Risk Factors and Outcome Associated With Fungal Infections in Patients With Severe Burn Injury: 10-year Retrospective IFI-BURN Study.

BACKGROUND: In burn patients, skin barrier disruption and immune dysfunctions increase susceptibility to invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) like invasive candidiasis (IC) and invasive mold infections (IMI). We provide an in-depth analysis of IFD-related factors and outcomes in a 10-year cohort of severe burn patients. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study includes adult patients admitted to the burn intensive care unit (BICU) between April 2014 and May 2023 with total burn surface area (TBSA) ≥15%. Patients were classified as proven IFD according to EORTC/MSGERC criteria applicable for IC. Putative IMIs were defined with: ≥2 positive cultures from a skin biopsy/bronchoalveolar lavage or ≥2 positive blood specific-quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCRs) or a combination of both. RESULTS: Among 1381 patients admitted, 276 consecutive patients with TBSA ≥15% were included. Eighty-seven (31.5%; IC n = 30; IMI n = 43; both n = 14) patients fulfilled the criteria for probable/putative IFD. At Day 30 after the burn injury, the estimated cumulative incidence proven/putative (pr/pu) IFD was 26.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 21.4%-31.8%). Factors independently associated with IFDs were TBSA, severity scores and indoor burn injury (ie, from confined space fire). Overall mortality was 15.3% and 36.8% in the no IFD, pr/pu IFD groups respectively (P < .0001). IFD was independently associated with a risk of death (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.94 for pr/pu IFD; 95% CI, 1.12-3.36; P = .019). CONCLUSIONS: This study describes twenty-first-century characteristics of IFDs in severe burn patients confirming known risk factors with thresholds and identifying the indoor injury as an independent factor associated to IFDs. This suggests a link to contamination caused by fire damage, which is highly susceptible to aerosolizing spores.

Early post-operative lactate increase following kidney transplant is associated with delayed graft function: A retrospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Delayed graft function (DGF) is a frequent complication following kidney transplant. This study aimed to assess the association between early post-operative lactate variation and DGF. METHODS: This was a single center, retrospective cohort study between February 2021 and December 2022 in Saint-Louis Hospital (APHP, France). Venous lactate levels were measured immediately (H0) and 4 h (H4) after kidney transplant. The primary outcome was the occurrence of DGF (need for renal replacement therapy between transplantation and day 7). Secondary outcome was the occurrence of complications (i.e., death, vascular thrombosis, hemorrhagic shock, urological complications (hematoma, urinoma), local or systemic infection) between transplant and day 7. RESULTS: Two hundred 12 patients were included, and 38 (17.9%) developed DGF. Venous lactate variation between H0 and H4 was higher in patients who developed DGF (-30 (IQR -83, -6)% vs. -15 (IQR -62, -11)%, p = .037), but the variation of level was more often positive (corresponding to an increased lactate production over time between H0 and H4) in patients who developed DGF ((28(85%) vs. 94(62%), p = .011). In multivariate logistic regression, positive venous lactate level variation between H0 and H4 was strongly associated with a reduced risk of developing DGF (OR .30 [.09-.79], p = .024). We did not find any association between post-operative hyperlactatemia and occurrence of complications between transplant and day 7. DISCUSSION: DGF is a frequent complication following kidney transplantation. Its early prediction could help physicians optimize treatment and protect the kidney. Early venous lactate variation after kidney transplant could help to predict the occurrence of DGF.

Evolution, control and success of combination therapy with Ampicilin-sulbactam/Ceftazidime-Avibactam during a Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak in burn Intensive Care Unit.

We present our findings on interpatient transmission, epidemic control measures, and the outcomes of a series of ten critically ill burn patients who were either colonized or infected with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB). None of the five infected patients achieved clinical cure, and all experienced relapses. Microbiological failure was observed in 40% of the infected patients. The isolated CRAB strains were found to carry blaOXA-23 and armA resistance genes. Despite the lack of clinical cure, all five infected patients survived and were discharged from the Burn Intensive Care Unit.

Combination of Mycological Criteria: a Better Surrogate to Identify COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis Patients and Evaluate Prognosis?

Diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) remains unclear especially in nonimmunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate seven mycological criteria and their combination in a large homogenous cohort of patients. All successive patients (n = 176) hospitalized for COVID-19 requiring mechanical ventilation and who clinically worsened despite appropriate standard of care were included over a 1-year period. Direct examination, culture, Aspergillus quantitative PCR (Af-qPCR), and galactomannan testing were performed on all respiratory samples (n = 350). Serum galactomannan, ß-d-glucan, and plasma Af-qPCR were also assessed. The criteria were analyzed alone or in combination in relation to mortality rate. Mortality was significantly different in patients with 0, ≤2, and ≥3 positive criteria (log rank test, P = 0.04) with death rate of 43.1, 58.1, and 76.4%, respectively. Direct examination, plasma qPCR, and serum galactomannan were associated with a 100% mortality rate. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) galactomannan and positive respiratory sample culture were often found as isolated markers (28.1 and 34.1%) and poorly repeatable when a second sample was obtained. Aspergillus DNA was detected in 13.1% of samples (46 of 350) with significantly lower quantitative cycle (Cq) when associated with at least one other criterion (30.2 versus 35.8) (P < 0.001). A combination of markers and/or blood biomarkers and/or direct respiratory sample examination seems more likely to identify patients with CAPA. Af-qPCR may help identifying false-positive results of BAL galactomannan testing and culture on respiratory samples while quantifying fungal burden accurately.

Outcome and potentially modifiable risk factors for candidemia in critically ill burns patients: A matched cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with extensive burns are at risk of developing candidemia. OBJECTIVES: To identify potentially modifiable risk factors and outcomes of candidemia in critically ill burns patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective matched cohort study including adult burns patients. Patients who developed candidemia were matched with burns patients with Candida spp colonisation and sepsis or septic shock without candidemia in a ratio of 1:3 (same severity scores and colonisation index). Univariate and multiple regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Of 130 severely burned patients with Candida spp colonisation and at least one episode of sepsis or septic shock, 14 were diagnosed with candidemia. In the candidemia group, patients had a median (IQR) total burns surface area (TBSA) of 57 (38-68)%, SAPSII of 43 (36-58) and ABSI of 11 (8-13). Multiple regression analysis showed that only duration of prior antibiotic therapy was independently associated with candidemia. ICU mortality was higher in the candidemia group (71% vs 35% [P = 0.02]). The log-rank test for 28-day mortality comparing patients with candidemia treated with an empirical strategy vs a curative strategy did not reach significance (P = 0.056). CONCLUSIONS: Burns patients having received recent antibiotherapy have a higher risk of candidemia. Antifungal strategies did not influence outcome in this series.

Ketamine restriction correlates with reduced cholestatic liver injury and improved outcomes in critically ill patients with burn injury.

Background & Aims: Ketamine-associated cholestatic liver injury is reported in patients with severe burn injury, but its association with patient outcome is unclear. We investigated the relationship between ketamine exposure, cholestatic liver injury, and outcome of critically ill patients with burn injury. Methods: In a retrospective study, patients with severe burn injury were analysed across two periods: unrestricted ketamine prescription (ketamine-liberal) and capped ketamine dosage (ketamine-restricted). The primary endpoint was cholestatic liver injury, and the secondary endpoint was 3-month mortality. Binary logistic regression models and the revised electronic causality assessment method were used to measure the strength of associations and causality assessment, respectively. Results: Of 279 patients (median age 51 [IQR 31-67] years; 63.1% men; burned surface area 28.5%, IQR 20-45%), 155 (56%) were in the ketamine-liberal group, and 124 (44%) were in the ketamine-restricted group, with comparable clinical characteristics, except for ketamine exposure (median doses 265.0 [IQR 0-8,021] mg and 20 [IQR 0-105] mg, respectively; p <0.001). A dose- and time-dependent relationship was observed between ketamine exposure and cholestatic liver injury. Ketamine restriction was associated with a reduced risk of cholestatic liver injury (adjusted odds ratio 0.16, 95% CI 0.04-0.50; p = 0.003) and with a higher probability of 3-month survival (p = 0.035). The revised electronic causality assessment method indicated that ketamine was probably and possibly the cause of cholestatic liver injury for 14 and 10 patients, respectively. Cholangitis was not observed in the ketamine-restricted group. In propensity-matched patients, the risk of 3-month mortality was higher (adjusted odds ratio 9.92, 95% CI 2.76-39.05; p = 0.001) in patients with cholestatic liver injury and ketamine exposure ≥10,000 mg. Other sedative drugs were not associated with liver and patient outcome. Conclusions: In this cohort, ketamine restriction was associated with less cholestatic liver injury and reduced 3-month mortality. Impact and implications: In a cohort of 279 critically ill patients with burn injury, ketamine was associated with a risk of liver bile duct toxicity. The risk was found to be dependent on both the dosage and duration of ketamine use. A restriction policy of ketamine prescription was associated with a risk reduction of liver injury and 3-month mortality. These findings have implications for the analgesia and sedation of critically ill patients with ketamine, with higher doses raising safety concerns.

Mortality Risk and Urinary Proteome Changes in Acute COVID-19 Survivors in the Multinational CRIT-COV-U Study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Survival prospects following SARS-CoV-2 infection may extend beyond the acute phase, influenced by various factors including age, health conditions, and infection severity; however, this topic has not been studied in detail. Therefore, within this study, the mortality risk post-acute COVID-19 in the CRIT-COV-U cohort was investigated. METHODS: Survival data from 651 patients that survived an acute phase of COVID-19 were retrieved and the association between urinary peptides and future death was assessed. Data spanning until December 2023 were collected from six countries, comparing mortality trends with age- and sex-matched COVID-19-negative controls. A death prediction classifier was developed and validated using pre-existing urinary peptidomic datasets. RESULTS: Notably, 13.98% of post-COVID-19 patients succumbed during the follow-up, with mortality rates significantly higher than COVID-19-negative controls, particularly evident in younger individuals (<65 years). These data for the first time demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 infection highly significantly increases the risk of mortality not only during the acute phase of the disease but also beyond for a period of about one year. In our study, we were further able to identify 201 urinary peptides linked to mortality. These peptides are fragments of albumin, alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, apolipoprotein A-I, beta-2-microglobulin, CD99 antigen, various collagens, fibrinogen alpha, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase, and uromodulin and were integrated these into a predictive classifier (DP201). Higher DP201 scores, alongside age and BMI, significantly predicted death. CONCLUSIONS: The peptide-based classifier demonstrated significant predictive value for mortality in post-acute COVID-19 patients, highlighting the utility of urinary peptides in prognosticating post-acute COVID-19 mortality, offering insights for targeted interventions. By utilizing these defined biomarkers in the clinic, risk stratification, monitoring, and personalized interventions can be significantly improved. Our data also suggest that mortality should be considered as one possible symptom or a consequence of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, a fact that is currently overlooked.

Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Treatment, and Outcome of Mucormycosis: A Review of 77 Cases From a Single Center in France.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and outcome of mucormycosis over 15 years in a single center in France. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of all mucormycosis cases in our institution from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2020 and analyzed patients' medical records, laboratory results, and treatment to describe the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. Mucorales quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for the diagnosis was implemented in 2015. Results: Seventy-seven mucormycosis cases were analyzed in 77 patients, with a median age of 54 years (60% male). Identified risk factors were hematological diseases (46 cases [60%]), solid malignancies (2 cases), solid organ transplants (3), burns (18), diabetes only (7), and trauma (1). Sites of infection were lungs (42%), sinus (36%), skin (31%), central nervous system (9%), liver (8%), others (6%), and disseminated (12%). Diagnosis remained difficult and qPCR contributed to mucormycosis diagnosis in 30% of cases. Among hematology patients, serum qPCR was the only positive test in 15% of cases. A mixed mold infection was diagnosed in 24 of 77 (31%) patients. Surgical treatment was undertaken in 43 (56%) cases. Most patients received liposomal amphotericin B (89%), with a combination therapy in 18 of 77 cases (23%). Three-month survival rate was 40% (95% confidence interval [CI], .30-.53]). As for treatment, adjunction of surgery (hazard ratio, 0.47 [95%CI, .25-.91); P = 0.02) was associated with lower mortality. Conclusions: Mucormycosis remained associated with high mortality, especially in the hematological and burn populations. Surgery in combination with antifungal treatment was associated with improved survival.

Circulating dipeptidyl peptidase 3 and bio-adrenomedullin levels are associated with impaired outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a prospective international multicentre study.

Introduction: Dipeptidyl peptidase-3 (DPP3) is a protease involved in the degradation of several cardiovascular mediators. Adrenomedullin (bio-ADM) is a peptide essential for regulation of endothelial barrier function. In different shock-pathologies, both biomarkers are associated with disease severity, organ dysfunction and mortality. Associations with outcome in critically ill COVID-19 patients are unknown. The objectives of the present study were to investigate associations of bio-ADM and "circulating DPP3" (cDPP3) with short-term outcome in critically ill COVID-19 patients (n=80). Methods: A multicentre prospective cohort study was performed. The primary end-point was 28-day mortality. Secondary end-points included different severities of acute kidney injury (AKI). Results: cDPP3 levels were mainly associated with 28-day mortality; Area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROCs) of 0.69 (0.56-0.82, p=0.023), 0.77 (0.64-0.90, p<0.001) and 0.81 (0.65-0.96, p<0.001) at admission, day 3 and day 7, respectively. In contrast, bio-ADM levels were mainly associated with AKI, with AUROCs of 0.64 (0.51-0.77, p=0.048), 0.75 (0.64-0.86, p<0.001) and 0.83 (0.74-0.93, p<0.001) for day 1, 3 and 7, respectively. Interestingly, patients with high levels of both cDPP3 and bio-ADM at day 7 had an additionally increased risk of 28-day mortality (hazard ratio 11.8; 95% CI 2.5-55.3, p<0.001). Conclusions: cDPP3 and bio-ADM responses were associated with short-term mortality and AKI in critically ill COVID-19 patients, respectively. These findings suggest that treatment with specific antibodies modulating cDPP3 or bio-ADM-related pathways may improve outcome of COVID-19.

Comparison of a short versus long-course antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Background: For ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), the safety of short-course versus long-course antibiotic therapy is still debated, especially regarding documented VAP due to non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NF-GNB). The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the rates of recurrence and relapse of VAP in patients receiving short-course (≤8 days) and long-course (≥10-15 days) of antibiotic therapy. Methods: The protocol for this study was registered in the PROSPERO database (ID: CRD42022365138). We performed an electronic search of the relevant literature and limited our search to data published from 2000 until September 1, 2022. We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the United States National Library of Medicine, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Embase, National Institutes of Health PubMed/MEDLINE, web of science and Google Scholar databases. The primary endpoint was the recurrence and relapses of VAP, secondary endpoints were 28-day mortality, mechanical ventilation duration, number of extra-pulmonary infections and length of ICU stay. Findings: We identified five relevant studies involving 1069 patients (530 patients in the short-course group and 539 patients in the long-course group). The meta-analysis did not reveal any significant difference between short and long-course antibiotic therapy for recurrence and relapses of VAP (odd ratio "OR" = 1.48, 95% confidence intervals (CI) [0.96, 2.28], p = 0.08 and OR = 1.45, 95% CI [0.94, 2.22], p = 0.09, respectively), including those due to NF-GNB (OR = 1.90, 95% CI [0.93, 3.33], p = 0.05 and OR = 1.76, 95% CI [0.93, 3.33], p = 0.08, respectively). No difference was found for 28 days-mortality (OR = 1.24, 95% CI [0.92, 1.67], p = 0.16), mechanical ventilation duration, number of extra-pulmonary infections and length of ICU stay. However, short-course therapy significantly increased the number of antibiotic-free days. Interpretation: Our meta-analysis showed that short-course antibiotic therapy did not result in increased number of recurence and relapses of VAP, suggesting that short-course should be preferred to reduce the exposure to antibiotics. Funding: None.

Performance evaluation of a PCR panel (FilmArray® Pneumonia Plus) for detection of respiratory bacterial pathogens in respiratory specimens: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Accuracy and timing of antibiotic therapy remain a challenge for lower respiratory tract infections. New molecular techniques using Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, including the FilmArray® Pneumonia Plus Panel [FAPP], have been developed to address this. The aim of this study is to evaluate the FAPP diagnostic performance for the detection of the 15 typical bacteria of the panel from respiratory samples in a meta-analysis from a systematic review. METHODS: We searched PubMed and EMBASE from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2022, and selected any study on the FAPP diagnostic performance on respiratory samples compared to the reference standard, bacterial culture. The main outcome was the overall diagnostic accuracy with sensitivity and specificity. We calculated the log Diagnostic Odds Ratio and analyzed performance for separate bacteria, antimicrobial resistance genes, and according to the sample type. We also reported the FAPP turnaround time and the out-of-panel bacteria number and species. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021226280). RESULTS: From 10 317 records, we identified 30 studies including 8 968 samples. Twenty-one were related to intensive care. The overall sensitivity and specificity were 94% [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 91-95] and 98% [95%CI 97-98], respectively. The log Diagnostic Odds Ratio was 6.35 [95%CI 6.05-6.65]. 9.3% [95%CI 9.2-9.5] of bacteria detected in culture were not included in the FAPP panel. CONCLUSION: This systematic review reporting the FAPP evaluation revealed a high accuracy. This test may represent an adjunct tool for pulmonary bacterial infection diagnostic and antimicrobial stewardship. Further evidence is needed to assess the impact on clinical outcome.

Prevalence of post-acute coronavirus disease 2019 symptoms twelve months after hospitalization in participants retained in follow-up: analyses stratified by gender from a large prospective cohort.

OBJECTIVES: Persistent post-acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms (PACSs) have been reported up to 6 months after hospital discharge. Herein we assessed the symptoms that persisted 12 months (M12) after admission for COVID-19 in the longitudinal prospective national French coronavirus disease cohort. METHODS: Hospitalized patients with a confirmed virological diagnosis of COVID-19 were enrolled. Follow-up was planned until M12 after admission. Associations between persistence of ≥3 PACSs at M12 and clinical characteristics at admission were assessed through logistic regression according to gender. RESULTS: We focused on participants enrolled between 24 January 2020 and 15 July 2020, to allow M12 follow-up. The M12 data were available for 737 participants. Median age was 61 years, 475 (64%) were men and 242/647 (37%) were admitted to intensive care units during the acute phase. At M12, 27% (194/710) of the participants had ≥3 persistent PACS, mostly fatigue, dyspnoea and joint pain. Among those who had a professional occupation before the acute phase, 91 out of 339 (27%) were still on sick leave at M12. Presence of ≥3 persistent PACS was associated with female gender, both anxiety and depression, impaired health-related quality of life and Medical Muscle Research Council Scale <57. Compared with men, women more often reported presence of ≥3 persistent PACSs (98/253, 39% vs. 96/457, 21%), depression and anxiety (18/152, 12% vs. 17/268, 6% and 33/156, 21% vs. 26/264, 10%, respectively), impaired physical health-related quality of life (76/141, 54% vs. 120/261, 46%). Women had less often returned to work than men (77/116, 66% vs. 171/223, 77%). CONCLUSIONS: One fourth of the individuals admitted to hospital for COVID-19 still had ≥3 persistent PACSs at M12 post-discharge. Women reported more often ≥3 persistent PACSs, suffered more from anxiety and depression and had less often returned to work than men.

Usefulness of lactate albumin ratio at admission to predict 28-day mortality in critically ill severely burned patients: A retrospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Lactate albumin ratio (LAR) has been used as a prognostic marker associated with organ failure in critically ill septic patients. LAR and its association with outcomes has never been studied in burned patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of LAR to predict 28-day mortality. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study including all burn patients hospitalized in intensive care unit. The primary endpoint was the 28-day mortality. RESULTS: One thousand three hundred thirty four patients were screened, and 471 were included between June 2012 and December 2018. Briefly, the population study was mainly composed by men (249, 59.1%), the median age, TBSA burned, full thickness, ABSI and IGS2 were 52 [34-68], 20 [10-40], 8 [1-23], 7 [5-9] and 25 [15-40] respectively. Fifty-two patients (12.4%) died at day 28 after admission. At admission, the LAR level was lower in 28-day survivors compared non-survivors (0.05 [0.04, 0.08] vs 0.12 [0.07, 0.26], p < 0.001 respectively). In multivariate analysis accounting for ABSI, LAR levels at admission> 0.13 was independently associated with 28-day mortality (adjusted OR = 3.98 (IC95 1.88-8.35)). The ability of LAR at admission to discriminate 28-day mortality showed an AUC identical when compared to SOFA and ABSI scores (0.81 (IC95 0.74-0.88), 0.80 (IC95 0.72-0.85) and (0.85 (IC95 0.80-0.90), p < 0.05, respectively). Patients with LAR levels ≥ 0.13 at admission had higher 28-day mortality (40.6% vs 6.8%, p < 0.001, HR 7.39 (IC95 4.28-12.76)). CONCLUSION: At admission, LAR is an easy and reliable marker independently associated to 28-day mortality in patients with severe burn injury, but prediction by LAR does not perform better than lactate level alone.

First Patient-to-Patient Intrahospital Transmission of Clade I Candida auris in France Revealed after a Two-Month Incubation Period.

Candida auris is a recently described emerging pathogen in hospital settings. Five genetic clades have been delineated, with each clade being isolated from specific geographic regions. We here describe the first transmission between 2 patients (P0 and P1) of a clade I C. auris strain imported into our burn intensive care unit from the Middle East. The strains have been investigated with whole-genome sequencing, which validated the high similarity of the genomes between isolates from P0 and P1. We repeatedly screened the two patients and contact patients (i.e., other patients present in the same hospital ward at the time of the first positive sample from P0 or P1; n = 49; 268 tests) with fungal culture and a C. auris-specific quantitative PCR assay to assess transmission patterns. We observed that P1 developed C. auris colonization between 41 and 61 days after potential exposure to P0 contamination, despite three negative screening tests as recommended by our national authorities. This study illustrates that transmission of C. auris between patients can lead to long-term incubation times before the detection of colonization. The recommended screening strategy may not be optimal and should be improved in the light of our findings. IMPORTANCE While large outbreaks of C. auris in hospital settings have been described, few clear cases of direct transmission have been documented. We here investigated the transmission of C. auris clade I between two patients with a 41- to 61-day delay between exposure and the development of colonization. This may lead to changes in the recommendations concerning treatment of C. auris cases, as an incubation period of this length is one of the first to be reported.

Predictive performance and clinical application of COV50, a urinary proteomic biomarker in early COVID-19 infection: a prospective multicentre cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is a worldwide challenge. The CRIT-CoV-U pilot study generated a urinary proteomic biomarker consisting of 50 peptides (COV50), which predicted death and disease progression from SARS-CoV-2. After the interim analysis presented for the German Government, here, we aimed to analyse the full dataset to consolidate the findings and propose potential clinical applications of this biomarker. METHODS: CRIT-CoV-U was a prospective multicentre cohort study. In eight European countries (Austria, France, Germany, Greece, North Macedonia, Poland, Spain, and Sweden), 1012 adults with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were followed up for death and progression along the 8-point WHO scale. Capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry was used for urinary proteomic profiling. Statistical methods included logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis with a comparison of the area under curve (AUC) between nested models. Hospitalisation costs were derived from the care facility corresponding with the Markov chain probability of reaching WHO scores ranging from 3 to 8 and flat-rate hospitalisation costs adjusted for the gross per capita domestic product of each country. FINDINGS: From June 30 to Nov 19, 2020, 228 participants were recruited, and from April 30, 2020, to April 14, 2021, 784 participants were recruited, resulting in a total of 1012 participants. The entry WHO scores were 1-3 in 445 (44%) participants, 4-5 in 529 (52%) participants, and 6 in 38 (4%) participants; and of all participants, 119 died and 271 had disease progression. The odds ratio (OR) associated with COV50 in all 1012 participants for death was 2·44 (95% CI 2·05-2·92) unadjusted and 1·67 (1·34-2·07) when adjusted for sex, age, BMI, comorbidities, and baseline WHO score; and for disease progression, the OR was 1·79 (1·60-2·01) when unadjusted and 1·63 (1·41-1·91) when adjusted (p<0·0001 for all). The predictive accuracy of the optimised COV50 thresholds was 74·4% (71·6-77·1%) for mortality (threshold 0·47) and 67·4% (64·4-70·3%) for disease progression (threshold 0·04). When adjusted for covariables and the baseline WHO score, these thresholds improved AUCs from 0·835 to 0·853 (p=0·033) for death and from 0·697 to 0·730 (p=0·0008) for progression. Of 196 participants who received ambulatory care, 194 (99%) did not reach the 0·04 threshold. The cost reductions associated with 1 day less hospitalisation per 1000 participants were million Euro (M€) 0·887 (5-95% percentile interval 0·730-1·039) in participants at a low risk (COV50 <0·04) and M€2·098 (1·839-2·365) in participants at a high risk (COV50 ≥0·04). INTERPRETATION: The urinary proteomic COV50 marker might be predictive of adverse COVID-19 outcomes. Even in people with mild-to-moderate PCR-confirmed infections (WHO scores 1-4), the 0·04 COV50 threshold justifies earlier drug treatment, thereby potentially reducing the number of days in hospital and associated costs. FUNDING: German Federal Ministry of Health.

Continuous Lower Abdominal Compression as a Therapeutic Intervention in COVID-19 ARDS.

We report the case of a patient with severe COVID-19 ARDS, suggesting a possible therapeutic intervention by applying a continuous lower abdominal compression. In order to assess ventilation distribution, a lung CT scan was performed with and without lower abdominal compression.

Perfusion index: Physical principles, physiological meanings and clinical implications in anaesthesia and critical care.

Photoplethysmography (PPG) has been extensively used for pulse oximetry monitoring in anaesthesia, perioperative and intensive care. However, some components of PPG signal have been employed for other purposes, such as non-invasive haemodynamic monitoring. Perfusion index (PI) is derived from PPG signal and represents the ratio of pulsatile on non-pulsatile light absorbance or reflectance of the PPG signal. PI determinants are complex and interlinked, involving and reflecting the interaction between peripheral and central haemodynamic characteristics, such as vascular tone and stroke volume. Recently, several studies have shed light on the interesting performances of this variable, especially assessing regional or neuraxial block success, and haemodynamic monitoring in anaesthesia, perioperative and intensive care. Nevertheless, no review has yet been published concerning the interest of PI in these fields. In this narrative review will be exposed first the physiological and pathophysiological determinants of PI, and then the mean to measure this value as well as its potential limitations. In the second part, the existing data concerning usefulness of PI in different clinical settings such as operating theatres, intensive care units and emergency departments will be presented and discussed. Finally, the perspectives concerning the use of PI and mentioned aspects that should be explored regarding this tool will be underlined.