Neoplastic hematological diseases associated with HTLV-1 infection.

Adult cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATLL) is a type of lymphoma consisting of T-cells that are related to infection with the human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1). Four clinical forms have been described (leukemic, lymphomatous, chronic, smoldering) and the phenotype corresponds to regulatory CD4+ T cells. The histological characteristics are variable, with neoplastic cells showing a size ranging from small to large and atypical nuclei with irregular contours. A series of genetic and molecular alterations have been described, which partially explain the lymphomagenesis of the neoplasm, some of which are also factors related to the clinical course and overall survival. ATLL is a neoplasm with a poor prognosis, but in recent years new targeted therapies have been designed, with encouraging responses. This neoplasm should continue to be studied to improve treatment and evolution.

Lymphadenopathies in human immunodeficiency virus infection.

This article describes the various non-neoplastic lymphadenopathies that occur in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), before or during the stage of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The stages that develop during the HIV infection include: primary infection (acute infection, spread of the virus, development of host immune response, and acute retroviral syndrome), chronic infection or clinical latency, and finally, the AIDS stage. Non-neoplastic lymphadenopathies can occur at any of these phases of the infection and are due to multiple causes that can be divided into infectious causes (bacterial, fungal, parasitic, viral), and reactive causes (persistent generalized lymphadenopathy and a variety of situations that they also occur in immunocompetent people such as Castleman's disease and Kikuchi-Fujimoto's disease, among others). The general, histological and immunophenotypic characteristics of these pathologies are described.

Clasificación actual del carcinoma de pulmón. Consideraciones histológicas, inmunofenotípicas, moleculares y clínicas / Current classification of lung carcinoma. Histological, immunophenotypic, molecular and clinical considerations

En los últimos años, el rápido desarrollo tecnológico y el mayor conocimiento de aspectos genéticos y moleculares en medicina han permitido un mejor enfoque en el entendimiento, diagnóstico y tratamiento de diversas enfermedades oncológicas. En relación con el carcinoma de pulmón, ha habido una significativa evolución desde sus primeras clasificaciones, puramente morfológicas, hasta la última del año 2015, en la que se integra información histológica, inmunofenotípica, genética molecular, clínica, y radiológica, lo que permite una mejor evaluación y manejo terapéutico de estos pacientes. En el presente artículo se hace un repaso desde las primeras clasificaciones del carcinoma de pulmón hasta la última, y se examinan los cambios más relevantes y la importancia de los hallazgos genéticos moleculares para un mejor enfoque clínico y terapéutico.

Current classification of lung carcinoma. Histological, immunophenotypic, molecular and clinical considerations ABSTRACT In recent years, the rapid technological development and the better knowledge of genetic and molecular aspects in medicine have allowed a better approach to understand, diagnose and treat various oncological diseases. Regarding lung carcinoma, there has been a remarkable evolution from the first classifications, which were purely morphological, to the last one issued in 2015. This last classification includes histological, immunophenotypic, molecular genetics, clinical and radiological information, which allows a better evaluation and therapeutic management of these patients. In the present article, the first classifications of lung carcinoma to the last one are reviewed, and the most relevant changes and the importance of the molecular genetics findings are examined for a better clinical and therapeutic approach.