Evidence-Based Heart Failure Medications and Cognition.

BACKGROUND: The etiology of cognitive impairment in heart failure (HF) is controversial and likely multifactorial. Physicians may hesitate to prescribe evidence-based HF medication because of concerns related to potential negative changes in cognition among a population that is already frequently impaired. We conducted a study to determine if prescription of evidence-based HF medications (specifically, ß-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blocking agents, diuretics, and aldosterone inhibitors) was associated with cognition in a large HF sample. METHODS: A total of 612 patients completed baseline data collection for the Rural Education to Improve Outcomes in Heart Failure clinical trial, including information about medications. Global cognition was evaluated using the Mini-Cog. RESULTS: The sample mean (SD) age was 66 (13) years, 58% were men, and 89% were white. Global cognitive impairment was identified in 206 (34%) of the 612 patients. Prescription of evidence-based HF medications was not related to global cognitive impairment in this sample. This relationship was maintained even after adjusting for potential confounders (eg, age, education, and comorbid burden). CONCLUSION: Prescription of evidence-based HF medications is not related to low scores on a measure of global cognitive function in rural patients with HF.

Development and feasibility testing of an education program to improve knowledge and self-care among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients with heart failure.

INTRODUCTION: There is a 70% higher age-adjusted incidence of heart failure (HF) among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, three times more hospitalisations and twice as many deaths as among non-Aboriginal people. There is a need to develop holistic yet individualised approaches in accord with the values of Aboriginal community health care to support patient education and self-care. The aim of this study was to re-design an existing HF educational resource (Fluid Watchers-Pacific Rim) to be culturally safe for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, working in collaboration with the local community, and to conduct feasibility testing. METHODS: This study was conducted in two phases and utilised a mixed-methods approach (qualitative and quantitative). Phase 1 used action research methods to develop a culturally safe electronic resource to be provided to Aboriginal HF patients via a tablet computer. An HF expert panel adapted the existing resource to ensure it was evidence-based and contained appropriate language and images that reflects Aboriginal culture. A stakeholder group (which included Aboriginal workers and HF patients, as well as researchers and clinicians) then reviewed the resources, and changes were made accordingly. In Phase 2, the new resource was tested on a sample of Aboriginal HF patients to assess feasibility and acceptability. Patient knowledge, satisfaction and self-care behaviours were measured using a before and after design with validated questionnaires. As this was a pilot test to determine feasibility, no statistical comparisons were made. RESULTS: Phase 1: Throughout the process of resource development, two main themes emerged from the stakeholder consultation. These were the importance of identity, meaning that it was important to ensure that the resource accurately reflected the local community, with the appropriate clothing, skin tone and voice. The resource was adapted to reflect this, and members of the local community voiced the recordings for the resource. The other theme was comprehension; images were important and all text was converted to the first person and used plain language. Phase 2: Five Aboriginal participants, mean age 61.6±10.0 years, with NYHA Class III and IV heart failure were enrolled. Participants reported a high level of satisfaction with the resource (83.0%). HF knowledge (percentage of correct responses) increased from 48.0±6.7% to 58.0±9.7%, a 20.8% increase, and results of the self-care index indicated that the biggest change was in patient confidence for self-care, with a 95% increase in confidence score (46.7±16.0 to 91.1±11.5). Changes in management and maintenance scores varied between patients. CONCLUSIONS: By working in collaboration with HF experts, Aboriginal researchers and patients, a culturally safe HF resource has been developed for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients. Engaging Aboriginal researchers, capacity-building, and being responsive to local systems and structures enabled this pilot study to be successfully completed with the Aboriginal community and positive participant feedback demonstrated that the methodology used in this study was appropriate and acceptable; participants were able to engage with willingness and confidence.

Cardiovascular risk factors in deployed service members with and without acute coronary syndromes.

BACKGROUND: Acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) occur in deployed military personnel, yet little is known about the cardiovascular (CV) risk profile of deployed US military service members who experience ACS. Stress and socioeconomic status (SES) as risk factors for ACS in service members deployed in ongoing Overseas Contingency Operations have not been considered. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: To compare CV risk factors between service members who experienced ACS and healthy service members who did not experience ACS while deployed while controlling for nontraditional CV risk factors. SUBJECTS: Deployed service members who experienced ACS (n=93) and matched controls who did not experience ACS (n=137). METHODS: Healthy controls and ACS cases were matched on rank, area of operations, and ethnicity to control for confounding effects of SES, combat stress exposure, and ethnicity. RESULTS: Acute myocardial infarction occurred in 81.7% of the cases, and 18.3% had unstable angina. Most major CV risk factors were different between the 2 groups except blood sugar and history of dyslipidemia. In a univariate conditional logistic regression model, all CV risk factors except blood sugar were significant predictors of ACS. In a multivariate logistic regression model, older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.40), higher total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (OR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.65-4.97), and family history of premature coronary artery disease (OR, 4.83 [95% CI, 1.64-14.26]) independently predicted ACS in deployed service personnel. CONCLUSION: Controlling for SES, combat stress exposure, and ethnicity, traditional CV risk factors remain independent predictors of ACS in deployed service members.

Symptom experiences of family members of intensive care unit patients at high risk for dying.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the symptom experiences of family members of patients at high risk for dying in the intensive care unit and to assess risk factors associated with higher symptom burden. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. SETTING: Three intensive care units at a large academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 74 family members of 74 intensive care unit patients who had a grave prognosis and were judged to be at high risk for dying. Patients at high risk for dying were identified as having Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores >20, an intensive care unit length of stay >72 hrs, and being mechanically ventilated. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: We assessed the degree of symptom burden approximately 4 days after the patient's admission to the intensive care unit in the following domains: traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression. Overall, the prevalence of symptoms was high, with more than half (57%) of family members having moderate to severe levels of traumatic stress, 80% having borderline symptoms of anxiety, and 70% having borderline symptoms of depression. More than 80% of family members had other physical and emotional symptoms, such as fatigue, sadness, and fear, and these were experienced at the moderate to severe levels of distress. Factors independently associated with greater severity of symptoms included younger age, female gender, and non-white race of the family member. The only patient factor significantly associated with symptom severity was younger age. Despite their symptom experience, the majority of the family members were coping at moderate to high levels and functioning at high levels during the intensive care unit experience. CONCLUSIONS: We document a high prevalence of psychological and physical symptoms among family members during an intensive care unit admission. These data complement existing data on long-term symptom burden and highlight the need to improve family centered care in intensive care units.

Feasibility of Implementing a Palliative Care Intervention for People with Heart Failure: Learnings from a Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: People with heart failure (HF) have high morbidity and mortality and may benefit from palliative care (PC). Objective: To pilot a randomized, clinical trial of a PC intervention for people with HF. Design: Participants were randomized to usual care (UC) or intervention (UC plus specialty PC) between January 2012 and December 2013. The initial PC consultation was conducted in-hospital, with six additional contacts from the PC team over six months. Setting/Subjects: The study was undertaken in a large, urban, academic medical center with patients (n = 30) with New York Heart Association HF Class II-IV. Measurements: Patients completed a survey at baseline, three and six months, assessing pain, dyspnea, depression, and quality of life (QoL). Results: Although there were significant improvements in mean scores from baseline to six months for pain (4.3 vs. 2.4, p = 0.05), dyspnea (3.9 vs. 2.2, p = 0.03), and QoL (59.2 vs. 42.7, p = 0.001), there were no differences between study groups over time. On average, participants in the intervention group received 5 out of 6 contacts and were satisfied with the intervention. Conclusions: The intervention was well accepted by patients, safe, and feasible. Our findings suggest that PC interventions for people with HF should match the PC needs of the patient. Given the trajectory of HF, studies may need to recruit outpatients and follow patients for a longer period to fully evaluate the impact of PC interventions. Clinical trials Identifier: NCT01461681.

A review of cardiovascular risk factors in US military personnel.

As the civilian population exhibits increasing trends in major cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in younger age groups, the US military is observing similar trends. These worrisome developments are seen even in young adulthood. Despite the need for a fit, combat-ready force, increases in CV risk are increasingly evident in the military population. This review provides an overview of coronary artery disease in the young and the prevalence of risk factors in the military population. With increases in current military operations in an acutely stressful environment, the role of stress and the manifestation of CV disease are also examined.

Let Us Talk About It: Heart Failure Patients' Preferences Toward Discussions about Prognosis, Advance Care Planning, and Spiritual Support.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to describe preferences of patients with heart failure (HF) for having advance care planning (ACP) discussions with clinicians and to identify characteristics associated with those preferences. BACKGROUND: National guidelines call for having ACP discussions with patients with serious illnesses such as HF. Many patients with HF do not discuss ACP with their physician despite wanting to have them. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional cohort study between July 2007 and November 2009 within HF clinics affiliated with a large, urban, academic medical center. Patients with New York Heart Association HF classes II and III were surveyed about whether they had or would like to have discussions with their clinician about what to expect in the future regarding their HF, prognosis, ACP, and their surrogate choice. RESULTS: Patients (n = 104) were on average 53 years old (standard deviation = 14.3; range: 21-84) and had Class II (57%) or Class III (43%) HF. Most patients had discussed what to expect in the future regarding HF (76.5%, 78/102), prognosis (68.0%, 68/100), surrogate choice (90.3%, 93/103), and ACP (46.5%, 47/101). Most of those who did not have these discussions would have liked to discuss expectations regarding their HF (87.5%, 21/24), prognosis (80.6%, 25/31), and ACP (59.6%, 31/52). Men were more likely than women to report having had discussions about their HF (83.6% vs. 62.9%; p = 0.02), prognosis (78.5% vs. 48.6%; p = 0.002), and ACP (56.1% vs. 28.6%; p = 0.01). On average younger patients were more likely to report having discussed what to expect regarding their HF (50 years vs. 59 years; p = 0.007), and to be asked about their spirituality (43 years vs. 56 years; p = 0.0001). DISCUSSION: Conforming to national guidelines, most patients with HF have discussed ACP with clinicians and most of those who have not, want to. Findings should embolden clinicians to routinely discuss ACP.

Etiology of Pain and Its Association with Quality of Life among Patients with Heart Failure.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the etiology of pain among HF patients and examine the relationship between pain and QoL. BACKGROUND: Little is known about the etiology of pain in patients with heart failure (HF) and the impact it has on quality of life (QoL). METHODS: A prospective cohort study of outpatients with NYHA Class II or III HF were surveyed at baseline and at three-month follow-up. The study was conducted in Heart Failure clinics affiliated with a large, urban, academic medical center. RESULTS: Of 104 patients that completed a baseline survey, 73 (70%) completed a follow-up survey. At baseline, 48% of patients reported having pain the previous week. Patients on prescription pain medication (n = 16) had more severe pain (Mean = 4.5 vs. 2.6; p = 0.001). Physician documented pain etiologies included: musculoskeletal (50%, n = 16), cardiac (22%, n = 7), and headache/neurological (22%, n = 7). Linear regression revealed that significant contributions to QoL included HF Class (p = 0.0001), dyspnea (p = 0.0001), and depression (p = 0.01). Pain was not independently associated with QoL (p = 0.17), but moderately correlated with depression (r = 0.49). Although 15% (n = 11) of patients reported a clinically meaningful improvement in pain scores, it was not associated with improvements in QoL (χ2 = 1.6, p = 0.2). DISCUSSION: Pain is prevalent and persistent, due largely to non-cardiac causes. Although pain did not predict QOL, it was associated with depression, which did adversely affect QoL. Clinicians should screen for and treat both symptoms.

A simplified education program improves knowledge, self-care behavior, and disease severity in heart failure patients in rural settings.

BACKGROUND: Self-monitoring by heart failure (HF) patients of worsening symptoms caused by fluid overload is a cornerstone of HF care. Disease management has improved outcomes in HF; however, these resource-intensive programs are limited to urban centers and are generally unavailable in rural or limited health care access areas. This pilot study sought to determine whether a simplified education program focused on a single component of disease management (symptom recognition and management of fluid weight) could improve knowledge, patient-reported self-care behavior, and HF severity in a rural setting. METHODS: This randomized clinical trial enrolled 36 rural HF patients into an intervention or control group. The intervention group received a simplified education program with a follow-up phone call focusing on symptom management delivered by a non-cardiac-trained nurse. Patient knowledge, self-care behaviors, and HF severity (B-natriuretic peptide [BNP]) were measured at enrollment and at 3 months. RESULTS: The sample was primarily white men and married with a mean age of 71 years and ejection fraction of 47%. There were no differences between groups in knowledge, self-care behaviors and BNP at baseline; however, knowledge and self-care behavior related to daily weights improved significantly at 3 months in the intervention group (P = .01 and .03, respectively). Although the changes in mean BNP at 3 months were in the hypothesized direction, the difference between the 2 groups was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: A simplified education program designed for use in resource scarce settings improves knowledge and patient-reported self-care behaviors. These findings are important in providing care to patients with HF in limited access settings but should be studied for longer periods in more heterogeneous populations.

Quality of life in women with heart failure, normative groups, and patients with other chronic conditions.

BACKGROUND: In the United States, 2.5 million women have heart failure, yet little is known about their quality of life. Because most studies included small samples of women, the results are not generalizable. OBJECTIVE: To compare the quality of life of women with heart failure with that of a normative group and with that of women with other chronic conditions. METHODS: Descriptive techniques were applied to baseline data collected in the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction trials to characterize quality of life in women with heart failure (n = 691). Global quality of life and the quality-of-life dimensions of physical function, emotional distress, social health, and general health were measured by using the Ladder of Life, items from the Profile of Mood States Inventory, the Functional Status Questionnaire, the Beta Blocker Heart Attack Trial instrument, and an item from the RAND Medical Outcomes Study instrument. RESULTS: Compared with the normative group of women, women with heart failure had significantly lower global quality of life; worse vigor, intermediate activities of daily living, social activity, and general health ratings; and higher ratings for anxiety and depression. Fewer than half of the women with heartfailure felt that they were healthy enough to perform normal activities. CONCLUSIONS: Women with heart failure have worse quality of life than do normative populations and patients with other chronic diseases such as hypertension, Parkinson disease, and cancer.

Psychological symptoms of family members of high-risk intensive care unit patients.

BACKGROUND: Family members of patients in intensive care are at increased risk for psychological symptoms. OBJECTIVES: To compare levels of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression during and 3 months after the intensive care experience in family members of patients at high risk for dying and to determine if differences were related to the patient's final disposition. METHODS: Longitudinal descriptive study of 41 family members in 3 tertiary care intensive care units. RESULTS: By repeated-measures analysis of variance, family members' levels of posttraumatic stress disorder were significantly lower (P = .01) at 3 months after (mean score, 1.27; SD, 0.86) than during (mean, 1.61; SD, 0.81) the experience. Mean anxiety and depression scores were significantly lower (P < .001) after (anxiety: 7.35; SD, 3.91; depression: 5.63; SD, 4.58) than during (anxiety: 11.5; SD, 4.88; depression: 9.51; SD, 4.31) the experience. Scores for posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression did not differ significantly between family members of patients who died and family members of patients who survived. Yet, all 13 family members of deceased patients and 42% of the total sample of 41 had traumatic stress scores of 1.5 or greater. Among the total sample, 44% had significant anxiety, and 27% were depressed. CONCLUSION: Family members' symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression significantly decreased 3 months after the intensive care experience and did not differ according to the patients' final disposition. However, many family members still had significant risk for posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline anxiety and depression at 3 months.

Acute coronary syndromes in deployed military personnel.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe the cardiovascular (CV) risk profile of deployed military men who experience acute coronary syndrome (ACS). DATA SOURCES: A retrospective record review of deployed military men who experienced ACS while deployed and were treated at an overseas military medical center between 2001 and 2007 was conducted to obtain the information for this descriptive study (N= 100). CONCLUSIONS: Acute myocardial infarction was diagnosed in 82% of the sample, and 18% experienced unstable angina. Subjects' mean age was 44.7 years (SD± 7.6; range 29-60) and most were enlisted and reservists. Risk factors included a family history of premature coronary artery disease (41%) and smoking (47%) as well as a history of hyperlipidemia (48%), hypertension (28%), and glucose abnormalities (6%). The group was overweight (BMI 27.77 kg/m(2) ± 3.2) and low risk for CV events (Framingham risk score 7.8%[± 4.4]). IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Young military men are regarded as the epitome of health and fitness; however, findings from this study suggest that this generally low-risk group do indeed have multiple CV risk factors and experience ACS. Early risk factor assessment and modification, including smoking cessation, weight management, and improving dyslipidemia, is essential.

A randomized controlled trial to reduce delay in older adults seeking help for symptoms of acute myocardial infarction.

Older adults with symptoms of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have longer pre-treatment delay times than their younger counterparts. A 2-group, randomized controlled sample consisted of 115 adults, 65 years of age or older with a self-reported history of coronary artery disease. A pre-test was given to all participants followed by a structured education and counseling intervention to those in the experimental group. Data were re-collected at 3 months. There was a statistically significant increase in knowledge, beliefs, and perceived control without an increase in anxiety in the intervention group. There was no significant difference in attitudes. Older adults at risk for AMI should be targeted for individualized education and counseling in clinics, physician offices, and community centers.

A telephone survey to measure communication, education, self-management, and health status for patients with heart failure: the Improving Chronic Illness Care Evaluation (ICICE).

BACKGROUND: Many aspects of quality of care for heart failure cannot be reliably obtained by chart review. METHODS AND RESULTS: We created and tested a telephone survey to measure provider-patient communication; satisfaction; patient education, knowledge, and self-management; and health status for the Improving Chronic Illness Care Evaluation. A total of 781 patients participated in the survey; 62% were age 65 or older, 66% had a history of coronary artery disease, and 59% were cared for by a cardiologist. The measures of communication, satisfaction, patient education, knowledge, and self-management performed very well with low rates of missing values and good psychometric properties. The self-efficacy scale had acceptable reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.69); however, it was weakly correlated with objective measures of knowledge about self-management. The Heart Failure Symptom Scale (HFSS) showed high reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.88) and good correlation with the SF-12 Physical Health Summary Scale (r=0.63); the HFSS was also moderately correlated with measures of mental health. CONCLUSIONS: Reliable information about processes of care and health outcomes that cannot be reliably assessed by chart can be obtained by telephone. This tool should be useful for measuring quality of care for large patient populations and determining the effectiveness of quality improvement activities.

Sleep disturbance symptoms in patients with heart failure.

Sleep disturbances have a major impact on physical functioning, emotional well-being, and quality of life, but are not well described in patients with heart failure (HF). Eighty-four HF patients completed a sleep survey and provided demographic and clinical data. Seventy percent of the patients were male with a mean age of 54 years and a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 22%. Forty-seven patients (56%) reported trouble sleeping and one-third used sleeping medication. The most frequently reported problems were inability to sleep flat (51%), restless sleep (44%), trouble falling asleep (40%), and awakening early (39%). Using logistic regression, physiological variables were tested as predictors of sleep disturbance. Severity of HF, age, gender, etiology, obesity, smoking, and use of beta-blockers were not predictors of sleep disturbance. HF patients experience significant sleep disturbances, which are not predicted by severity of symptoms or clinical status. Problems with sleep are an important component of a clinical assessment in this vulnerable population.