RESUMO
A preconcentrating surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor for the analysis of liquid-soaked tissue, tiny liquid droplets and thin liquid films without the necessity to collect the analyte is reported. The SERS sensor is based on a block-copolymer membrane containing a spongy-continuous pore system. The sensor's upper side is an array of porous nanorods having tips functionalized with Au nanoparticles. Capillarity in combination with directional evaporation drives the analyte solution in contact with the flat yet nanoporous underside of the SERS sensor through the continuous nanopore system toward the nanorod tips where non-volatile components of the analyte solution precipitate at the Au nanoparticles. The nanorod architecture increases the sensor surface in the detection volume and facilitates analyte preconcentration driven by directional solvent evaporation. The model analyte 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) can be detected in a 1 × 10-3 m solution ≈300 ms after the sensor is brought into contact with the solution. Moreover, a sensitivity of 0.1 ppm for the detection of the dissolved model analyte is achieved.
RESUMO
In situ characterization of surfaces with tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) provides chemical and topographic information with high spatial resolution and submonolayer chemical sensitivity. To further the versatility of the TERS approach toward more complex systems such as biological membranes or energy conversion devices, adaptation of the technique to solid/liquid working conditions is essential. Here, we present a home-built side-illumination TERS setup design based on a commercial scanning tunneling microscope (STM) as a versatile, cost-efficient solution for TERS at solid/liquid interfaces. Interestingly, the results obtained from showcase resonant dye and nonresonant thiophenol monolayers adsorbed on Au single crystals suggest that excitation beam aberrations due to the presence of the aqueous phase are small enough not to limit TER signal detection. The STM parameters are found to play a crucial role for solid/liquid TERS sensitivity. Raman enhancement factors of 10(5) at µW laser power demonstrate the great potential the presented experimental configuration holds for solid/liquid interfacial spectroscopic studies.
RESUMO
We report on an efficient ultrasound based technique for lysing Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris with oscillating cavitation bubbles in an integrated microfluidic system. The system consists of a meandering microfluidic channel and four piezoelectric transducers mounted on a glass substrate, with the ultrasound exposure and gas pressure regulated by an automatic control system. Controlled lysis of bacterial and yeast cells expressing green fluorescence protein (GFP) is studied with high-speed photography and fluorescence microscopy, and quantified with real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and fluorescence intensity. The effectiveness of cell lysis correlates with the duration of ultrasound exposure. Complete lysis can be achieved within one second of ultrasound exposure with a temperature increase of less than 3.3 °C. The rod-shaped E. coli bacteria are disrupted into small fragments in less than 0.4 seconds, while the more robust elliptical P. pastoris yeast cells require around 1.0 second for complete lysis. Fluorescence intensity measurements and qRT-PCR analysis show that functionality of GFP and genomic DNA for downstream analytical assays is maintained.