Deep learning methods in the diagnosis of sacroiliitis from plain pelvic radiographs.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to develop a computer-aided diagnosis method to assist physicians in evaluating sacroiliac radiographs. METHODS: Convolutional neural networks, a deep learning method, were used in this retrospective study. Transfer learning was implemented with pre-trained VGG-16, ResNet-101 and Inception-v3 networks. Normal pelvic radiographs (n = 290) and pelvic radiographs with sacroiliitis (n = 295) were used for the training of networks. RESULTS: The training results were evaluated with the criteria of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and precision calculated from the confusion matrix and AUC (area under the ROC curve) calculated from ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve. Pre-trained VGG-16 model revealed accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision and AUC figures of 89.9%, 90.9%, 88.9%, 88.9% and 0.96 with test images, respectively. These results were 84.3%, 91.9%, 78.8%, 75.6 and 0.92 with pre-trained ResNet-101, and 82.0%, 79.6%, 85.0%, 86.7% and 0.90 with pre-trained inception-v3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Successful results were obtained with all three models in this study where transfer learning was applied with pre-trained VGG-16, ResNet-101 and Inception-v3 networks. This method can assist clinicians in the diagnosis of sacroiliitis, provide them with a second objective interpretation and also reduce the need for advanced imaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging.

The prevalence of the anatomical variation in a Turkish population: supernumerary muscle-anconeus epitrochlearis.

INTRODUCTION: The anconeus epitrochlearis (AE) muscle is an accessory muscle located between the medial cortex of the olecranon and the inferior surface of the medial epicondyle, posterior to the ulnar nerve. This muscle may compress the ulnar nerve causing a clinical neuropathy. We aimed to determine the gender and side characteristics of the AE muscle in patients who underwent elbow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and report its prevalence in a Turkish population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 209 patients (210 elbows) who underwent elbow MRI between January and December 2020 were retrospectively evaluated. Cases with the AE muscle were included in the study. The craniocaudal (CC) dimension was examined from the coronal section, and the transverse (TR) and anteroposterior (AP) dimensions from the axial sections. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the relationship between the presence of the AE muscle and age, gender, and side (right/left). Differences between sexes and sides in terms of muscle sizes were evaluated using statistical tests. RESULTS: The AE muscle was detected in 17 patients (18 elbows) (8.1%). The mean age of the patients was 41.52 ± 14.63 years. There was no statistically significant difference between the male and female patients in terms of age. This accessory muscle was found in nine female (9.8%) and eight male (6.3%) patients in total. There was one (0.5%) patient with the bilateral AE muscle, who was female. The accessory muscle was located in the right elbow in 13 patients (10.71%), and left elbow in five (4.10%). It was more common in the right elbow in both genders. The muscle was larger in the male patients and the right elbow, but this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of the AE muscle was determined to be 8.1% in a Turkish population, and this muscle was more common among the women and in the right elbow.

Prevalence of the fabella and its general characteristics in Turkish population with magnetic resonance imaging.

INTRODUCTION: The fabella is a fibrocartilaginous or ossified sesamoid bone in the knee, largely located in the lateral tendon of the head of the gastrocnemius muscle. In this study, the prevalence, gender differences, localization and size of the fabella were determined in a Turkish population to make a comparison with other population studies in the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thousand patients (500 females, 500 males) who underwent knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with fabella in all three planes, including axial, sagittal and coronal evaluated, retrospectively. All MRI examinations were performed using a 1.5 T unit. Patients with a history of trauma or operation, motion artifacts and patients who could not be evaluated due to image quality were excluded. Anteroposterior diameter in sagittal plan (sAP) of the fabella and the fabella-femur distance was measured. Measurements were evaluated with Pearson's Chi-squared and Mann-Whitney U test for non-homogeneous data in SPSS program, and ANOVA test for homogeneous data. A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant in all analyses. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of fabella was found to be 155 cases. Unilateral fabella was detected in 72.9% of the cases, of which 56.6% were on the right side and 43.4% were on the left side. The median value of AP diameter in sagittal plan was calculated as 4.40 ± 1.31 mm. Concerning the gender-related examination the sAP diameter of the fabella was larger in men than in women (p < 0.05). The median value of FFD was calculated as 2.50 ± 0.50 mm. The distribution of FFD between genders was not statistically significant (p = 0.492). CONCLUSION: The fabella is usually a sesamoid bone that can be detected incidentally by imaging techniques. The incidence in the Turkish population is 15.5%, and no gender difference was detected. It is clear that further studies on the basis of populations are needed, especially considering that pathological problems remain in question and there is a lack of scientific data (variations, developmental characteristics, etc.) on sesamoid bones.

Investigation of the relationship between trochlear morphology and medial patellar cartilage defect using magnetic resonance imaging.

The aim of this study was to evaluate trochlear morphology in patients with medial patellar cartilage defects via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Three hundred patients who were diagnosed with grade 2, 3 and 4 medial patellar cartilage defect using MRI according to the International Cartilage Repair Society Classification System and 100 control subjects were evaluated. Trochlear morphology was evaluated based on lateral trochlear inclination (LTI), medial trochlear inclination (MTI), sulcus angle( SA), femoral lateral and medial condyle symmetry, trochlear facet asymmetry, and trochlear width on the axial MR images. The mean SA was significantly higher in the medial patellar cartilage defect group compared to the control group (p<.05). The LTI and MTI of the cartilage defect group were significantly lower than those of the control group (p<.05). With the decreasing LTI and MTI, there was an increase in medial patellar cartilage loss. LTI (r=-0.46) and MTI (r=-0.53) were moderately correlated with SA. There was no significant differences in femoral lateral and medial condyle symmetry, trochlear facet asymmetry, and trochlear width between groups with and without medial patellar cartilge defect (p ˃ .05). A flattened medial trochlea is a risk factor for cartilage structural damage of the medial patellofemoral joint, and it plays a role in the development of a defect in the medial patellar cartilage. The medial patellar cartilage defect is associated with the flattened lateral trochlea.

Patella-patellar tendon angle and lateral patella-tilt angle decrease patients with chondromalacia patella.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of patellofemoral joint morphology and patellar alignment (lateral patellar tilt and sagittal patellar tilt) on the presence and stage of CP, and identify the differences between sexes. METHODS: MRI of 243 patients [146 men (60.1%)] were evaluated retrospectively. Patients were grouped as normal group without chondromalacia, group with mild chondromalacia (grades 1-2) and group with severe chondromalacia (grades 3-4). Sagittal patellofemoral alignment was assessed by the angle between the patella and patellar tendon (P-PTA), and the angle between the quadriceps tendon and patella (Q-PA). Patellar tilt was assessed by lateral patellar tilt angle (LPTA). In addition, patellofemoral joint morphology was evaluated by measuring trochlear depth (TD), trochlear sulcus angle (TSA) and patella angle (PA). RESULTS: P-PTA, Q-PA, LPTA and TD values were significantly lower in patients with severe chondromalacia than in patients with both normal and mild chondromalacia (P < 0.001). TSA values were significantly higher in patients with severe chondromalacia than those with both normal and mild chondromalacia (P < 0.001). TSA was higher and TD was lower in women compared to men (P < 0.001). LPTA and P-PTA were lower in women compared to men, and the difference was significant. There was no difference in PA between the two sexes. CONCLUSIONS: Patellar cartilage degeneration increases with trochlear dysplasia. There is a strong correlation between patellar malalignment (lateral patellar tilt and sagittal patellar tilt) and chondromalacia patella. Women are more prone to developing CP than men.

Correction to: Patella-patellar tendon angle and lateral patella-tilt angle decrease patients with chondromalacia patella.

The original article can be found online.

Sagittal plane tilting deformity of the patellofemoral joint: a new concept in patients with chondromalacia patella.

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to evaluate sagittal plane alignment in patients with chondromalacia patella via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), analyse the relationships between the location of the patellar cartilaginous lesions and sagittal alignment and finally investigate the relationships between the sagittal plane malalignment and patellofemoral loadings using by finite element analysis. METHODS: Fifty-one patients who were diagnosed with isolated modified Outerbridge grade 3-4 patellar chondromalacia based on MRI evaluation and 51 control subjects were evaluated. Chondromalacia patella patients were divided into three subgroups according to the chondral lesion location as superior, middle and inferior. The patella-patellar tendon angle (P-PT) was used for evaluation of sagittal alignment of patellofemoral joint. Each subgroup was compared with control group by using P-PT angle. To investigate the biomechanical effects of sagittal plane malpositioning on patellofemoral joint, bone models were created at 30°, 60° and 90° knee flexion by using mean P-PT angles, which obtained from patients with chondromalacia patellae and control subjects. The total loading and contact area values of the patellofemoral joints were investigated by finite element analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of all participants was 52.9 ± 8.2 years. The mean P-PT angle was significantly lower in chondromalacia group (142.1° ± 3.6°) compared to control group (144.5° ± 5.3°) (p = 0.008). Chondral lesions were located in superior, middle and inferior zones in 16, 20 and 15 patients, respectively. The mean P-PT angles in patients with superior (141.8 ± 2.7) and inferior subgroups (139.2 ± 2.3) were significantly lower than the values in the control group (p < 0.05). The contact area values were detected higher in models with chondromalacia than in the control models at the same flexion degrees. There were increased loadings at 30° and 90° flexions in the sagittal patellar tilt models. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that sagittal plain malpositioning of the patellofemoral joint might be related to chondromalacia, especially in the presence of lesions in the upper and lower part of the patella. This condition leads to supraphysiological loadings on the patellofemoral joint. Sagittal patellar tilt should be considered in the evaluation and management of patellar cartilage defects. Taking sagittal plane malalignment into consideration in patellofemoral joint evaluation will enable us to design new physical and surgical modalities. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

The Fate of Iliopsoas Muscle in the Long-term Follow-up After Open Reduction of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip by Medial Approach. Part 1: MRI Evaluation.

BACKGROUND: There has been little information about the long-term status of the iliopsoas, which is the main flexor of the hip, after iliopsoas tenotomy in the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). The aim of this study was to assess the status of the iliopsoas muscle and other flexors and extensors of the hip in long-term follow-up with magnetic resonance imaging after complete iliopsoas tenotomy in patients with unilateral DDH treated with open reduction with a medial approach. METHODS: The study included 20 patients who underwent open reduction with a medial approach for unilateral DDH and had long-term follow-up. Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of iliopsoas, rectus femoris, tensor fasia lata, sartorius, and gluteus maximus muscles was applied and the muscles of the hip that was operated on were compared with the unoperated hip. In addition, the iliopsoas muscle was examined for reattachment and the effect of reattachment was evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age at the time of operation was 10.53±3.61 months (range, 5 to 18 mo), and mean follow-up was 16.65±2.16 years (range, 13 to 20 y). Spontaneous reattachment of the iliopsoas was observed in 18 patients (90%), either in the lesser trochanter (65%) or the superior part of it (25%). There was no significant difference between the hips that were operated on and those that were not with regard to the mean cross-sectional areas (CSA) of the tensor fascia lata, rectus femoris, sartorius, and gluteus maximus muscles. The CSA of the tensor fascia lata, rectus femoris, sartorius, and gluteus maximus muscles showed no significant difference (P>0.05); however, CSA of iliopsoas muscle was significantly reduced in the operated hip (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although the iliopsoas tendon was atrophied after complete iliopsoas tenotomy, it was reattached in 90% of the patients spontaneously in long-term follow-up. There was no statistically significant compensatory hypertrophy in any muscles in response to iliopsoas atrophy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-Therapeutic.

Association Between Measures of Vertebral Endplate Morphology and Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between vertebral endplate morphology and the degree of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: In total, 150 patients who met the inclusion criteria and were 20-60 years of age were retrospectively evaluated. Patients were evaluated for the presence of intervertebral disc degeneration or herniation, and the degree of degeneration was assessed at all lumbar levels. Vertebral endplate morphology was evaluated based on the endplate sagittal diameter, endplate sagittal concave angle (ECA), and endplate sagittal concave depth (ECD) on sagittal MRI. The association between intervertebral disc degeneration or herniation and endplate morphological measurements was analysed. RESULTS: In MRI, superior endplates (ie, inferior endplates of the superior vertebra) were concave and inferior endplates (ie, superior endplates of the inferior vertebra) were flat at all disc levels. A decrease in ECD and an increase in ECA were detected at all lumbar levels as disc degeneration increased (P < .05). At the L4-L5 and L5-S1 levels, a decrease in ECD and an increase in ECA were detected in the group with herniated lumbar discs (P < .05). There was no association between lumbar disc degeneration or herniation and endplate sagittal diameter at lumbar intervertebral levels (P > .05). At all levels, ECD of women was significantly lesser than that of men and ECA of women was significantly greater than that of men (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between vertebral endplate morphology and lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. Vertebral endplates at the degenerated disc level become flat; the severity of this flattening is correlated with the degree of disc degeneration.

Is There Any Difference Between The Biomechanical Strengths Of The Current Fixation Techniques For Comminuted Distal Patellar Fractures? (Comparison Of Distal Patella Fracture Fixation Techniques).

In this biomechanical study, the strength of five different fixation techniques -anterior tension band wiring with K-wires, separate vertical wiring, headless compression screws with anterior tension band wiring, cannulated screws with tension band wiring and memory shape patellar fixator- for distal patellar fractures were compared. Forty calf knees were used for the biomechanical testing. Each specimen was pre-loaded with 10 N at 1 N/s. The distraction forces were applied consistently with the velocity of 5 mm/s. The ultimate load (N) and displacement (mm) values were recorded. The headless compression screw with anterior tension band wiring (656.9±167.9 N) and the cannulated screws with anterior tension band wiring (642.6±166.0 N) obtained significantly higher ultimate loading values compared to the other fixation methods (p<0.05). Fixation via cannulated screws with anterior tension band wiring techniques are more stabile than the patellar shape memory fixator and anterior K wire fixation.

Sagittal patellar tilt and concomitant quadriceps hypotrophy after tibial nailing.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to analyse the patellofemoral alignment in the sagittal plane following tibial fracture surgery with intramedullary nailing and its relationship to parapatellar muscle status. METHODS: The patellofemoral MRI results of 27 patients (15 males and 12 females) treated with locked intramedullary nailing following tibia shaft fracture were reviewed. The mean age of the patients was 41.8 (±15) years. The patella-patellar tendon angle (P-PT) and the distance between the inferior patellar pole and the tibial tubercle (DP-TT) were evaluated for both the operated extremity and the contralateral normal side. MRI assessment of the infrapatellar fat pad, quadriceps, sartorius, gracilis, semi-membranosus muscles and biceps muscles was also carried out. The correlation between the changes in skeletal muscle mass, the volume of the infrapatellar fat pad and the alterations in the DP-TT distances and P-PT angles were analysed. RESULTS: The quadriceps muscle cross-sectional diameter had a mean of 157.2 mm(2) (115.6/319.5) in the operated extremity, and it was 193 mm(2) (77.6/282.2) in the non-operated normal side (p = 0.001). For the Gracilis muscle, the mean was 84.4 mm(2) (19.7/171) at the operated extremity and 75.7 mm(2) (26.9/238.2) on the normal side (p = 0.05). The cross-sectional areas of the semi-membranosus, sartorius and biceps muscles in the operated and non-operated extremity were not noticeably different (n.s). The P-PT angle was 153° (129.7/156.4) in the operated extremity and 145.7° (137.6/163.4) in the non-operated normal extremity (p < 0.05). While DP-TT distance was 11.4 mm (9.4/20.4) in the operated extremity, it was 14.1 mm (7.3/17.1) in the non-operated extremity (p = 0.001). The correlation analyses revealed that the quadriceps hypotrophy negatively correlated (r = -0.4, p = 0.02) with the P-PT angle but positively correlated with the increase in gracilis muscle volume (r = 0.4, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: This study revealed that patellofemoral joint kinematics in the operated extremity was diminished in the sagittal plane correlating with the quadriceps muscle volume loss and gracilis muscle hypertrophy. The modalities focused on both preventing and treating the hypotrophy of the quadriceps muscle following the surgical treatment of tibial fracture, which may help to overcome this quite common pathology.

Effects of body mass index, infrapatellar fat pad volume and age on patellar cartilage defect.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between patellar cartilage defects and body mass index (BMI), infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) volume and age. 100 patients who met the inclusion criteria and were aged 18 to 60, were evaluated retrospectively. For detecting and measuring patellar cartilage defects, axial sequences were used and sagittal sequences were used to evaluate IPFP volumes. In total, 40 patients had patellar cartilage defects. In this group, age and BMI were higher in both sexes when compared with the controls (p<0.05). The IPFP volume was lower in the group with the patellar cartilage defect when compared with the control group (p<0.05). The IPFP volume was statistically significantly lower in women (p<0.05). Patellar cartilage defect was found to be related to age and BMI. In women, the decrease in IPFP volume seems to be one of the causative factors for patellar cartilage defect.

New-Onset Vision Impairment in Children: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings by Age Groups.

INTRODUCTION: Non-traumatic visual impairment is rare in the pediatric population, but early diagnosis and treatment of the cause is crucial to prevent long-term consequences affecting children's neurocognitive development. The authors aim to determine the most common causes of non-traumatic visual impairment in pediatric patients according to age groups by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Images of patients who underwent contrast-enhanced cranial and orbital MRI for new-onset visual impairment between June 2019 and June 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. MRI findings were categorized as tumors, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, demyelinating disorders, infections, isolated optic neuritis, and others. The patients were grouped according to age as preschoolers, schoolchildren, and adolescents. Demographic features of patients and MRI findings were collected and compared among age groups. RESULTS: One hundred seventeen of the 238 patients had pathologic MRI findings. The most common pathologies were tumors (26.4%), idiopathic intracranial hypertension (24.7%), demyelinating disorders (18.8%), infections (11.1%), and isolated optic neuritis (7.6%). Tumors (69.2%) in preschool children, idiopathic intracranial hypertension (36.3%) in schoolchildren, and demyelinating disorders (32.7%) in adolescents were the most common cause of vision impairment by age group. CONCLUSION: Children with acute vision impairment could have severe pathologies. Tumors in preschool children, idiopathic intracranial hypertension in schoolchildren, and demyelinating disorders in adolescents were the most common causes of new-onset vision impairment detected with MRI. Because of the difficulty of performing optimal ophthalmologic and neurologic examinations, especially in young children, cranial and orbital MRI should be considered to detect life-threatening pathologies.

An Extra-articular Ganglion Cyst with Multiple Fluid-Fluid Levels.

INTRODUCTION: Ganglion cysts are the knee's most common benign soft tissue tumors. Ganglion cysts are seen as multiloculated fluid collections on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and fluid-fluid levels are not an expected finding. CASE PRESENTATION: A 36-year-old female patient presented with swelling in her right knee. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a multiseptated cyst with multiple fluid-fluid levels within the anterior of the right patellar tendon. Open surgical excision was performed, and the pedicle of the cyst was dissected. The histopathology revealed a ganglion cyst with hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: The ganglion cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis of lesions with fluid-fluid levels, in addition to hemangioma, synovial sarcoma, and aneurysmal bone cysts of soft tissues.

Diagnosis of osteoarthritic changes, loss of cervical lordosis, and disc space narrowing on cervical radiographs with deep learning methods.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to differentiate normal cervical graphs and graphs of diseases that cause mechanical neck pain by using deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, the convolutional neural networks were used and transfer learning method was applied with the pre-trained VGG-16, VGG-19, Resnet-101, and DenseNet-201 networks. Our data set consisted of 161 normal lateral cervical radiographs and 170 lateral cervical radiographs with osteoarthritis and cervical degenerative disc disease. RESULTS: We compared the performances of the classification models in terms of performance metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision metrics. Pre-trained VGG-16 network outperformed other models in terms of accuracy (93.9%), sensitivity (95.8%), specificity (92.0%), and precision (92.0%) results. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the deep learning methods are promising support tool in automated control of cervical graphs using the DCNN and the exclusion of normal graphs. Such a supportive tool may reduce the diagnosis time and provide radiologists or clinicians to have more time to interpret abnormal graphs.

The evaluation of hip muscles in patients treated with one-stage combined procedure for unilateral developmental dysplasia of the hip: part I: MRI evaluation.

BACKGROUND: To assess the status of hip flexor and extensor muscles with MRI in patients with unilateral developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) after walking age who were treated with one-stage combined procedure. METHODS: Twenty-two patients operated upon with one-stage combined procedure for unilateral DDH were included in this study. All patients underwent complete tenotomy of the iliopsoas muscle hindering open reduction. All patients showed excellent results according to the modified McKay criteria of Barrett and type 1 hips according to radiologic criteria of Severin at the latest follow-up. MRI assessment of iliopsoas, rectus femoris, tensor fasia lata, sartorius, and gluteus maximus muscles was performed and muscles of the hip that was operated upon were compared with the hip that was not. In addition, the iliopsoas muscle was examined for reattachment and the effect of reattachment was evaluated. RESULTS: Mean age was 154.4+/-34.6 (110 to 216) months. Mean follow-up was 112.6+/-32.0 (68 to 159) months. Reattachment of the iliopsoas was observed in 7 (32%) patients, with no significance in terms of age, postoperative follow-up period, or the duration of the postoperative period. Atrophy in the hip that was operated upon was significant in iliopsoas, rectus femoris, tensor fasia lata, and gluteus maximus muscles when compared with the hip that was not. No significance was detected in the sartorius muscle between hips that were operated upon and those that were not. Cross-sectional areas of tensor fascia lata, rectus femoris, sartorius, and gluteus maximus muscles were not significantly different between patients with and without reattachment of iliopsoas. The width of the iliopsoas muscle was significantly lowered in patients without reattachment. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with DDH treated with combined procedures including complete iliopsoas tenotomy do not have hip muscles similar to hip muscles that have not been operated upon, despite excellent radiologic and clinical results. These patients can be affected by muscular changes in the long term. Follow-up by conventional radiologic and clinical criteria alone may not be enough, and patients may have problems, as in our series, that cannot be detected by conventional radiologic and clinical assessments. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, Therapeutic case series.

Evaluation of cartilage coverage with magnetic resonance imaging in residual dysplasia and its impact on surgical timing.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to measure the cartilaginous coverage of the acetabulum using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to analyze its effect on the timing and necessity of secondary operations in residual acetabular dysplasia (RAD). METHODS: The MRI results of 33 children (30 girls and 3 boys) aged between 5 and 9 years who were operated on unilaterally via a posteromedial limited approach were compared with the radiographical findings of acetabular dysplasia at follow-up. The acetabular index (AI) and the center-edge (CE) angles were measured. MRI was used to measure the osseous acetabular index (OAI), cartilage acetabular index (CAI), and cartilaginous center-edge angles (CCE). The Children's Hospital's Oakland Hip Evaluation Score (CHOHES) was used for the assessment of clinical and functional results. The Severin scoring system was used to evaluate the radiographic results. The Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlation tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: In all, 30 (90.9%) girls and 3 (9.1%) boys with an average age of 7.4 years (range: 5-9 years) and a mean follow-up period of 6.1 years (range: 4-8 years) were included. While there was a significant difference between non-dislocated hips and operated hips in 3 measurements (AI, Wiberg CE, and Ogata CE) using X-rays (p < 0.05), no significant difference was found in the MRI measurements (OAI, CAI, and CCE) (p > 0.05). The CAI values were lower than the AI measured on X-ray (p = 0.035). The mean CCE was higher than the mean CE (p = 0.022). The mean CHOHES score was 83.1 (range: 52-100) and the score of 62% patients was above 90. There was no significant difference in terms of CHOHES score according to age at the time of operation (p = 0.43). Three (9.1%) patients were Severin class I, 8 (24.3%) patients were class II, 12 (36.3%) patients were class III and 10 (30.3%) patients were class IV. There was no correlation between preoperative hip dislocation and Severin score (p = 0.056). No significant difference was found between the ambulatory and non-ambulatory groups in terms of Severin classification (p = 0.063). CONCLUSION: Cartilaginous acetabulum should be taken into account in RAD measurements. MRI may be a more appropriate option for the evaluation of acetabular cartilaginous coverage in the evaluation of RAD and the decision to perform surgery, though X-rays are currently the most used method. The results revealed no effect on functional or radiological scores as a result of being of walking age. LEVEL OF STUDY: Level III, Diagnostic Study.

Evaluation of the anterolateral ligament of the knee by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with chronic anterior cruciate ligament rupture.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the visibility of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with chronic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective case - control study compared 1.5 - T MRI scans for 50 patients with a chronic ACL rupture with those of a control group of 50 patients with an intact ACL. The ALL was evaluated in three portions: femoral, meniscal, and tibial. The status of each portion was classified as visualized or non-visualized. Two radiologists separately reviewed all the MRI scans to evaluate interobserver reliability. RESULTS: At least one portion of the ALL was visualized in 100% of the control group and 72% of the chronic ACL rupture group. All three portions of the ALL were identified in 72% of the control group but only 10% of the chronic ACL rupture group. In both groups, the most commonly visualized portion was the meniscal portion and the least visualized was the tibial portion. In 18% of the chronic ACL rupture group, no portion of the ALL was visualized. CONCLUSIONS: The visibility of the ALL of the knee was significantly lower in patients with a chronic ACL rupture than in those with an intact one.

Determining gender by taking measurements from magnetic resonance images of the patella.

BACKGROUND: A key step in making a positive identification in forensic medicine is the establishment of a biological profile, which involves determining factors such as gender, age, ancestry, and stature. The goal of this study was to determine if gender could be established by taking various measurements of the patella taken from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images and analyzing the variations by gender. METHODS: The sample group consisted of 220 patients (110 male and 110 female) whose patella were measured using MRI images of their left knee. Reasons for exclusion were any previous surgery, patella bipartite variation, any fracture in the patella due to trauma or findings of mass or infection. Three measurements - transverse length (TP), craniocaudal length (CC) and anteroposterior length (APP) - were taken off T2-weighted axial and sagittal MRI scans. The program SPSS (Version 21.0) was used to make a descriptive analysis, independent t-test and discriminative analysis. RESULTS: It was found possible to determine gender with an accuracy rate of 91% for females and 87% for males. Since measurements were made individually the accuracy for gender estimation is lower than that seen in other methods. CONCLUSION: The findings are important in that they show that it is possible to determine gender with a high degree of accuracy using just a few measurements taken from the patella.

Relationship Between Smoking and Structural Damage, Autoimmune Antibodies, and Disability in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the relationship between smoking and structural damage, autoimmune antibodies, and disability in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 165 RA patients (36 males, 129 females; mean age 52.4±12.8 years; range 21 to 82 years). Disease duration, age at disease onset, smoking habits, rheumatoid factor (RF), and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide levels were recorded. Morning stiffness, pain with visual analog scale, Health Assessment Questionnaire Scores And Disease Activity Score 28 were calculated. Patients' standard hand radiographs were evaluated. RESULTS: Patients were divided into three groups according to their smoking habits. Ninety-nine patients (60%) were never smokers, 45 patients (27.3%) were long-term smokers and 21 patients (12.7%) were new smokers. Three groups were compared for disease activity. Disease activity score 28 scores were 3.2±1.2, 3.2±1.3, and 3.2±1.4, respectively (p>0.05). The erosion score (2.6±5.8, 7.1±10.9, and 11.1±19.2, respectively) and joint space narrowing score (9.9±7.3, 18.6±14.9, and 17.3±12.3, respectively) according to modified Sharp method were significantly lower in never smokers group than other groups (p<0.05). RF titrations were 55.2±58.9, 60.5±63.1, and 84.9±71.5, respectively, and levels of long-term smokers group were significantly higher than the other groups (p<0.05). Joint space narrowing score was 16.2±11.9 and 6.4±10.4 in RF (+) and RF (-) patients, respectively (p<0.05). There was no significant relationship between anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide levels and others parameters. CONCLUSION: Although smoking is known as a poor prognostic factor in RA, there was no correlation between disease activity and smoking in our study. However, less radiographic damage was found in never smokers. Smoking does not appear to correlate with RA disease activity but it may be effective in the long-term joint damage.