Influence of temperature on the toxicity of the elutriate from a pesticide contaminated soil to two cladoceran species.

Brazil has become one of the largest consumers of pesticides in the world. However, there are still few studies evaluating pesticide toxicity integrating local aquatic and terrestrial environments. In addition, there is growing concern about the influence of temperature conditions related with climate change on contaminants toxicity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the elutriate toxicity of the insecticide Kraft® 36 EC (a.i. abamectin), the fungicide Score® 250 EC (a.i. difenoconazole) and their mixture to the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis, using model ecosystems (mesocosms). To this end, mesocosms were filled with natural soil and subjected to the following treatments: Control (Milli-Q water), Kraft (10.8 g abamectin ha-1), Score (20 g difenoconazole ha-1), and Kraft + Score (10.8 g abamectin ha-1 + 20 g difenoconazole ha-1). The experiment lasted 18 days, and the applications were made on days 1, 8, and 15; the occurrence of rainfall was simulated on days 1, 8, and 15 after applications and only rainfall simulation on days 4, 11, and 18. The experiment was conducted under two different temperatures: 23 °C and 33 °C. At 23 °C, single Kraft treatment and in combination with Score showed high toxicity to both cladocerans. At 33 °C, elutriate of the Kraft® and mixture treatments were highly toxic to D. similis but not to C. silvestrii. The results indicate that while Kraft had higher toxicity than Score to both cladocerans, this toxicity was counteracted at 33 °C only for the exotic species, D. similis. The results portray the complexity of pesticide toxicity when considering realistic experimental settings including different organisms and temperature treatments.

Mapping carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of fingernails to demonstrate a rural-urban nutrition transition in the Center-West, Northeast, and Amazon regions of Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study is to investigate diet patterns among rural and urban populations of the Center-West, Northeast, and Amazon regions of Brazil through the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of fingernails, recognizing that the extent of market integration is a key driver of food consumption. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the Center-West, Northeast, and Amazon regions of Brazil, fingernails were sampled in clusters encompassing a major city, town, and rural village. A total of 2,133 fingernails were analyzed. Fingernails were clipped by donors using fingernail clippers. In the laboratory, samples were cleaned then weighed in small tin capsules before being isotopically analyzed for carbon and nitrogen. RESULTS: The overall mean δ13 C and δ15 N were -19.7 ± 2.8‰ and 10.6 ± 1.1‰, respectively. In the more remote villages, where access to food markets is more challenging, lower δ13 C prevails, suggesting that Brazilian staple foods (rice, beans, and farinha) still dominate. In areas with easier access to food markets, δ13 C values were higher, suggesting a change to a diet based on C4 plants, typical of a Brazilian supermarket diet. The variability among inhabitants in the same location expressed by a significant inverse correlation between δ13 C and δ15 N fingernail values suggested that "market integration" does not affect everyone equally in each community. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The nutrition transition has not yet reached some remote villages in these regions of Brazil or that the nutrition transition has not yet reached all residents of these remote villages. On the other hand, in several villages there is a considerable adherence to the supermarket diet or that some residents of these villages are already favoring processed food.

Impact of temperature on the toxicity of Kraft 36 EC® (a.s. abamectin) and Score 250 EC® (a.s. difenoconazole) to soil organisms under realistic environmental exposure scenarios.

Pesticides can affect all receiving compartments, especially soils, and their fate and effects may be enhanced by temperature, increasing their risk to ecological functions of soils. In Brazil, the most widely used pesticides are the insecticide Kraft 36 EC® (a.s. abamectin) and the fungicide Score 250 EC® (a.s. difenoconazole), which are commonly used in strawberry, often simultaneously as a mixture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of realistic environmental applications, single and in mixtures, for both pesticides to the springtail Folsomia candida and the plant species Allium cepa (onion) and Lycopersicum esculentum (tomato). Mesocosms filled with Brazilian natural soil (lattosolo) were dosed with water (control), Kraft (10.8 g a.s/ha), Score (20 g.a.s/ha) and Kraft + Score (10.8 + 20 g a.s./ha). The applications were repeated every 7 days, during 18 days of experiment, and simulating rainfall twice a week. Collembola reproduction tests were conducted with soils from the first (day 1) and last day (day 18) of experiment for each treatment. Plant toxicity tests were carried out in the experimental units. The experiments were run at 23 °C and 33 °C. Kraft, alone and in the binary mixture, showed high toxicity to the springtails in soils from both days 1 and 18, especially at 23 °C where it caused 100% mortality. Score however, was not toxic to the springtails. Plant growth was reduced by Score, but responses varied depending on temperature. This study indicates a high environmental risk of the insecticide Kraft, particularly at lower temperatures (23 °C), and an influence of temperature on pesticide fate and effects.

Effects of pasture intensification and sugarcane cultivation on non-target species: A realistic evaluation in pesticide-contaminated mesocosms.

Conventional soil management in agricultural areas may expose non-target organisms living nearby to several types of contaminants. In this study, the effects of soil management in extensive pasture (EP), intensive pasture (IP), and sugarcane crops (C) were evaluated in a realistic-field-scale study. Thirteen aquatic mesocosms embedded in EP, IP, and C treatments were monitored over 392 days. The recommended management for each of the areas was simulated, such as tillage, fertilizer, pesticides (i.e. 2,4-D, fipronil) and vinasse application, and cattle pasture. To access the potential toxic effects that the different steps of soil management in these areas may cause, the cladoceran Ceriophania silvestrii was used as aquatic bioindicator, the dicot Eruca sativa as phytotoxicity bioindicator in water, and the dipteran Chironomus sancticaroli as sediment bioindicator. Generalized linear mixed models were used to identify differences between the treatments. Low concentrations of 2,4-D (<97 µg L-1) and fipronil (<0.21 µg L-1) in water were able to alter fecundity, female survival, and the intrinsic rate of population increase of C. silvestrii in IP and C treatments. Similarly, the dicot E. sativa had germination, shoot and root growth affected mainly by 2,4-D concentrations in the water. For C. sancticarolli, larval development was affected by the presence of fipronil (<402.6 ng g-1). The acidic pH (below 5) reduced the fecundity and female survival of C. silvestrii and affected the germination and growth of E. sativa. Fecundity and female survival of C. silvestrii decrease in the presence of phosphorus-containing elements. The outcomes of this study may improve our understanding of the consequences of exposure of freshwater biota to complex stressors in an environment that is rapidly and constantly changing.

Integrated ecosystem models (soil-water) to analyze pesticide toxicity to aquatic organisms at two different temperature conditions.

In order to increase the knowledge about pesticides considering the soil-water interaction, ecosystem models (mesoscosms) were used to analyze the of leachate on the immobility and feeding rate of the cladocerans, Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and D. similis and algae Raphidocelis subcapitata, at two different temperatures. Mesocosm were filled with natural soil (latosolo) that were contaminated with insecticide/acaricide Kraft 36 EC® and fungicide Score 250 EC®, using the recommended concentration for strawberry crops (10.8 g abamectin/ha and 20 g difenoconazole/ha). Pesticides were applied once (hand sprayers) and the precipitation was simulated twice a week (Days 1, 4, 8, 11, 15 and 18). The mesocosm were kept in a room with a controlled temperature (23 and 33 °C) and photoperiod (12h light/12h dark). The Kraft 36 EC® insecticide showed toxicity for both species of cladocerans tested, with effects on immobility and feeding rate, both at 23 and 33 °C. Score 250 EC® showed to be toxic only for the experiments that analyzed the immobility of C. silvestrii at 23 °C and the feeding of D. smilis at 33 °C, demonstrating that the effects are species-specific and related to the temperature at which they are tested. While for species R. subcapitata there was an effect only for mixture treatments of the pesticides analyzed at both temperatures. Thereby, zooplanktonic organisms may be at risk when exposed to this compound even after percolating in a soil column, which could lead to effects on the entire aquatic trophic chain and that temperature can influence the organism response to the contaminant.

Increased in carbon isotope ratios of Brazilian fingernails are correlated with increased in socioeconomic status.

High δ 13C in human tissues in Brazil indicate high consumption of C4-based sources due to the consumption of highly processed food and animal protein. The significant positive correlation between the human developed index (HDI) developed by the United Nations Development Program, and fingernail δ 13C at the county level proved to be useful as a new proxy in tracking human nutrition. Regions with higher HDI are those with higher consumption of highly processed food.

Land cover changes and greenhouse gas emissions in two different soil covers in the Brazilian Caatinga.

The Caatinga biome covers an area of 844,453km(2) and has enormous endemic biodiversity, with unique characteristics that make it an exclusive Brazilian biome. It falls within the earth's tropical zone and is one of the several important ecoregions of Brazil. This biome undergoes natural lengthy periods of drought that cause losses in crop and livestock productivity, having a severe impact on the population. Due to the vulnerability of this ecosystem to climate change, livestock has emerged as the main livelihood of the rural population, being the precursor of the replacement of native vegetation by grazing areas. This study aimed to measure GHG emissions from two different soil covers: native forest (Caatinga) and pasture in the municipality of São João, Pernambuco State, in the years 2013 and 2014. GHG measurements were taken by using static chamber techniques in both soil covers. According to a previous search, so far, this is the first study measuring GHG emissions using the static chamber in the Caatinga biome. N2O emissions ranged from -1.0 to 4.2mgm(-2)d(-1) and -1.22 to 3.4mgm(-2)d(-1) in the pasture and Caatinga, respectively, and they did not significantly differ from each other. Emissions were significantly higher during dry seasons. Carbon dioxide ranged from -1.1 to 14.1 and 1.2 to 15.8gm(-2)d(-1) in the pasture and Caatinga, respectively. CO2 emissions were higher in the Caatinga in 2013, and they were significantly influenced by soil temperature, showing an inverse relation. Methane emission ranged from 6.6 to 6.8 and -6.0 to 4.8mgm(-2)d(-1) in the pasture and Caatinga, respectively, and was significantly higher only in the Caatinga in the rainy season of 2014. Soil gas fluxes seemed to be influenced by climatic and edaphic conditions as well as by soil cover in the Caatinga biome.

Use of artificial neural networks in applying methodology for allocating health resources.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the construction of a factor of allocation of financial resources, based on the population's health needs. METHODS: Quantitative study with data collected from public databases referring to the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil, between 2000 and 2010. Variables which reflected epidemiological, demographic, socio-economic and educational processes were selected in order to create a factor of allocation which highlighted the health needs of the population. The data sources were: SUS (Brazilian Unified Health System) Department of Computer Science, Atlas of Human Development in Brazil, IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), Information System on Public Health Budgets, National Treasury and data from the Pernambuco Health Secretariat between 2000 and 2010. Pearson's coefficient was used to assess linear correlation and the factor of allocation was calculated using analysis by artificial neural networks. The quartiles of the municipalities were defined according to their health needs. RESULTS: The distribution shown here highlights that all the coastal region, a good part of the Mata Norte and Mata Sul regions and the Agreste Setentrional and Agreste Central regions are in Quartile 1, that which has the largest number of municipalities. The Agreste Meridional region had municipalities in all of the quartiles. In the Pajeú/Moxotó region, many of the municipalities were in Quartile 1. Similar distribution was verified in the Sertão Central region. In the Araripe region, the majority of the municipalities were in Quartiles 3 or 4 and the São Francisco region was divided between Quartiles 1, 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS: The factor of allocation grouped together municipalities of Pernambuco according to variables related to public health needs and separated those with extreme needs, requiring greater financial support, from those with lesser needs.

[Risk factors for maternal mortality in an urban area of Northeast Brazil]. / Fatores de risco para mortalidade materna em área urbana do Nordeste do Brasil.

A case-control study was conducted to investigate risk factors for maternal mortality in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, in 2001-2005. Cases were 75 maternal obstetric deaths in Recife, identified from the Mortality Information System, investigated and analyzed by an expert committee on maternal mortality. Controls, selected from the Information System on Live Births using systematic sampling, were 300 women living in Recife whose last pregnancy occurred during the same period and ended in live births. Increased risk of maternal death was associated with use of the public health system (OR = 4.47; 95%CI: 1.87-10.29), age > 35 years (OR = 3.06; 95%CI: 1.59-5.92), < 4 years of schooling (OR = 4.95; 95%CI: 2.43-10.08), cesarean section (OR = 3.06; 95%CI: 1.77-5.29), and lack of prenatal care or fewer than four prenatal visits (OR = 9.78; 95%CI: 5.52-17.34). The results confirm social inequalities in maternal mortality in Recife and indicate the need to improve healthcare for women during the prenatal period, delivery, and postpartum.

Uso das redes neurais artificiais na aplicação de metodologia para alocação de recursos da saúde / Use of artificial neural networks in applying methodology for allocating health resources / Uso de las redes neurales artificiales en la aplicación de metodología para asignación de recursos de la salud

OBJETIVO: Descrever a construção de fator de alocação de recursos financeiros com base na necessidade em saúde da população. MÉTODOS: Estudo quantitativo, com dados coletados em bases de domínio público, referentes ao estado de Pernambuco nos anos entre 2000 e 2010. Foram selecionadas variáveis que refletissem os indicadores epidemiológicos, demográficos, socioeconômicos e educacionais para compor um fator de alocação que apontasse as necessidades de saúde da população. As fontes pesquisadas foram: Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde, Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Sistema de Informações sobre Orçamentos Públicos em Saúde, Tesouro Nacional e dados da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Pernambuco de 2000 a 2010, de acordo com a disponibilidade da informação mais recente. Foi realizada a correlação linear de Pearson e, para o cálculo do fator de alocação, a análise pelas Redes Neurais Artificiais. Os quartis dos municípios foram definidos segundo as necessidades em saúde. RESULTADOS: A distribuição apresentada aponta a Região Litorânea e boa parte da Região da Mata Norte e Sul e do Agreste Setentrional e Central situados no Quartil 1, este com o maior número de municípios. O Agreste Meridional teve municípios em todos os quartis. Na Região do Pajeú/Moxotó, grande parte dos municípios esteve no Quartil 1. Semelhante distribuição foi verificada no Sertão Central. No Araripe, a maioria dos municípios esteve nos Quartis 3 ou 4 e a Região do São Francisco ficou dividida entre os Quartis 1, 2 e 3. CONCLUSÕES: O fator de alocação agregou os municípios pernambucanos, por agrupar variáveis que são relacionadas com as necessidades em saúde da população, e separou os que possuem extremas necessidades de maior aporte financeiro daqueles que precisam com menor intensidade.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the construction of a factor of allocation of financial resources, based on the population's health needs. METHODS: Quantitative study with data collected from public databases referring to the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil, between 2000 and 2010. Variables which reflected epidemiological, demographic, socio-economic and educational processes were selected in order to create a factor of allocation which highlighted the health needs of the population. The data sources were: SUS (Brazilian Unified Health System) Department of Computer Science, Atlas of Human Development in Brazil, IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), Information System on Public Health Budgets, National Treasury and data from the Pernambuco Health Secretariat between 2000 and 2010. Pearson's coefficient was used to assess linear correlation and the factor of allocation was calculated using analysis by artificial neural networks. The quartiles of the municipalities were defined according to their health needs. RESULTS: The distribution shown here highlights that all the coastal region, a good part of the Mata Norte and Mata Sul regions and the Agreste Setentrional and Agreste Central regions are in Quartile 1, that which has the largest number of municipalities. The Agreste Meridional region had municipalities in all of the quartiles. In the Pajeú/Moxotó region, many of the municipalities were in Quartile 1. Similar distribution was verified in the Sertão Central region. In the Araripe region, the majority of the municipalities were in Quartiles 3 or 4 and the São Francisco region was divided between Quartiles 1, 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS: The factor of allocation grouped together municipalities of Pernambuco according to variables related to public health needs and separated those with extreme needs, requiring greater financial support, from those with lesser needs.

OBJETIVO: Describir la construcción de factor de asignación de recursos financieros basándose en la necesidad en la salud de la población. MÉTODOS: Estudio cuantitativo, con datos colectados en bases de dominio público, referentes al estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, en los años entre 2000 y 2010. Se seleccionaron variables que reflejasen los indicadores epidemiológicos, demográficos, socioeconómicos y educacionales para componer un factor de asignación que señale las necesidades de salud de la población. Las fuentes investigadas fueron: Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud, el Atlas de Desarrollo Humano en Brasil, el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística, el Sistema de Informaciones sobre Presupuestos Públicos en Salud, el Tesoro Nacional y datos de la Secretaria Estatal de Salud de Pernambuco de 2000 a 2010, de acuerdo con la disponibilidad de la información más reciente. Se realizó la correlación linear de Pearson y para el cálculo del Factor de Asignación, el análisis por las redes neurales artificiales. Los cuartiles de los municipios fueron definidos según las necesidades en salud. RESULTADOS: La distribución presentada sitúa la Región Costera y buena parte de la Región de la Selva Norte y Sur y del Agreste Septentrional y Central, en el Cuartil 1, con el mayor número de municipios. El Agreste Meridional tuvo municipios en todos los cuartiles. En la Región de los ríos Pajeú/Moxotó, gran parte de los municipios estuvo en el Cuartil 1. Se verificó distribución semejante en el Sertón Central. En el Araripe, la mayoría de los municipios estuvo en los Cuartiles 3 o 4, y la Región de Sao Francisco se dividió entre los Cuartiles 1, 2 y 3. CONCLUSIONES: El factor de Asignación agregó los municipios pernambucanos, por agrupar variables que son relacionadas con las necesidades en salud de la población y separó los que poseen extremas necesidades de mayor aporte financiero de aquellos que lo precisan con menor intensidad.

Fatores de risco para mortalidade materna em área urbana do Nordeste do Brasil / Risk factors for maternal mortality in an urban area of Northeast Brazil

Este estudo de caso-controle analisou fatores de risco para mortalidade materna no Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, no período de 2001-2005. Os casos foram 75 óbitos maternos obstétricos, identificados no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, investigados e analisados pelo Comitê de Mortalidade Materna. Os controles, selecionados no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos, pela amostra sistemática, foram 300 mulheres residentes no Recife cuja última gravidez ocorreu no mesmo período e não resultou em óbito. O risco de morte foi mais elevado para as usuárias do SUS (OR = 4,47; IC95 por cento: 1,87-10,29), com idade > 35 anos (OR = 3,06; IC95 por cento: 1,59-5,92), < 4 anos de estudo (OR = 4,95; IC95 por cento: 2,43-10,08), que tiveram parto cesáreo (OR = 3,06; IC95 por cento: 1,77-5,29) e para aquelas que não realizaram pré-natal ou tiveram menos de 4 consultas (OR = 9,78; IC95 por cento: 5,52-17,34). Os resultados reafirmam as desigualdades sociais na determinação de mortalidade materna no Recife. Além disso, indicam a necessidade de aprimorar a assistência à saúde da gestante durante o pré-natal, parto e puerpério.

A case-control study was conducted to investigate risk factors for maternal mortality in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, in 2001-2005. Cases were 75 maternal obstetric deaths in Recife, identified from the Mortality Information System, investigated and analyzed by an expert committee on maternal mortality. Controls, selected from the Information System on Live Births using systematic sampling, were 300 women living in Recife whose last pregnancy occurred during the same period and ended in live births. Increased risk of maternal death was associated with use of the public health system (OR = 4.47; 95 percentCI: 1.87-10.29), age > 35 years (OR = 3.06; 95 percentCI: 1.59-5.92), < 4 years of schooling (OR = 4.95; 95 percentCI: 2.43-10.08), cesarean section (OR = 3.06; 95 percentCI: 1.77-5.29), and lack of prenatal care or fewer than four prenatal visits (OR = 9.78; 95 percentCI: 5.52-17.34). The results confirm social inequalities in maternal mortality in Recife and indicate the need to improve healthcare for women during the prenatal period, delivery, and postpartum.

Morphological discrimination in juveniles of two Selene Species ( Teleostei: Carangidae ) using truss net distances

A distinção morfológica externa entre jovens de Selene vomer e Selene brownii (Carangidae) foi estudada por meio de análise multivariada. O propósito deste estudo foi verificar a existência de características morfológicas externas adequadas para separação entre essas duas espécies, que não a presença de espinhos na segunda nadadeira dorsal e nadadeiras pélvicas. Essas nadadeiras podem estar ausentes em peixes jovens de pequeno porte ou serem quebradas durante as atividades de manuseio e operações de pesca. Uma amostra de 389 espécimes foi coletada da praia de Caiçara do Norte (RN), litoral nordeste do Brasil, em 2001. Cada indivíduo foi digitalizado e cada imagem transformada em uma matriz numérica utilizando Scion Image e o programa FANTOMAS. Um programa em linguagem C foi criado para calcular 16 distâncias Euclideanas posicionadas em 9 marcos anatômicos homólogos e plotadas as imagens. Os resultados da análise discriminante revelaram que as duas espécies de Selene podem ser claramente separadas executando-se morfometrias e efetuando-se medições diagonalmente orientadas em relação aos eixos antero-posteriores do corpo dos peixes.