HRF data collected in 2011-2015 from 4052 males and 7841 females (Alberta's Tomorrow Project, Canada). Grip strength and body fat percent were measured via handgrip dynamometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis, respectively. Walkability (Canadian Active Living Index) and greenness (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) estimates were linked to participant data. Sex-stratified covariate-adjusted linear regression models estimated the associations between the BE and HRF variables. RESULTS: Walkability was negatively associated with grip strength and body fat percent in males (ß -0.21, 95%CI: -0.31 to -0.11 and ß -0.08, 95%CI: -0.15 to -0.02, respectively) and females (ß -0.06, 95%CI: -0.10 to -0.01 and ß -0.08, 95%CI: -0.14 to -0.02, respectively). Greenness was positively associated with grip strength in males (ß 6.99, 95%CI: 3.62 to 10.36) and females (ß 2.72, 95%CI: 1.22 to 4.22) but not with body fat percent. Controlling for physical activity and sitting did not attenuate these associations. CONCLUSION: Characteristics of the neighbourhood BE appear to be associated with muscular strength and body composition, independent of physical activity and sedentary behaviour.
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Força da Mão , Características de Residência , População Urbana , Caminhada , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Estudos Transversais , Características de Residência/estatística & dados numéricos , Força da Mão/fisiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Caminhada/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Aptidão Física/fisiologia , Canadá , Composição Corporal , Ambiente Construído , Planejamento Ambiental , Alberta , Idoso , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To estimate sex-specific associations (total, direct, and indirect effects) between objectively measured neighbourhood walkability and greenness and objectively measured physical activity and health-related fitness including cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in Canadian adults. METHODS: Neighbourhood walkability (Canadian Active Living Environment) and greenness (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; NDVI) data were linked to cardiorespiratory (i.e., submaximal step test estimated VÌO2 max) and muscular fitness (i.e., handgrip strength) and accelerometer measured physical activity; Canadian Health Measures Survey). Covariate-adjusted sex-stratified path analyses was conducted to assess if physical activity (light: LPA; moderate: MPA, and; vigorous: VPA) mediated the associations between neighbourhood walkability, NDVI and health-related fitness. Model sample sizes ranged from 987 to 2796 for males and 989 to 2835 for females. RESULTS: Among males, we found indirect effects between neighbourhood walkability and cardiorespiratory fitness via LPA (negative) and VPA (positive). We also found a total effect (negative) between neighbourhood walkability and grip strength and indirect effects between neighbourhood walkability and handgrip strength via LPA (negative) and MPA (negative). Among females, we found a total effect (positive) and direct effect (positive) between neighbourhood walkability and cardiorespiratory fitness, and an indirect effect for neighbourhood walkability and cardiorespiratory fitness via LPA. We found no significant effects related to neighbourhood greenness. CONCLUSIONS: Residing in a neighbourhood with higher walkability may positively affect cardiorespiratory fitness but negatively affect muscular strength. The negative associations between neighbourhood walkability and LPA may offset potential positive associations between neighbourhood walkability and MPA and VPA and their subsequent influence on health-related fitness.
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Exercício Físico , Força da Mão , Aptidão Física , Características de Residência , Caminhada , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Acelerometria , Canadá , Análise de Mediação , População UrbanaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Physical activity supportive environments have the potential to promote health-related fitness in adults. However, the extent to which neighbourhood built characteristics promote health-related fitness via physical activity has received little research attention. Therefore, our objective was to estimate the indirect and direct effects between neighbourhood built characteristics and health-related fitness mediated by physical activity. METHODS: Using cross-sectional data collected between 2014 and 2019, we merged neighbourhood built characteristics, physical activity, and health-related fitness variables, derived from two Canadian national databases. Using these data, we estimated sex-stratified covariate-adjusted path models (males: n = 983 to 2796 and females: n = 962 to 2835) to assess if accelerometer-measured light, moderate, and vigorous intensity physical activity mediated associations between objectively measured neighbourhood built characteristics (intersection density, dwelling density, points of interest, and transit density) and health-related fitness (grip strength, jump height, VÌO2max, and flexibility). Across 16 sex-specific models, we estimated 48 indirect and 16 direct effects. RESULTS: Concerning significant associations, for males we found that 16.6% of indirect and 18.8% of direct were negative and 4.2% of indirect and 0% of direct were positive. For females, we found that 12.5% of indirect and 0% of direct were negative and 0% of indirect and 25% of direct effects were positive. CONCLUSIONS: Individual Canadian Active Living Environment built characteristics are positively associated with moderate-intensity physical activity and negatively associated with light-intensity physical activity. Further, associations between activity friendly neighbourhood characteristics and health related-fitness may be distinct from physical activity.
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Exercício Físico , Aptidão Física , Características de Residência , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Canadá , Estudos Transversais , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Mediação , Ambiente Construído , População Urbana , Acelerometria , Idoso , Planejamento AmbientalRESUMO
Critical torque (CT) represents the highest oxidative steady state for intermittent knee extensor exercise, but the extent to which it is influenced by skeletal muscle mitochondria and sex is unclear. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were collected from 12 females and 12 males -matched for relative maximal oxygen uptake normalized to fat-free mass (FFM) (F: 57.3 (7.5) ml (kg FFM)-1 min-1 ; M: 56.8 (7.6) ml (kg FFM)-1 min-1 ; P = 0.856) - prior to CT determination and performance fatiguability trials. Males had a lower proportion of myosin heavy chain (MHC) I isoform (40.6 (18.4)%) compared to females (59.5 (18.9)%; P = 0.021), but MHC IIa and IIx isoform distributions and protein markers of mitochondrial content were not different between sexes (P > 0.05). When normalized to maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), the relative CT (F: 42.9 (8.3)%; M: 37.9 (9.0)%; P = 0.172) and curvature constant, W' (F: 26.6 (11.0) N m s (N m)-1 ; M: 26.4 (6.5) N m s (N m)-1 ; P = 0.962) were not significantly different between sexes. All protein biomarkers of skeletal muscle mitochondrial content, as well as the proportion of MHC I isoform, positively correlated with relative CT (0.48 < r < 0.70; P < 0.05), and the proportion of MHC IIx isoform correlated positively with relative W' (r = 0.57; P = 0.007). Indices of performance fatiguability were not different between males and females for MVC- and CT-controlled trials (P > 0.05). Greater mitochondrial protein abundance was associated with attenuated declines in potentiated twitch torque for exercise at 60% MVC (P < 0.05); however, the influence of mitochondrial protein abundance on performance fatiguability was reduced when exercise was prescribed relative to CT. Whether these findings translate to whole-body exercise requires additional research. KEY POINTS: The quadriceps critical torque represents the highest intensity of intermittent knee extensor exercise for which an oxidative steady state is attainable, but its relationship with skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein abundance is unknown. Matching males and females for maximal oxygen uptake relative to fat-free mass facilitates investigations of sex differences in exercise physiology, but studies that have compared critical torque and performance fatiguability during intermittent knee extensor exercise have not ensured equal aerobic fitness between sexes. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein abundance was correlated with critical torque and fatigue resistance for exercise prescribed relative to maximum voluntary contraction but not for exercise performed relative to the critical torque. Differences between sexes in critical torque, skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein abundance and performance fatiguability were not statistically significant. Our results suggest that skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein abundance may contribute to fatigue resistance by influencing the critical intensity of exercise.
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Joelho , Fadiga Muscular , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Fadiga Muscular/fisiologia , Torque , Joelho/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Mitocôndrias Musculares , Fadiga , Isoformas de Proteínas , Proteínas Mitocondriais , Oxigênio , Contração Muscular/fisiologia , Eletromiografia , Contração Isométrica/fisiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Mild obesity has been associated with postprandial brachial artery vascular dysfunction. However, direct assessment of these effects within the forearm skeletal muscle microcirculation remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of mild obesity on the arm micro- and macrovascular responses to glucose ingestion. METHODS: This cross-sectional study combined NIRS assessments of forearm skeletal muscle (FDS) reactivity (reperfusion slope) with %FMD of conduit artery function (brachial artery) before (Pre), as well as 60 and 120 min after glucose ingestion in 10 lean (BMI 23.9 ± 1.8) and 10 obese (BMI 32.9 ± 1.9) individuals. RESULTS: Both groups showed a significant increase in the reperfusion slope at 60 and 120 min after glucose ingestion compared with the pre-glucose ingestion measurements. Obese individuals showed a significant (p < .05) reduction in %FMD at 60 min after glucose ingestion, while no significant changes in postprandial %FMD were observed in lean participants. CONCLUSION: Even though obese individuals showed impaired postprandial brachial artery function, the current findings suggest that mild obesity does not affect the forearm skeletal muscle responses to glucose ingestion.
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Antebraço , Hiperglicemia , Estudos Transversais , Glucose , Humanos , Músculo Esquelético , Obesidade , VasodilataçãoRESUMO
NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? What are the effects of the menstrual (early follicular and mid-luteal) or monophasic oral contraceptive (inactive- and active-pill) cycle phases on vascular reperfusion of lower limb microvasculature in healthy, active women using the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) vascular occlusion test (VOT) technique? What is the main finding and its importance? We demonstrated that vascular responsiveness in the lower limb microvasculature remained unchanged between the early follicular and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle and inactive- and active-pill phases of the oral contraceptive cycle. These data support that controlling for the cycle phases, within the specific times evaluated in this study, might not be necessary when assessing NIRS-VOT reperfusion rates. ABSTRACT: The objective was to examine whether the menstrual or monophasic oral contraceptive cycle phases affect microvascular responsiveness of the lower limb in healthy, active women. During the follicular or inactive-pill phase and the luteal or active-pill phase of the menstrual or oral contraceptive cycle, respectively, 15 non-oral contraceptive users (mean ± SD; 27 ± 6 years of age) and 15 monophasic oral contraceptive users (24 ± 4 years of age) underwent a lower-limb vascular occlusion test (5 min baseline, 5 min occlusion and 8 min post cuff release). Menstrual cycle phases were verified using an ovulation test. Vascular responsiveness was assessed by calculating the near-infrared spectroscopy-derived muscle oxygen saturation (StO2 ) reperfusion slope (slope 2 StO2 ) and the post occlusion StO2 area under the curve (StO2AUC ) of the tibialis anterior muscle. There were no differences in the reperfusion slope (as a percentage per second; follicular, 1.18 ± 0.48; luteal, 1.05 ± 0.48, inactive-pill, 0.95 ± 0.23; and active-pill, 0.87 ± 0.36; P = 0.09) and area under the curve (as a product of the percentage and seconds; follicular, 1067 ± 562; luteal, 918 ± 414, inactive-pill, 945 ± 702; and active-pill, 750 ± 519; P = 0.09) between the phases of the menstrual or oral contraceptive cycle, regardless of pill generation. The duration of oral contraceptive use was not associated with changes in slope 2 StO2 (r = 0.02, P = 0.94) or StO2AUC (r = -0.34, P = 0.22) between cycle phases. In conclusion, vascular responsiveness remained unchanged between the early follicular and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle and the inactive-pill and active-pill phases of the oral contraceptive cycle.
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Anticoncepcionais Orais/farmacologia , Extremidade Inferior/irrigação sanguínea , Ciclo Menstrual , Microvasos/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/irrigação sanguínea , Adulto , Constrição , Feminino , Fase Folicular , Humanos , Fase Luteal , Reperfusão , Espectroscopia de Luz Próxima ao Infravermelho , Adulto JovemRESUMO
To examine whether the menstrual or monophasic oral contraceptive cycle phases affect submaximal (oxygen uptake ( V Ë O2 ) kinetics, maximal lactate steady-state (MLSS)) and maximal ( V Ë O2max , time-to-exhaustion (TTE)) responses to exercise in healthy, active women. During the mid-follicular or inactive-pill phase and the mid-luteal or active-pill phase of the respective menstrual or oral contraceptive cycle, 15 non-oral contraceptive users (mean and standard deviation (SD) (±): 27 ± 6 years; 171 ± 5 cm; 65 ± 7 kg) and 15 monophasic oral contraceptive users (24 ± 4 years; 169 ± 10 cm; 68 ± 10 kg) performed: one V Ë O2 kinetics test; one ramp-incremental test; two to three 30-minute constant-load cycling trials to determine the power output corresponding to MLSS (MLSSp ), followed by a TTE trial. The phase of the menstrual or oral contraceptive cycle did not affect the time constant of the V Ë O2 kinetics response (τ V Ë O2 ) (mid-follicular, 20 ± 5 seconds and mid-luteal, 18 ± 3 seconds; inactive-pill, 22 ± 8 seconds and active-pill, 23 ± 6 seconds), V Ë O2max (mid-follicular, 3.06 ± 0.32 L min-1 and mid-luteal, 3.00 ± 0.33 L min-1 ; inactive-pill, 2.87 ± 0.39 L min-1 and active-pill, 2.87 ± 0.45 L min-1 ), MLSSp (mid-follicular, 181 ± 30 W and mid-luteal, 182 ± 29 W; inactive-pill, 155 ± 26 W and active-pill, 155 ± 27 W), and TTE (mid-follicular, 147 ± 42 seconds and mid-luteal, 128 ± 54 seconds; inactive-pill, 146 ± 70 seconds and active-pill, 139 ± 77 seconds) (P > .05). The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) at minute 30 of the MLSSp trials was greater in the mid-follicular phase (6.2 ± 1.5) compared with the mid-luteal phase (5.3 ± 1.4) for non-oral contraceptive users (P = .022). The hormonal fluctuations between the menstrual and oral contraceptive cycle phases had no detectable effects on submaximal and maximal exercise performance, even when RPE differed.
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Desempenho Atlético , Anticoncepcionais Orais/farmacologia , Exercício Físico , Ciclo Menstrual , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Ácido Láctico/sangue , Consumo de Oxigênio , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a junior high school-based sports injury prevention programme to reduce injuries through neuromuscular training (NMT). METHODS: This was a cluster randomised controlled trial. Students were recruited from 12 Calgary junior high schools (2014-2017). iSPRINT is a 15 min NMT warm-up including aerobic, agility, strength and balance exercises. Following a workshop, teachers delivered a 12-week iSPRINT NMT (six schools) or a standard-of-practice warm-up (six schools) in physical education classes. The definition of all recorded injuries included injuries that resulted in participants being unable to complete a sport and recreation (S&R) session, lost time from sport and/or seek medical attention. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated based on multiple multilevel Poisson regression analyses (adjusting for sex (considering effect modification) and previous injury, offset by S&R participation hours, and school-level and class-level random effects were examined) for intent-to-treat analyses. RESULTS: 1067 students (aged 11-16) were recruited across 12 schools (6 intervention schools (22 classes), 6 control schools (27 classes); 53.7% female, 46.3% male). The iSPRINT programme was protective of all recorded S&R injuries for girls (IRR=0.543, 95% CI 0.295 to 0.998), but not for boys (IRR=0.866, 95% CI 0.425 to 1.766). The iSPRINT programme was also protective of each of lower extremity injuries (IRR=0.357, 95% CI 0.159 to 0.799) and medical attention injuries (IRR=0.289, 95% CI 0.135 to 0.619) for girls, but not for boys (IRR=1.055, 95% CI 0.404 to 2.753 and IRR=0.639, 95% CI 0.266 to 1.532, respectively). CONCLUSION: The iSPRINT NMT warm-up was effective in preventing each of all recorded injuries, lower extremity injuries and medically treated S&R injuries in female junior high school students. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03312504.
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Traumatismos em Atletas/prevenção & controle , Condicionamento Físico Humano/métodos , Educação Física e Treinamento/métodos , Exercício de Aquecimento , Esportes Juvenis/lesões , Adolescente , Alberta , Criança , Currículo , Feminino , Humanos , Análise de Intenção de Tratamento , Extremidade Inferior/lesões , Masculino , Distribuição de Poisson , Instituições AcadêmicasRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy of exercise interventions in improving outcomes across domains of functioning and disability in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). DATA SOURCES: Seven electronic databases were systematically searched up to November 16, 2016. STUDY SELECTION: Original data, analytic prospective design, physical therapy-led exercise intervention evaluation, children and adolescents with JIA, and assessment of functional, structural, activity, participation, or quality of life outcomes. DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors screened search results, and discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Of 5037 potentially relevant studies, 9 randomized controlled trials and 1 cohort study were included and scored. DATA SYNTHESIS: Study quality (Downs and Black quality assessment tool) and level of evidence (Oxford Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine model) were assessed and meta-analysis conducted where appropriate. Alternatively, a descriptive summary approach was chosen. All randomized controlled trials were moderate-quality intervention studies (level 2b evidence; median Downs and Black score, 20 out of 32; range, 15-27). Interventions included aquatic, strengthening, proprioceptive, aerobic, and Pilates exercises. Pediatric activity capacity (Child Health Assessment Questionnaire) improved with exercise (mean difference, .45; 95% confidence interval, .05-.76). Furthermore, descriptive summaries indicated improved activity capacity, body function and structure (pain and muscle strength), and quality of life outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise therapy appears to be well tolerated and beneficial across clinically relevant outcomes in patients with JIA. The paucity of high-quality evidence and study heterogeneity limited the ability to provide conclusive, generalizing evidence for the efficacy of exercise therapy and to provide specific recommendations for clinical practice at this time. Future research evaluating exercise program implementation using validated outcomes and detailed adherence and safety assessment is needed to optimize clinical decision pathways in patients with JIA.
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Artrite Juvenil/terapia , Terapia por Exercício , Terapia por Exercício/efeitos adversos , Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Humanos , Cooperação do Paciente , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine a school-based high-intensity neuromuscular training (NMT) program in reducing sport injury risk and improving fitness in youth. PARTICIPANTS: Students (ages 11-15) (n = 725) in physical education (PE) classes were randomized by school to intervention or control groups. INTERVENTION: A 12-week high-intensity NMT program (including aerobic, strength, balance, and agility components) was designed to reduce sport injury risk and improve measures of fitness. The control program was a standard of practice warm-up (including running and stretching). RESULTS: A Poisson regression model using an intent-to-treat analysis demonstrated a reduced risk of sport injury: incidence rate ratio (IRR)all injury = 0.30 (95% CI, 0.19-0.49), IRRlower extremity injury = 0.31 (95% CI, 0.19-0.51), IRRankle sprain injury = 0.27 (95% CI, 0.15-0.50), and IRRknee sprain injury = 0.36 (95% CI, 0.13-0.98). A change in waist circumference: -0.99 centimeters (95% CI, -1.84 to -0.14) and an increase in indirect measures of aerobic fitness: 1.28 mL·kg·min (95% CI, 0.66-1.90) in the intervention school compared with the control school also occurred. CONCLUSIONS: A NMT program in junior high school PE class was efficacious in reducing sport-related injury and improving measures of adiposity and fitness in the intervention group.
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Traumatismos em Atletas/prevenção & controle , Condicionamento Físico Humano/métodos , Exercício de Aquecimento/fisiologia , Adiposidade , Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Educação Física e Treinamento , Aptidão Física , Projetos Piloto , Instituições Acadêmicas , Estudantes , Circunferência da CinturaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Female bone health is influenced by familial resemblance, health parameters and maturational periods (puberty and menopause); this combination has been researched using familial multi-generational cross-sectional studies. AIM: This scoping review aimed to compile bone health research which uses sexually mature (grandmother-) mother-daughter pairs (and triads) and to determine the trends in its methodologies and familial comparisons. METHODS: The Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews was used. Extraction included study and population characteristics, methodology (with an emphasis on imaging) and family-based results. RESULTS: Twenty-nine studies were included, and their generations were categorized into four developmental categories: late adolescent to young adult, pre-menopause, mixed-menopause, and post-menopause. Eleven different pair/triad combinations were observed; the most common was pre-menopausal daughters and post-menopausal mothers. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was the most utilized imaging modality, and the hip was the most imaged region of interest (ROI). Regardless of pairing, imaging modality and ROI, there was often a trend toward significant familial resemblance and heritability (h2 and h2L). CONCLUSION: This scoping review highlights the trends in bone health linked to familial resemblance, as well as the importance of menopause and late adolescence. This review compiles the commonalities and challenges within these studies to inform future research.
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BACKGROUND: Low levels of physical activity and increased participation in sedentary leisure-time activities are two important obesity-risk behaviors that impact the health of today's youth. Friend's health behaviors have been shown to influence individual health behaviors; however, current evidence on the specific role of friendship networks in relation to levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior is limited. The purpose of this review was to summarize evidence on friendship networks and both physical activity and sedentary behavior among children and adolescents. METHOD: After a search of seven scientific databases and reference scans, a total of thirteen articles were eligible for inclusion. All assessed the association between friendship networks and physical activity, while three also assessed sedentary behavior. RESULTS: Overall, higher levels of physical activity among friends are associated with higher levels of physical activity of the individual. Longitudinal studies reveal that an individual's level of physical activity changes to reflect his/her friends' higher level of physical activity. Boys tend to be influenced by their friendship network to a greater extent than girls. There is mixed evidence surrounding a friend's sedentary behavior and individual sedentary behavior. CONCLUSION: Friends' physical activity level appears to have a significant influence on individual's physical activity level. Evidence surrounding sedentary behavior is limited and mixed. Results from this review could inform effective public health interventions that harness the influence of friends to increase physical activity levels among children and adolescents.
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Amigos/psicologia , Atividade Motora , Comportamento Sedentário , Apoio Social , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Humanos , Atividades de Lazer , Masculino , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
In December 2019, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China that culminated in a serious pandemic condition. Physical distancing restrictions were a significant component of the public health emergency response to the COVID-19 pandemic. For children and youth, these restrictions included safety measures that impacted daily activities related to physical activity (PA) participation worldwide. Preliminary evidence suggests that in children with special needs such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), COVID-19 restrictions may have disproportionally led to reduced levels of PA. The aim of this study was to review the benefits of PA for children with ASD and suggest Home PA Program examples for Children with ASD during COVID-19 pandemic and the quarantine time.
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The restrictions introduced in response to the COVID-19 pandemic affected the regular routines of Canadians, including access to play and physical activity opportunities, while limiting social connections. In response to this, a recreation centre created take-home play kits that contained loose parts with the aim of facilitating unstructured play. Between August 2021 and January 2022, ten parents participated in semi-structured interviews via telephone or videoconferencing platforms that captured their experiences of the take-home play kits. Using Thematic Analysis, we identified themes and subthemes reflecting parent perceptions and experiences of the take-home play kit. Three themes emerged: (1 A forced renaissance of play; (2) Bringing unstructured play home, and; (3) Parenting is child's play. Parents shared how the pandemic resulted in decreased physical activity and social opportunities for their children. The parents described how the take-home play kits supported unstructured play as well as their perspectives on the importance of unstructured play. Parents in our study suggested that a take-home loose parts play kit could be a useful resource to help engage children in unstructured play in both indoor and outdoor environments.
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COVID-19 , Pandemias , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Canadá , Pais , Poder FamiliarRESUMO
Play is a human right, yet opportunities for unstructured play are declining. The COVID-19 pandemic further reduced children's play opportunities. We conducted an observational study of a novel community-based intervention (play hubs) that facilitated unstructured play by offering loose parts in parks (Calgary, Canada) during the pandemic. Our descriptive study included systematic observation using the System for Observing Children's Activity and Relationships During Play (SOCARP) and Tool for Observing Play Outdoors (TOPO) to capture physical activity, play, and social and environment interactions among children participating in the play hubs for 10-weeks in 2021 (n = 160) and 2022 (n = 147). Play hub attendance was low. Most children observed were aged 5 to 12 years (2021: 93% and 2022 98%), with boys and girls represented (2021: 58% male/42% female and 2022: 52% male/48% female). Standing, sitting, and moderate activity were common activities. Physical, exploratory, and expressive play were common, while digital, bio, and rule-based play were less common. Children typically played alone or in small groups and engaged with loose parts or played in the open spaces. The play hubs encouraged unstructured play and promoted positive social interactions among children, despite the challenges of implementing a community-based intervention under pandemic public health restrictions.
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INTRODUCTION: Dancers generally begin training in a variety of styles at a young age. Across ages and levels of participation, dancers are at high risk for injury. Most available injury surveillance tools, however, have been developed for adult populations. Valid, reliable tools that monitor injury and exposure of pre-adolescent dance populations are limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of a dance injury and participation questionnaire specifically for pre-adolescent private studio dancers. METHODS: Four stages of validity and reliability testing assessed a novel questionnaire: initial design based on previous literature, expert panel review, cognitive interviews, and test-retest reliability. The target population was 8 to 12-year-olds who participate in at least 1 class/week at a private studio. Feedback from a panel review and cognitive interviews was incorporated. Test-retest analyses included Cohen's kappa coefficients and percent agreement for categorical variables, and intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs (3,1)], absolute mean difference (md) and Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) for numerical data. RESULTS: The final questionnaire was comprised of 4 sections: demographics, dance training history, current dance participation (previous 1-year and 4-months), and dance-related injury history (previous 1-year and 4-months). Items with categorical responses estimated kappa coefficients from 0.32 to 1.00, and percent agreement between 81% and 100%. For items with numeric responses, ICC estimates ranged between .14 and 1.00, r values between .14 and 1.00, and the largest absolute md was 0.46. The 4-month recall sections revealed higher agreement than the 1-year sections. CONCLUSION: This valid pre-adolescent dance injury and participation questionnaire demonstrates good to excellent reliability across all items. To support participant completions, assistance from a parent/guardian is suggested. To move dance epidemiology research forward among private studio dancers aged 8 to 12 years, employment of this questionnaire is therefore recommended.
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Dança , Adulto , Humanos , Adolescente , Dança/fisiologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Objectives: To investigate stress levels among Canadian female university students and determine cutoff scores for low, moderate, and high stress in this population. PARTICIPANTS: Hundred female undergraduates, mean age of 20.3 (SD = 1.8) years. METHODS: A cross-sectional design was employed and students were approached in hallways at the start of the 2018 academic year and asked to complete a Student-life Stress Inventory (SSI). RESULTS: Mean stress score was 138.2 (SD = 28.9) out of 255; 53% reported high exposure to stress with 80% reporting low behavioral response to stress. CONCLUSION: Self-report exposure to stress was high in many at the semester start but manageable and stress scores were similar to other campuses that administered the SSI. A study design that uses qualitative data to enhance the survey findings while longitudinal tracking over the academic year may better inform the extent of student stress exposure and how students effectively cope with this exposure.
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Estresse Psicológico , Estudantes , Adulto , Canadá , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Estresse Psicológico/epidemiologia , Universidades , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To examine accelerometer-measured physical activity (PA) in individuals with a knee injury history and controls and the association of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) with self-reported and performance measures of knee function. DESIGN: Historical cohort. PARTICIPANTS: Participants with a 3-12 year history of youth sport-related knee injury and matched controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: MVPA (Actigraph GT3x-BT), Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Triple Single-Leg Hop, Y-Balance and isometric knee strength was measured. Regression analyses examined differences in PA and the association between MVPA and knee function, adjusted for injury history, sex and time since injury. RESULTS: Participants (42 injured, 43 controls) had a median age of 23.4 (range 16-29) years. The previously injured group spent less daily adjusted minutes in MVPA [-13.5 (95% CI -25.6, -1.4)] than controls, and females had 10.8 min (95% CI -20.2, -1.4) less MVPA than males. Higher MVPA was associated with better KOOS sport and recreation [ß = 0.05, 95% CI (0.01, 0.09)] adjusted for injury history. No other associations were observed. CONCLUSION: Previously injured youth participated in less MVPA compared to controls 3-12 years later. Lower MVPA is associated with poorer self-reported sport and recreation knee function which may have long-term negative health consequences.
Assuntos
Traumatismos do Joelho , Esportes , Esportes Juvenis , Acelerometria , Adolescente , Adulto , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Esportes Juvenis/lesõesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Health-promotion interventions incorporating wearable technology or eHealth apps can encourage participants to self-monitor and modify their physical activity and sedentary behavior. In 2020, a Calgary (Alberta, Canada) recreational facility developed and implemented a health-promotion intervention (Vivo Play Scientist program) that provided a commercially available wearable activity tracker and a customized eHealth dashboard to participants free of cost. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to independently evaluate the effectiveness of the Vivo Play Scientist program for modifying physical activity and sedentary behavior during the initial 8 weeks of the piloted intervention. METHODS: Our concurrent mixed methods study included a single-arm repeated-measures quasiexperiment and semistructured interviews. Among the 318 eligible participants (≥18 years of age) registered for the program, 87 completed three self-administered online surveys (baseline, T0; 4 weeks, T1; and 8 weeks, T2). The survey captured physical activity, sedentary behavior, use of wearable technology and eHealth apps, and sociodemographic characteristics. Twenty-three participants were recruited using maximal-variation sampling and completed telephone-administered semistructured interviews regarding their program experiences. Self-reported physical activity and sedentary behavior outcomes were statistically compared among the three time points using Friedman tests. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the interview data. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 39.8 (SD 7.4) years and 75% (65/87) were women. Approximately half of all participants had previously used wearable technology (40/87, 46%) or an eHealth app (43/87, 49%) prior to the intervention. On average, participants reported wearing the activity tracker (Garmin Vivofit4) for 6.4 (SD 1.7) days in the past week at T1 and for 6.0 (SD 2.2) days in the past week at T2. On average, participants reported using the dashboard for 1.6 (SD 2.1) days in the past week at T1 and for 1.0 (SD 1.8) day in the past week at T2. The mean time spent walking at 8 weeks was significantly higher compared with that at baseline (T0 180.34 vs T2 253.79 minutes/week, P=.005), with no significant differences for other physical activity outcomes. Compared to that at baseline, the mean time spent sitting was significantly lower at 4 weeks (T0 334.26 vs T1 260.46 minutes/day, P<.001) and 8 weeks (T0 334.26 vs T2 267.13 minutes/day, P<.001). Significant differences in physical activity and sitting between time points were found among subgroups based on the household composition, history of wearable technology use, and history of eHealth app use. Participants described how wearing the Vivofit4 device was beneficial in helping them to modify physical activity and sedentary behavior. The social support, as a result of multiple members of the same household participating in the program, motivated changes in physical activity. Participants experienced improvements in their mental, physical, and social health. CONCLUSIONS: Providing individuals with free-of-cost commercially available wearable technology and an eHealth app has the potential to support increases in physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior in the short term, even under COVID-19 public health restrictions.
RESUMO
Stroke (i.e., cerebrovascular accident) affects one in 10,000 people between the ages of 14 and 45; however, very little is known about the frequency and type of stroke that occurs in athletes. The risk of injury to the neurovascular structures may depend on the type of sport involvement, although, sport-specific incidence rates are not known. Therefore, the goal of our scoping review was to provide some guidance to better inform the development of a context-fit stroke model by summarizing studies on a broad research topic related to stroke or cerebrovascular accident in sport based on a strict athlete definition. We used the guidance of Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage-process for a scoping review. Databases included MEDLINE(R) Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other Non- Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily and Ovid MEDLINE(R), and Embase (OVID databases); CINAHL Plus with Full Text, SportDiscus with Full Text (Ebsco databases); and Scopus. Publication dates were from 1979-2020 across nine different countries resulting in 39 individual cases of stroke with an athlete age range of 14-56 years (95% male). The major inciting event(s) prior to stroke onset were headaches (38.4%), head trauma (30.7%), and neck injury and/or vertebral artery dissection (20.5%). Several sporting activities were represented with American football as the most prevalent (30.7%). In summary, we found that sports with an aspect of impact, collision, or microtrauma can lead to subsequent stroke. These sport-related traumatic events were often difficult to diagnose because of the longer interval before ischemia occurred. Therefore, health care providers should be particularly attuned to the possibility of stroke when evaluating athletes presenting with or without neurological deficit.