Deprescribing of antidepressants: development of indicators of high-risk and overprescribing using the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method.

BACKGROUND: Antidepressants are first-line medications for many psychiatric disorders. However, their widespread long-term use in some indications (e.g., mild depression and insomnia) is concerning. Particularly in older adults with comorbidities and polypharmacy, who are more susceptible to adverse drug reactions, the risks and benefits of treatment should be regularly reviewed. The aim of this consensus process was to identify explicit criteria of potentially inappropriate antidepressant use (indicators) in order to support primary care clinicians in identifying situations, where deprescribing of antidepressants should be considered. METHODS: We used the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method to identify the indicators of high-risk and overprescribing of antidepressants. We combined a structured literature review with a 3-round expert panel, with results discussed in moderated meetings in between rounds. Each of the 282 candidate indicators was scored on a 9-point Likert scale representing the necessity of a critical review of antidepressant continuation (1-3 = not necessary; 4-6 = uncertain; 7-9 = clearly necessary). Experts rated the indicators for the necessity of review, since decisions to deprescribe require considerations of patient risk/benefit balance and preferences. Indicators with a median necessity rating of ≥ 7 without disagreement after 3 rating rounds were accepted. RESULTS: The expert panel comprised 2 general practitioners, 2 clinical pharmacologists, 1 gerontopsychiatrist, 2 psychiatrists, and 3 internists/geriatricians (total N = 10). After 3 assessment rounds, there was consensus for 37 indicators of high-risk and 25 indicators of overprescribing, where critical reviews were felt to be necessary. High-risk prescribing indicators included settings posing risks of drug-drug, drug-disease, and drug-age interactions or the occurrence of adverse drug reactions. Indicators with the highest ratings included those suggesting the possibility of cardiovascular risks (QTc prolongation), delirium, gastrointestinal bleeding, and liver injury in specific patient subgroups with additional risk factors. Overprescribing indicators target patients with long treatment durations for depression, anxiety, and insomnia as well as high doses for pain and insomnia. CONCLUSIONS: Explicit indicators of antidepressant high-risk and overprescribing may be used directly by patients and health care providers, and integrated within clinical decision support tools, in order to improve the overall risk/benefit balance of this commonly prescribed class of prescription drugs.

The somatotroph pituitary gland function in high-aged multimorbid hospitalized patients with IGF-I deficiency.

PURPOSE: It is unclear whether the age-related decline in the somatotropic axis stems from a reduced growth hormone (GH) production in the pituitary gland, or from a peripheral origin akin to an acquired GH resistance. With the help of a GHRH/arginine test, high-aged multimorbid hospitalized patients with IGF-I deficiency are to be tested to determine whether there is primarily a pituitary GH deficiency in the sense of a somatopause. METHODS: Seventeen multimorbid patients (eleven men and six women) with a mean age of 82 years, with IGF-I concentrations below two standard deviations of 30-year-old men and women were identified. Patients suffered from a variety of common age-related stable diseases including coronary artery disease, chronic liver or kidney disease, chronic heart failure as well as acute conditions e.g., urosepsis or endocarditis. To assess the somatotropic axis they underwent a GHRH/arginine test. Results were evaluated using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: In average, the peak concentration of GH after stimulation was 14.8 µg/L with a range from 2.76 to 47.4 µg/L. Taking into account both, gender and BMI (with a mean of 26.5 kg/m²) for each participant, the pituitary gland was adequately stimulated in 16 out of the 17 patients. No patient reported common side effects related to the GHRH/arginine test. CONCLUSION: The somatotroph pituitary gland retains its secretory capacity in the advanced aged. Therefore, age does not seem to be the driving pacemaker for the functional decline of the somatotropic axis within the aged population.

Hypogonadism is frequent in very old men with multimorbidity and is associated with anemia and sarcopenia.

BACKGROUND: Clinical data regarding hypogonadism in very old men with multimorbidity are rare. Hypogonadism can contribute to osteoporosis, anemia and sarcopenia and is therefore a relevant problem for geriatric patients. METHODS: A total of 167 men aged 65-96 years (mean 81 ± 7 years) admitted to an acute geriatric ward were included in a cross-sectional study. Body composition derived from dual-energy X­ray absorptiometry, bone mineral density, handgrip strength, multimorbidity, polypharmacy and laboratory values were obtained from the routine electronic clinical patient file. RESULTS: Hypogonadism was present in 62% (n = 104) of the study participants, of whom 83% showed clinical manifestation of hypogonadism (hypogonadism in combination with anemia, sarcopenia and/or low T­score). The subgroups showed a distribution of 52% primary and 48% secondary hypogonadism. Compared to the eugonadal patients, hypogonadal patients had reduced handgrip strength (p = 0.031) and lower hemoglobin levels (p = 0.043), even after adjustment for age, body mass index and glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSION: Hypogonadism is common in geriatric patients. If chronic anemia, sarcopenia, or osteoporosis are diagnosed, testosterone levels should be determined in geriatric settings.

Single and combined use of fall-risk-increasing drugs and fracture risk: a population-based case-control study.

BACKGROUND: while many drug groups are associated with falls in older people, less is known about absolute increases in risk and how these risks vary across different groups of drugs or individuals. METHOD AND DESIGN: we conducted a population based nested case-control study among people aged ≥65 years in the Scottish regions of Tayside and Fife. Cases were individuals hospitalised with a fracture between 2010 and 2020, to whom we matched up to 10 controls. We examined relative and absolute risks of drug groups known as 'Fall-Risk-Increasing Drugs' (FRIDs), alone and in combination, and among younger and older (≥75 years) adults. Adjusting for previous hospitalisations, drug use and laboratory data, we used conditional logistic regression to quantify associations between drug exposures and outcomes. We conducted four sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of our findings. RESULTS: the cohort comprised 246,535 people aged ≥65 years, of whom 18,456 suffered an incident fracture. Fracture risks were significantly increased for most FRIDs examined. Absolute risks were much larger among older vs younger people and both relative and absolute risks increased with the number of FRIDs combined. Overall, the highest absolute increase in risk were found in people aged ≥75 years for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (number needed to harm 53), tricyclic antidepressants (NNH 81), antipsychotics (NNH 75) and use of three or more FRIDs (NNH ≤66). CONCLUSION: patients aged ≥75 years prescribed antidepressants or antipsychotics or taking three or more drugs that increase risk of falls may benefit most from deprescribing interventions.

Grip strength values and cut-off points based on over 200,000 adults of the German National Cohort - a comparison to the EWGSOP2 cut-off points.

BACKGROUND: The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) updated in 2018 the cut-off points for low grip strength to assess sarcopenia based on pooled data from 12 British studies. OBJECTIVE: Comparison of the EWGSOP2 cut-off points for low grip strength to those derived from a large German sample. METHODS: We assessed the grip strength distribution across age and derived low grip strength cut-off points for men and women (peak mean -2.5 × SD) based on 200,389 German National Cohort (NAKO) participants aged 19-75 years. In 1,012 Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA)-Age participants aged 65-93 years, we calculated the age-standardised prevalence of low grip strength and time-dependent sensitivity and specificity for all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Grip strength increased in the third and fourth decade of life and declined afterwards. Calculated cut-off points for low grip strength were 29 kg for men and 18 kg for women. In KORA-Age, the age-standardised prevalence of low grip strength was 1.5× higher for NAKO-derived (17.7%) compared to EWGSOP2 (11.7%) cut-off points. NAKO-derived cut-off points yielded a higher sensitivity and lower specificity for all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Cut-off points for low grip strength from German population-based data were 2 kg higher than the EWGSOP2 cut-off points. Higher cut-off points increase the sensitivity, thereby suggesting an intervention for more patients at risk, while other individuals might receive additional diagnostics/treatment without the urgent need. Research on the effectiveness of intervention in patients with low grip strength defined by different cut-off points is needed.

11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1) gene expression in muscle is linked to reduced skeletal muscle index in sarcopenic patients.

BACKGROUND: Glucocorticoids play a significant role in metabolic processes and pathways that impact muscle size, mass, and function. The expression of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1) has been previously described as a major regulator of skeletal muscle function in glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy and aging humans. Our study aimed to investigate glucocorticoid metabolism, including the expression of HSD11B1 in skeletal muscle, in patients with sarcopenia. METHODS: Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle of thirty-three patients over 60 years of age with hip fractures. Sarcopenia status was assessed according to the criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2. Skeletal muscle mass was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Cortisol and cortisone concentrations were measured in serum. Gene expression analysis of HSD11B1, NR3C1, FBXO32, and TRIM63 in muscle biopsies was performed. Serial cross sections of skeletal muscle were labeled with myosin heavy chain slow (fiber type-1) and fast (fiber type-2) antibodies. RESULTS: The study included 33 patients (21 women) with a mean age of 82.5 ± 6.3 years, 17 patients revealed sarcopenic (n = 16 non-sarcopenic). Serum cortisone concentrations were negatively correlated with muscle mass (ß = - 0.425; p = 0.034) and type-2 fiber diameter (ß = - 0.591; p = 0.003). Gene expression of HSD11B1 (ß = - 0.673; p = 0.008) showed a negative correlation with muscle mass in the sarcopenic group. A significant correlation was found for the non-sarcopenic group for NR3C1 (ß = 0.548; p = 0.028) and muscle mass. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a pathogenetic role of HSD11B1 in sarcopenic muscle.

[Update of the S3-guideline on diagnostics, prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis]. / Update der S3-Leitlinie Diagnostik, Prophylaxe und Therapie der Osteoporose.

With the aid of a new fracture risk model, the great treatment gap for osteoporosis should be closed. All patients older than 70 years should undergo a diagnostic procedure for osteoporosis. An additional risk threshold (≥ 10% per 3 years for femoral and vertebral fractures) should enable patients with a high risk of fracture to be treated with osteoanabolic agents. The use of osteoanabolic agents makes it necessary to administer antiresorptive drugs afterwards. Due to the low event rate of osteonecrosis of the jaw, the initiation of a specific osteoporosis treatment should not be delayed by prophylactic dental treatment. The adherence to the drug treatment should be improved by an individualized approach on the basis of a cooperation between patients, caregivers, and physicians. A regular assessment of falls, including the timed up and go test should be carried out in patients older than 70 years.

Sixty days of head-down tilt bed rest with or without artificial gravity do not affect the neuromuscular secretome.

Artificial gravity is a potential countermeasure to attenuate effects of weightlessness during long-term spaceflight, including losses of muscle mass and function, possibly to some extent attributable to disturbed neuromuscular interaction. The 60-day AGBRESA bed-rest study was conducted with 24 participants (16 men, 8 women; 33 ± 9 years; 175 ± 9 cm; 74 ± 10 kg; 8 control group, 8 continuous (cAG) and 8 intermittent (iAG) centrifugation) to assess the impact of bed rest with or without daily 30-min continuous/intermittent centrifugation with 1G at the centre of mass. Fasting blood samples were collected before and on day 6, 20, 40 and 57 during 6° head-down tilt bed rest. Concentrations of circulating markers of muscle wasting (GDF-8/myostatin; slow skeletal muscle troponin T; prostaglandin E2), neurotrophic factors (BDNF; GDNF) and C-terminal Agrin Fragment (CAF) were determined by ELISAs. Creatine kinase activity was assessed by colorimetric enzyme assay. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were conducted with TIME as within-subject, and INTERVENTION and SEX as between-subject factors. The analyses revealed no significant effect of bed rest or sex on any of the parameters. Continuous or intermittent artificial gravity is a safe intervention that does not have a negative impact of the neuromuscular secretome.

Late-onset neuromuscular disorders in the differential diagnosis of sarcopenia.

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. Undiagnosed late-onset neuromuscular disorders need to be considered in the differential diagnosis of sarcopenia. AIM: Based on emblematic case reports and current neuromuscular diagnostic guidelines for three common late-onset neuromuscular disorders, a differential diagnostic approach for geriatric patients presenting with a sarcopenic phenotype is given. METHODS: Patients over 65 years of age with sarcopenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, inclusion body myositis and myotonic dystrophy type 2 were recruited. All patients were assessed for sarcopenia based on the revised European consensus definition. Patients with neuromuscular diseases were diagnosed according to the revised El Escorial criteria and the European neuromuscular centre criteria. Phenotypes and diagnostic criteria for all patients were summarized including their specific histopathological findings. RESULTS: All patients with neuromuscular diseases were positively screened for sarcopenia and classified as severe sarcopenic by means of assessment. The clinical phenotype, the evolution pattern of weakness and muscle atrophy combined with laboratory finding including electromyography could unquestionably distinguish the diseases. DISCUSSION: Neuromuscular disorders can manifest beyond the age of 65 years and misdiagnosed as sarcopenia. The most common diseases are inclusion body myositis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and myotonic dystrophy type 2. A diagnostic work-up for neuromuscular diseases ensures their correct diagnosis by clinical-, electrophysiological, histopathological, and genetic work-up. CONCLUSIONS: In geriatric patients with a focal or asymmetrical muscular weakness and atrophy, sarcopenia assessment should be extended with patient's history of disease course. Furthermore, concomitant diseases, analysis of serum creatine kinase, electrophysiological examination, and in selected patients muscle biopsy and gene analysis is needed to rule out a late-onset neuromuscular disorder.

Influence of IGF-I serum concentration on muscular regeneration capacity in patients with sarcopenia.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has described a neuroprotective effect of IGF-I, supporting neuronal survival, axon growth and proliferation of muscle cells. Therefore, the association between IGF-I concentration, muscle histology and electrophysiological markers in a cohort of patients with sarcopenia dares investigation. METHODS: Measurement of serum concentrations of IGF-I and binding partners, electromyographic measurements with the MUNIX (Motor Unit Number Index) method and muscle biopsies were performed in 31 patients with acute hip fracture older age 60 years. Molecular markers for denervation (neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM) and proliferation markers (Ki67) were assessed by immunofluorescence staining of muscle biopsy tissue. Skeletal muscle mass by bioelectrical impedance analysis and hand-grip strength were measured to assess sarcopenia status according to EWGSOP2 criteria. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients (20 women) with a mean age of 80.6 ± 7.4 years were included. Concentrations of IGF-I and its binding partners were significantly associated with sarcopenia (ß = - 0.360; p = 0.047) and MUNIX (ß = 0.512; p = 0.005). Further, expression of NCAM (ß = 0.380; p = 0.039) and Ki67 (ß = 0.424; p = 0.022) showed significant associations to IGF-I concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest a pathogenetic role of IGF-I in sarcopenia based on muscle denervation.

[Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to sarcopenia]. / Diagnostisches und therapeutisches Vorgehen bei Sarkopenie.

Sarcopenia describes a generalized loss of muscle power, mass and function. It is marked by an impaired quality of life and an increased mortality rate. The SARC­F questionnaire was developed as a screening tool to identify patients at risk of impairment in primary care. It addresses five functional areas of physical activity in daily life. In case of a relevant impairment this is to be followed by measurement of hand grip strength using a dynamometer and/or of leg muscle strength by the chair rising test. Patients with pathological results should undergo a measurement of the skeletal muscle index, e.g. by Dual-energy X­ray Absorptiometry. If this lies below the gender-specific threshold, the diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia are met. Cases with normal lean muscle mass are coined as probable sarcopenia. In both cases, causes must be clarified and treatment should be initiated. To differentiate between acute and chronic sarcopenia it is necessary to assess disease progress after a certain period of time.

Self-Assessment of Mobility of People over 65 Years of Age.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nowadays, various clinical scoring systems are used in the medical care of the elderly to assess the quality of mobility. However, people often tend to under- or overestimate themselves in many aspects. Since this can have serious consequences in their treatment and care, the aim of this study was to identify differences in the self and external assessment of mobility of persons over 65 years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 222 participants over 65 years of age and one external, closely-related relative or professional caregiver were interviewed by a unique study assistant using a standardized questionnaire. Participants were divided into people living in nursing homes and independent people living at home, where either the caregivers or the relatives provided the external assessment of mobility, respectively. The questionnaire included demographics, cognitive abilities (Mini Mental Status Test); fall risk (Hendrich 2 Fall Risk Model); as well as the Parker Mobility Score, Barthel Index, and EQ-5D-5L to measure mobility, activities of daily life and quality of life. In each case, the participant and the external person were asked for their assessment to the participants' mobility situation. Statistical significance of the difference between self and external assessment was calculated with a Wilcoxon rank-sum test and assumed with a p-value of ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Self-assessment indicated a significantly higher value, when compared to an external assessment for the Parker Mobility Score for females in nursing homes (p ≤ 0.01), as well as for the Barthel Index for females (p ≤ 0.01) and males (p ≤ 0.01) in nursing homes. The EQ-5D-5L received a significantly higher self-assessment value for females (p ≤ 0.01) and males (p ≤ 0.01) living at home and females (p ≤ 0.01) and males (p ≤ 0.05) in nursing homes. CONCLUSIONS: Persons over 65 years of age tend to overestimate their level of mobility, quality of life and activities of daily life. Especially for people living in nursing homes, these scoring systems should be treated with caution due to the differences between the verbal statements. It is important to properly assess the mobility situation of elderly patients to ensure correct medical treatment and prevention of falls.

Interrelation between Sarcopenia and the Number of Motor Neurons in Patients with Parkinsonian Syndromes.

INTRODUCTION: Pathogenesis in a subgroup of sarcopenic patients seems to be based on a reduced number of motor neurons. This study aimed at investigating the overlap between sarcopenia and neurodegeneration, as reflected by a low number of motor neurons in patients with Parkinsonian syndromes (PS). METHODS: The motor unit number index (MUNIX) of the hypothenar muscle was used to assess the number and size (MUSIX) of motor units (MUs) in patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease (iPD, n = 53), patients with atypical Parkinsonian syndrome (aPS, n = 21), and a control group (n = 30). Mean age of participants was 70.3 years and 54.1% were female. Skeletal muscle mass by bioelectrical impedance analysis, hand-grip strength and gait speed were measured. Based on these assessments, sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. RESULTS: Sarcopenia criteria were met by 10 patients with PS (13.5%). The study group had significantly lower MUNIX values than the control group (109 [SD ±39.1] vs. 129 [SD ±45.1]; p = 0.020) even after adjustment for age and sex. Three of the 5 sarcopenic iPD patients (75%) had pathological low MUNIX values (<80). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Sarcopenia is a frequent comorbidity in PS. The pathologically low MUNIX values found in 75% of our sarcopenic iPD patients provides further support for the existence of a neurodegenerative overlap syndrome with a reduced number of MUs potentially leading to sarcopenia. This finding warrants further evaluation.

Motor, cognitive and mobility deficits in 1000 geriatric patients: protocol of a quantitative observational study before and after routine clinical geriatric treatment - the ComOn-study.

BACKGROUND: Motor and cognitive deficits and consequently mobility problems are common in geriatric patients. The currently available methods for diagnosis and for the evaluation of treatment in this vulnerable cohort are limited. The aims of the ComOn (COgnitive and Motor interactions in the Older populatioN) study are (i) to define quantitative markers with clinical relevance for motor and cognitive deficits, (ii) to investigate the interaction between both motor and cognitive deficits and (iii) to assess health status as well as treatment outcome of 1000 geriatric inpatients in hospitals of Kiel (Germany), Brescia (Italy), Porto (Portugal), Curitiba (Brazil) and Bochum (Germany). METHODS: This is a prospective, explorative observational multi-center study. In addition to the comprehensive geriatric assessment, quantitative measures of reduced mobility and motor and cognitive deficits are performed before and after a two week's inpatient stay. Components of the assessment are mobile technology-based assessments of gait, balance and transfer performance, neuropsychological tests, frailty, sarcopenia, autonomic dysfunction and sensation, and questionnaires to assess behavioral deficits, activities of daily living, quality of life, fear of falling and dysphagia. Structural MRI and an unsupervised 24/7 home assessment of mobility are performed in a subgroup of participants. The study will also investigate the minimal clinically relevant change of the investigated parameters. DISCUSSION: This study will help form a better understanding of symptoms and their complex interactions and treatment effects in a large geriatric cohort.

Head-down tilt bed rest with or without artificial gravity is not associated with motor unit remodeling.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to assess whether artificial gravity attenuates any long-duration head-down 60 bed rest (HDBR)-induced alterations in motor unit (MU) properties. METHODS: Twenty-four healthy participants (16 men; 8 women; 26-54 years) underwent 60-day HDBR with (n = 16) or without (n = 8) 30 min artificial gravity daily induced by whole-body centrifugation. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP), MU number (MUNIX) and MU size (MUSIX) were estimated using the method of Motor Unit Number Index in the Abductor digiti minimi and tibialis anterior muscles 5 days before (BDC-5), and during day 4 (HDT4) and 59 (HDT59) of HDBR. RESULTS: The CMAP, MUNIX, and MUSIX at baseline did not change significantly in either muscle, irrespective of the intervention (p > 0.05). Across groups, there were no significant differences in any variable during HDBR, compared to BDC-5. CONCLUSION: Sixty days of HDBR with or without artificial gravity does not induce alterations in motor unit number and size in the ADM or TA muscles in healthy individuals.

Medicinal products for geriatric patients in Germany : Current status of regulatory requirements and clinical reality.

BACKGROUND: Geriatric patients are the main users of medicinal products, although this patient group is most commonly excluded from clinical trials. Several guidelines from the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) have tried to ensure the development and the safe use of medicines for geriatric patients. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to evaluate geriatric information provided by the summary of product characteristics (SmPC) to prescribers using relevant medicinal products in Germany for patients older than 65 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Based on the annually published drug prescription report (Arzneiverordnungsreport), medication which was prescribed mainly (above 80%) or at a high defined daily dose (DDD [doses per day] > 400) to patients older than 65 years in 2016 was reviewed regarding relevant geriatric information. RESULTS: The average compliance for the investigated drugs regarding geriatric information according to EMA guidelines is 27%. At least older patients are mentioned in the SmPC most frequently (68%). Information about doses or dose adjustments for patients with certain stages of frailty was not provided by the pharmaceutical companies. CONCLUSION: Current information in the SmPC for a safe and effective use of medicines for older patients is insufficient and does not conform to EMA guidelines. Compared to drug authorization in pediatrics where the industry is obliged to submit a special pediatric investigation plan (PIP) to cover the needs of this certain patient group, a mandatory geriatric investigation plan (GIP) similar to the PIP would be an appropriate measure to provide safe and effective medicines for older patients.

Neurogeriatrics-a vision for improved care and research for geriatric patients with predominating neurological disabilities.

Geriatric medicine is a rapidly evolving field that addresses diagnostic, therapeutic and care aspects of older adults. Some disabilities and disorders affecting cognition (e.g. dementia), motor function (e.g. stroke, Parkinson's disease, neuropathies), mood (e.g. depression), behavior (e.g. delirium) and chronic pain disorders are particularly frequent in old subjects. As knowledge about these age-associated conditions and disabilities is steadily increasing, the integral implementation of neurogeriatric knowledge in geriatric medicine and specific neurogeriatric research is essential to develop the field. This article discusses how neurological know-how could be integrated in academic geriatric medicine to improve care of neurogeriatric patients, to foster neurogeriatric research and training concepts and to provide innovative care concepts for geriatric patients with predominant neurological conditions and disabilities.

The role of wrist monitors to measure blood pressure in older adults.

BACKGROUND: Arterial hypertension is a common condition in older adults with increasing data about blood pressure (BP) targets and antihypertensive treatment in this population. Recent studies have opened new discussions about the different usual and unusual methods of blood pressure monitoring. However, there are no evidence-based recommendations whether BP should be measured at upper arms or at wrist, which seems to be more comfortable in older and frail people. AIMS: The purpose of this study was to test the quality of wrist BP monitors as diagnostic method in older adults. METHODS: BP measurements at both upper arms and at both wrists were compared under standardized conditions in 605 patients ≥ 75 years. Differences in wrist and upper arm BP were, furthermore, correlated with various diagnoses and parameters including ankle-brachial-index (ABI). RESULTS: In patients of 75-80 years, there were no differences in BP measurements at upper arms compared to wrists whereas in patients > 80 years, BP measurements at wrists were significantly lower than at upper arms. In both age groups BP measured at wrist was significantly lower in patients with ABI < 0.9. CONCLUSIONS: BP wrist monitors could be considered as a serious alternative in adults of 75-80 years or in older persons with normal ABI values.

An anticholinergic burden score for German prescribers: score development.

BACKGROUND: Anticholinergic drugs put elderly patients at a higher risk for falls, cognitive decline, and delirium as well as peripheral adverse reactions like dry mouth or constipation. Prescribers are often unaware of the drug-based anticholinergic burden (ACB) of their patients. This study aimed to develop an anticholinergic burden score for drugs licensed in Germany to be used by clinicians at prescribing level. METHODS: A systematic literature search in pubmed assessed previously published ACB tools. Quantitative grading scores were extracted, reduced to drugs available in Germany, and reevaluated by expert discussion. Drugs were scored as having no, weak, moderate, or strong anticholinergic effects. Further drugs were identified in clinical routine and included as well. RESULTS: The literature search identified 692 different drugs, with 548 drugs available in Germany. After exclusion of drugs due to no systemic effect or scoring of drug combinations (n = 67) and evaluation of 26 additional identified drugs in clinical routine, 504 drugs were scored. Of those, 356 drugs were categorised as having no, 104 drugs were scored as weak, 18 as moderate and 29 as having strong anticholinergic effects. CONCLUSIONS: The newly created ACB score for drugs authorized in Germany can be used in daily clinical practice to reduce potentially inappropriate medications for elderly patients. Further clinical studies investigating its effect on reducing anticholinergic side effects are necessary for validation.

Nutrition, frailty, and sarcopenia.

Frailty and sarcopenia are important concepts in the quest to prevent physical dependence, as geriatrics are shifting towards identifications of early stages of disability. Definitions of both sarcopenia and frailty are still developing, and both concepts clearly overlap in their physical aspects. Malnutrition (both undernutrition and obesity) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of frailty and sarcopenia. The quality of the diet along the lifespan has a close relation with the incidence of both entities, and nutritional interventions may be able to reduce the incidence or revert either of them. This brief review explores the role of energy and protein intake and other key nutrients on muscle function. Nutrition may be a key element of multimodal interventions for frailty and sarcopenia. The results of the "Sarcopenia and Physical fRailty IN older people: multi-componenT Treatment strategies" (SPRINTT) trial will offer key insights on the effect of such interventions in frail, sarcopenic older individuals.