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UNLABELLED: The lithogenic risk profile is a graphical representation of metabolic factors and urinary saturation involved in the stone formation with their respective critical values. AIM: To determine the lithogenic risk profile in patients with urolithiasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Personal data such as anthropometric, history of diseases and family history of urolithiasis were recorded. Different compounds acting as promoters or inhibitors of crystallization were measured in serum and urine samples, and the data obtained were used to calculate urinary saturation using Equil software. RESULTS: We included 30 men and 43 women with a median age of 45 (34-54) years. Overweight and family history of urolithiasis was reported in 63 and 32% respectively. Crystallization risk was detected in 74% of participants. The most common urinary abnormalities were hypocitraturia in 48% and hypercalciuria in 40%. CONCLUSIONS: The lithogenic profile revealed urinary saturation compatible with crystallization risk in 74% of the studied patients.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/urina , Urolitíase/urina , Adulto , Cálcio/urina , Cristalização , Feminino , Humanos , Magnésio/urina , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oxalatos/urina , Paraguai , Fósforo/urina , Fatores de Risco , Sódio/urina , Ácido Úrico/urina , Urolitíase/etiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Few randomized studies have focused on the optimal management of non-intensive care unit patients with type 2 diabetes in Latin America. We compared the safety and efficacy of a basal-bolus regimen with analogues and human insulins in general medicine patients admitted to a University Hospital in Asunción, Paraguay. METHODS: In a prospective, open-label trial, we randomized 134 nonsurgical patients with blood glucose (BG) between 140 and 400 mg/dL to a basal-bolus regimen with glargine once daily and glulisine before meals (n = 66) or Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) twice daily and regular insulin before meals (n = 68). Major outcomes included differences in daily BG levels and frequency of hypoglycemic events between treatment groups. RESULTS: There were no differences in the mean daily BG (157 ± 37 mg/dL versus 158 ± 44 mg/dL; P = .90) or in the number of BG readings within target <140 mg/dL before meals (76% versus 74%) between the glargine/glulisine and NPH/regular regimens. The mean insulin dose in the glargine/glulisine group was 0.76 ± 0.3 units/kg/day (glargine, 22 ± 9 units/day; glulisine, 31 ± 12 units/day) and was not different compared with NPH/regular group (0.75 ± 0.3 units/kg/day [NPH, 28 ± 12 units/day; regular, 23 ± 9 units/day]). The overall prevalence of hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL) was similar between patients treated with NPH/regular and glargine/glulisine (38% versus 35%; P = .68), but more patients treated with human insulin had severe (<40 mg/dL) hypoglycemia (7.6% versus 25%; P = .08). There were no differences in length of hospital stay or mortality between groups. CONCLUSION: The basal-bolus regimen with insulin analogues resulted in equivalent glycemic control and frequency of hypoglycemia compared to treatment with human insulin in hospitalized patients with diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/administração & dosagem , Insulina Glargina/administração & dosagem , Insulina Regular Humana/administração & dosagem , Insulina/análogos & derivados , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Insulina/farmacologia , Insulina Glargina/farmacologia , Insulina Regular Humana/farmacologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , ParaguaiRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The incidence of cervical cancer in Paraguay is among the highest in the world, with the human papillomavirus (HPV) being a necessary factor for cervical cancer. Knowledge about HPV infection among indigenous women is limited. This cross-sectional study analyzed the frequency of HPV and other genital infections in indigenous Paraguayan women of the Department of Presidente Hayes. METHODS: This study included 181 sexually active women without cervical lesions. They belonged to the following ethnicities: Maká (n = 40); Nivaclé (n = 23); Sanapaná (n = 33); Enxet Sur (n = 51) and Toba-Qom (n = 34). The detection of HPV and other gynecological infectious microorganisms was performed by either molecular methods (for Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis), gram staining and/or culture (for Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida sp, Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae), serological methods (for Treponema pallidum, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]) or cytology (cervical inflammation). RESULTS: A high prevalence (41.4%) of women positive for at least one sexually transmitted infection (STI) was found (23.2% any-type HPV, 11.6% T pallidum, 10.5% T vaginalis, 9.9% C trachomatis and 0.6% HIV) with 12.2% having more than one STI. HPV infection was the most frequent, with 16.1% of women positive for high-risk HPV types. There was a statistically significant association observed between any-type HPV and C trachomatis (p = 0.004), which indicates that the detection of one of these agents should suggest the presence of the other. There was no association between any-type HPV and other genital infections or cervical inflammation, suggesting that other mechanism could exist to favor infection with the virus. CONCLUSION: This multidisciplinary work suggests that STIs are frequent, making it necessary to implement control measures and improve diagnosis in order to increase the number of cases detected, especially in populations with poor access to health centers.
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Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Paraguai/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Resumen El aumento de la población de adultos mayores y su mayor demanda de atención en salud en Paraguay, requiere de una evaluación multidimensional que identifique sus condiciones de riesgo o deterioro. El objetivo de esta investigación, fue evaluar el estado de salud y nutrición de una muestra de adultos mayores que acudieron a la consulta ambulatoria del Hospital Geriátrico de la Previsional, en la Asunción, Paraguay. La investigación tuvo un diseño observacional, descriptivo y de corte transverso, de 108 adultos mayores a quienes se les realizó la Valoración Geriátrica Integral (VGI) y se evaluaron parámetros nutricionales. La edad promedio fue de 71 años con predominio del sexo femenino. De acuerdo al IMC, el 64% presentó sobrepeso u obesidad. De acuerdo a la VGI, 18% presentó riesgo nutricional, 43% dependencia leve para las actividades de la vida diaria y 12% para las actividades instrumentales. El 18% mostró déficit cognitivo, el 6% depresión y el 30% riesgo social. La población se caracterizó por presentar altas frecuencias de exceso de peso e hipertensión, con una baja frecuencia de riesgo de desnutrición, las mayores limitaciones se dieron en las actividades básicas de la vida diaria y en el riesgo social. El ser mujer y el exceso de peso se asociaron significativamente con las limitaciones básicas funcionales. Este trabajo constituyó uno de los primeros en el país sobre adultos mayores ambulatorios, permitiendo configurar una línea de base de las áreas comprometidas o en riesgo de declinación y desarrollar estrategias y acciones preventivas para promover un envejecimiento saludable.
Abstract The increase in the population of older adults and their more significant demand for health care in Paraguay requires a multidimensional evaluation to identify risks or deteriorating conditions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the health and nutrition status of a sample of older adults who attended the Geriatric Hospital of the Social Security for outpatient consultation. The research had a cross-sectional descriptive observational design, which included 108 older adults who underwent the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) and whose nutritional parameters were evaluated. Their average age was 71 years, with a predominance of females. According to their BMI, 64% were overweight or obese. As for the CGA, 18% presented a nutritional risk, 43% had mild dependence on activities of daily living and 12% on instrumental activities, 18% had a cognitive deficit, 6% had depression, and 30% had social risk. The population was characterized by a high prevalence of overweight and hypertension and a low frequency of risk of malnutrition. The most significant limitations were in the basic activities of daily life and social risk. Being female and being overweight were significantly associated with basic functional limitations. This work was one of the first in the country on ambulatory older adults, allowing the establishment of a baseline for areas where health is compromised or at risk of decline and the development of preventive strategies and actions to promote healthy aging.
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INTRODUCTION: Currently, Paraguay has no data on the prevalence of soil-transmitted geohelminth infection in schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years. AIM: To determine the prevalence and intensity of infection by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms and the socio-cultural-environmental characteristics of the affected population. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study, in three semi-tropical climatic zones: continental, semi steppe and humid. A total of 1,404 schoolchildren from 20 schools in eight departments were selected from the country's three climate zones. Copro-parasitological exams were analyzed in situ with the Kato-Katz method. RESULTS: The national prevalence for geohelminthiasis was 3.73% (95% CI = 2.8-4.8). The risk factors found were consumption of well water OR: 2.88 (95% CI = 1.64-2.07), ground floor in housing OR: 2.56 (95% CI = 1.45-4.50) and lack of flushing water baths in households OR: 2.29 (95% CI = 1.23-4.28). CONCLUSION: Although the national prevalence of geohelminthiasis was low, it is recommended to promote good hygienic practices, use of footwear, and safe water consumption, as well as designing interventions with all relevant sectors to improve access to safe water and improved basic sanitation facilities.
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Ascaríase/epidemiologia , Ascaris lumbricoides/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/parasitologia , Tricuríase/epidemiologia , Trichuris/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Ascaríase/diagnóstico , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Características Culturais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Paraguai/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Tricuríase/diagnósticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the lithogenic risk index and its evolution after treatment of paraguayan lithiasic patients. METHODS: This experimental study of temporal series included 28 lithiasic patients of both sexes that attended to the Instituto de Prevision Social in 2012. Basal evaluation included metabolic study and urinary saturation indexes determined by EQUIL software. With this data, a specific treatment was selected for each patient. The follow up included a medical consultation monthly and the metabolic evaluation after 6 month. The study was approved by an ethical committee. RESULTS: Basal evaluation showed hypocitraturia, hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria in 50%, 46.4% and 14.3% of patients, whereas 42.9% showed diuresis lower than 2 L/day. Crystallization risk for calcium oxalate, sodium urate, hidroxiapatite and uric acid was observed in 1,3, 12 and 12 patients respectively. After treatment, a decrease in the frequency of hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia was observed, just like the urinary saturation risk for all types of crystals studied. Statistical analysis showed a significant variation of diuresis (p 0,0001) and uric acid urinary saturation (p 0,002) after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The lithogenic risk factors more frequently detected were hipocitraturia and hypercalciuria. Therapeutic measures achieved the decrease of saturation risk indexes for all the crystals analyzed, registering significant effects in the increase of diuresis and uric acid saturation decrease. The use of software tools for the calculation of crystallization risk is an important innovation in Paraguay.
Assuntos
Hiperoxalúria , Urolitíase , Cálcio , Oxalato de Cálcio , Feminino , Humanos , Hipercalciúria , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Ácido Úrico , Urolitíase/epidemiologia , Urolitíase/terapiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Official figures of mortality in children under five years of age in the Americas, report that infectious and parasitic diseases caused most of the deaths. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of intestinal parasites in vulnerable children, indigenous and non-indigenous, and their socio-environmental characteristics. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated 247 children under five years of age, of both sexes. Descriptive study with an analytical component, transverse cutting. Copro-parasitological examinations were carried out and semi-structured interviews to collect socio-demographic data were conducted. RESULTS: The frequency of intestinal parasitic diseases was 56.1% and 35.5% in indigenous and non-indigenous children, respectively. In both populations, the most common pathogens were Blastocystis hominis and Giardia lamblia. CONCLUSION: We found a high frequency of parasitism in indigenous children at the expense of protozoa. Non-indigenous children still present the same parasitic species found in previous studies, suggesting the need to implement more control and prevention. The poor conditions in which they live favor the development of these diseases.
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Fezes/parasitologia , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Masculino , Paraguai/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , População Rural , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of human papillomavirus (HPV) types and to assess bacterial vaginosis (BV) possible associations with cervical infections in indigenous Paraguayan women of the Department of Presidente Hayes. METHODS: This study included 181 sexually active women without cervical lesions. HPV typing was performed by polymerase chain reaction with primers PGMY 09/11 followed by reverse line hybridization. BV was diagnosed by the Nugent criteria using the results from a Gram stain smear. RESULTS: Sixteen percent of women were positive for at least one high risk HPV type (HR-HPV). The most frequent genotypes were HPV 16 (4.4%), followed by HPV 58 (3.3%), HPV 45 (3.3%), HPV 53 (2.8%) and HPV 11 (2.8%). A significant association between HR-HPV and BV was observed (p=0.01). In addition, women with BV had a higher frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis (p=0.0007), Trichomonas vaginalis (p=0.00009), Mycoplasma hominis (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A large variety of HPV genotypes was detected and showed a slightly different pattern from previous studies on urban women in Paraguay, with the predominance of HR-HPV. Furthermore, the information of co-infections involved in BV could be useful for the improvement of national prevention programs, as well as for laboratory surveillance of these genital infections.
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Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Vaginose Bacteriana/microbiologia , Adulto , Alphapapillomavirus/genética , Alphapapillomavirus/isolamento & purificação , Colo do Útero/microbiologia , Colo do Útero/virologia , Chlamydia trachomatis/isolamento & purificação , Coinfecção/complicações , Feminino , Genótipo , Papillomavirus Humano 16/genética , Papillomavirus Humano 16/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Mycoplasma hominis/isolamento & purificação , Papillomaviridae/classificação , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Paraguai/epidemiologia , Trichomonas vaginalis/isolamento & purificação , Vaginose Bacteriana/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
La urolitiasis es una enfermedad multifactorial. En los últimos años se ha observado un incremento a nivel mundial de la incidencia de la litiasis urinaria tanto en adultos como en niños. Los cambios en los hábitos alimentarios y un aumento en la prevalencia de exceso de peso podrían asociarse a este fenómeno. El objetivo del trabajo fue describir la frecuencia de alteraciones urinarias presentes en niños con urolitiasis según estado nutricional. En este trabajo observacional transversal se incluyeron 104 niños litiásicos de ambos sexos divididos en dos grupos según estado nutricional: 68 niños con peso adecuado y 36 niños con sobrepeso u obesidad considerando criterios de la OMS. Se determinaron en orina de 24 horas calcio, fósforo, sodio, ácido úrico, citrato y magnesio. Del total de pacientes participantes 54 (51.9%) fueron niñas y 50 (48,1%) fueron niños. El 65,4% de los niños presentó peso normal y el 34,6% de los niños sobrepeso u obesidad con edades medias de 10±4 años y 8±4 años respectivamente. El 80% de los niños presentó al menos una alteración urinaria, siendo las más frecuentes en ambos grupos la hipocitraturia e hiperuricosuria. Es llamativa la elevada frecuencia de alteraciones en las concentraciones de promotores e inhibidores de cristalización, en ambos grupos, indicando un riesgo aumentado de recidivas(AU)
Urolithiasis is a multifactorial disease. Recently the incidence of urolithiasis in adults and children is increasing worldwide. Changes in eating habits and an increase in the prevalence of overweight could be associated with this phenomenon. The objective was to describe the frequency of urinary alterations according to nutritional status in children with urolithiasis. This cross-sectional observational study included 104 lithiasic boys and girls divided into two groups: 68 children with normal weight and 36 children with overweight or obesity considering WHO criteria. Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, uric acid, citrate and magnesium levels were determined in 24-hour urine. The frequency of boys and girls was 51.9% and 48.1% respectively. Sixty five percent of the children presented normal weight and 34.6% of the children were overweight or obese with mean ages of 10±4 years and 8±4 years respectively. Eighty percent of the children had at least one urinary disorder, the most frequent being hypocitraturia and hyperuricosuria in both groups. The high frequency of alterations in the concentrations of urinary promoters and inhibitors of crystallization in both groups was remarkable, indicating an increased risk of recurrence(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Sobrepeso , Urolitíase , Pediatria , Estado NutricionalRESUMO
Introducción: Se ha descrito la heterogeneidad del impacto de la anemia según el área geográfica; en el sector rural se ve agravado afectando a la población más vulnerable. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del suplemento nutricional en niños anémicos menores de cinco años indígenas y no indígenas, en comunidades rurales del Departamento de Caazapá. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional transversal. Fueron estudiados una cohorte de 109 niños menores de cinco años indígenas y no indígenas cuyos padres brindaron su consentimiento informado, a quienes se les suministró sulfato ferroso según edad y peso. Resultados: Se encontró un aumento significativo de las medianas de hemoglobina, después de la intervención, de 5,0 g/L en el grupo anémico de indígenas y en los no indígenas de 6,0 g/L; el 31% de los niños indígenas y el 84% de los no indígenas dejaron de ser anémicos, post intervención. Conclusión: Ambas poblaciones de niños anémicos indígenas y no indígenas presentaron un aumento significativo de los niveles medios de hemoglobina post tratamiento con suplemento con hierro y una mayoría presentó una mejoría a un estado no anémico o del grado de la anemia.
Introduction: The heterogeneity of the impact of anemia has been described according to geographic area; in rural areas the impact is greater, affecting the most vulnerable populations. Objective: to evaluate the effect of nutritional supplementation in anemic children, both indigenous and non-indigenous, under five years of age, in rural communities in the Department of Caazapá. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional, observational study. We studied a cohort of 109 indigenous and non-indigenous children under five years of age whose parents gave their informed consent and were given ferrous sulfate based on age and weight. Results: There was a significant increase in hemoglobin medians, after the intervention, of 5.0 g / L in the anemic group of indigenous children and of 6.0 g / L in the non-indigenous children; 31% of indigenous children and 84% of non-indigenous children ceased to be anemic after the intervention. Conclusion: Both the indigenous and non-indigenous populations of anemic children showed a significant increase in their average levels of hemoglobin after iron supplementation and a majority improved to a milder degree of anemia or to a resolution of their anemia.
RESUMO
El mundo, actualmente se enfrenta a una doble carga de malnutrición que incluye la desnutrición y la alimentación excesiva. A ello se suman las parasitosis intestinales que es una enfermedad frecuente con importante morbimortalidad en la población infantil, ligadas a la pobreza y malas condiciones higiénico-sanitarias. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir el estado nutricional-hematológico y parasitológico de niños escolares de cuatro comunidades rurales de Paraguay. Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transverso en el que participaron 102 niños de ambos sexos de 5 a 12 años de edad. Se realizó medición de peso y talla, utilizando balanza calibrada, y un altímetro fijado a la pared. Toma de muestra sanguínea por punción venosa para determinación de parámetros hematológicos, procesados en contador hematológico por impedancia. Muestras de heces de una sola toma fueron recogidas en frascos apropiados con formol al 10%, utilizándose 4 métodos: directo, flotación de Willis, Graham y de concentración. En relación al estado nutricional-hematológico se encontró que el 3,9% de los niños estaba con desnutrición moderada y el 9,8% presentó riesgo de desnutrición; anemia se observó en el 38,2% de los niños. En relación a la parasitosis, el estudio diagnóstico se realizó a 94 niños y se encontró que el 72,2% estaba parasitado, siendo Blastocystis hominis el más frecuente. Tanto la frecuencia de anemia como de parasitosis es alta en esta población, sin embargo no se pudo establecer una relación entre ellas(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/sangue , Estado Nutricional , Anemia/sangue , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: Actualmente Paraguay no cuenta con estudios de prevalencia de infección por geohelmintos transmitidos por contacto con el suelo en escolares de 6 a 12 años. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia e intensidad de infección por Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura y las uncinarias y las características socio culturalesambientales de la población afectada. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, en tres zonas climáticas: semi tropical continental, semi tropical semi estépico y semi tropical húmedo. Se seleccionaron 1.404 escolares de 20 escuelas de ocho departamentos, de las tres zonas climáticas del país. Se analizaron exámenes coproparasitológicos in situ con el método Kato-Katz. Resultados: La prevalencia nacional de geohelmintiasis fue de 3,7% (IC95% = 2,8-4,8). Los factores de riesgo fueron el consumo de agua de pozo OR: 2,88 (IC95% = 1,64-2,07), piso de tierra en la vivienda OR: 2,56 (IC95% = 1,45-4,50) y falta de baño con arrastre de agua en los hogares OR: 2,29 (IC95% = 1,23-4,28). Conclusión: A pesar de que la prevalencia nacional de geohelmintiasis fue baja, se recomienda promocionar buenas prácticas higiénicas, el uso de calzado, y consumo de agua segura, así como diseñar intervenciones con los sectores pertinentes para mejorar el acceso al agua segura y a instalaciones mejoradas de saneamiento básico.
Introduction: Currently, Paraguay has no data on the prevalence of soil-transmitted geohelminth infection in schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years. Aim: To determine the prevalence and intensity of infection by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms and the socio-cultural-environmental characteristics of the affected population. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study, in three semi-tropical climatic zones: continental, semi steppe and humid. A total of 1,404 schoolchildren from 20 schools in eight departments were selected from the country's three climate zones. Copro-parasitological exams were analyzed in situ with the Kato-Katz method. Results: The national prevalence for geohelminthiasis was 3.73% (95% CI = 2.8-4.8). The risk factors found were consumption of well water OR: 2.88 (95% CI = 1.64-2.07), ground floor in housing OR: 2.56 (95% CI = 1.45-4.50) and lack of flushing water baths in households OR: 2.29 (95% CI = 1.23-4.28). Conclusion: Although the national prevalence of geohelminthiasis was low, it is recommended to promote good hygienic practices, use of footwear, and safe water consumption, as well as designing interventions with all relevant sectors to improve access to safe water and improved basic sanitation facilities.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Ascaríase/epidemiologia , Tricuríase/epidemiologia , Ascaris lumbricoides/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/parasitologia , Paraguai/epidemiologia , Ascaríase/diagnóstico , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Tricuríase/diagnóstico , Trichuris/isolamento & purificação , Prevalência , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Características CulturaisRESUMO
La formación de cálculos en el sistema urinario es característica de la urolitiasis. Cuando los cálculos son mayores de 20 mm de largo se consideran voluminosos y coraliformes cuando llenan la pelvis renal y se ramifican en uno o más cálices. Los cálculos urinarios frecuentemente pueden comprometer la integridad y funcionalidad renal. Este estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo tiene como objetivo describir la composición de cálculos voluminosos y coraliformes obtenidos de 67 pacientes que concurrieron al IICS de marzo del 2007 a abril del 2011 y cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. El análisis morfológico de los cálculos se realizó aplicando criterios mineralógicos y morfológicos descritos por Daudon et al. dando diferentes tipos morfológicos, cada uno con una composición dominante y una causa etiológica probable para la formación del cálculo. Los tipos más frecuentes en el núcleo fueron IVa1 y IIa compuestos respectivamente de carbapatita (fosfato de calcio) y Weddellita (oxalato de calcio dihidratado), mientras que Ia compuesto por Whewhellita (oxalato de calcio monohidratado) fue el tipo más frecuente en sección y superficie. En el 87% de los cálculos se detectó la presencia de 2 o más tipos morfológicos asociados, mostrando la etiología multifactorial de la urolitiasis. La cirugía abierta fue la técnica más frecuentemente empleada para remover el cálculo, 5 pacientes perdieron un riñón como consecuencia de la litiasis. Estos resultados apuntan a la importancia de la identificación correcta de la causa que genera los cálculos para seleccionar medidas apropiadas para evitar la recurrencia y las complicaciones severas.
The formation of stones in the urinary system is characteristic of urolithiasis. When thestones are bigger than 20 mm long they are considered voluminous and staghorn whenthey fill the renal pelvis and branch into one or more of the calices. Urinary stones could frequently compromise renal integrity and functionality. This descriptive and retrospective study aimed to describe the composition of voluminous and staghorn stones obtained from 67 patients who attended IICS from March, 2007 to April, 2011 and complied with the inclusion criteria. Morphological analysis of kidney stones was made by applying mineralogical and morphological criteria described previously by Daudon et al. giving different morphological types, each one with a dominant composition and a probable etiological cause of the stone formation. The more frequent types in the nucleus were IVa1 and IIa composed respectively of carbapatite (calcium phosphate) and weddellite (calciumoxalate dihidrated) while Ia composed of Whewhellite (calcium oxalate monohydrated) wasthe more frequent type in section and surface. The presence of 2 or more morphological types associated was detected in 87% of the stones, showing the multifactorial etiology of urolithiasis. Open surgery was the more frequent technique to remove the stones 5 patientslost one kidney as an outcome of lithiasis. This results point the importance of the correct identification of the cause that generates the stones to select proper measures to avoid recurrence and severe complications.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Criança , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cálculos Urinários , Urolitíase , NefrolitíaseRESUMO
The lithogenic risk profile is a graphical representation of metabolic factors and urinary saturation involved in the stone formation with their respective critical values. Aim: To determine the lithogenic risk profile in patients with urolithiasis. Material and Methods: Personal data such as anthropometric, history of diseases and family history of urolithiasis were recorded. Different compounds acting as promoters or inhibitors of crystallization were measured in serum and urine samples, and the data obtained were used to calculate urinary saturation using Equil software. Results: We included 30 men and 43 women with a median age of 45 (34-54) years. Overweight and family history of urolithiasis was reported in 63 and 32% respectively. Crystallization risk was detected in 74% of participants. The most common urinary abnormalities were hypocitraturia in 48% and hypercalciuria in 40%. Conclusions: The lithogenic profile revealed urinary saturation compatible with crystallization risk in 74% of the studied patients.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Biomarcadores/urina , Urolitíase/urina , Oxalatos/urina , Paraguai , Fósforo/urina , Sódio/urina , Ácido Úrico/urina , Cálcio/urina , Fatores de Risco , Cristalização , Urolitíase/etiologia , Magnésio/urinaRESUMO
Los menores de cinco años de edad se afectan por la falta de alimentos adecuados mucho más rápido que a edades superiores por las demandas del crecimiento. El objetivo fue evaluar la situación nutricional de niños menores de cinco años de comunidades rurales, indígenas y no indígenas. Previo consentimiento informado de los padres o tutores, fueron evaluados 226 niños menores de cinco años de ambos sexos, 117 indígenas y 109 no indígenas según indicadores antropométricos de malnutrición por defecto y por exceso. Se aplicó una encuesta para obtener información de las características sociodemográficas y hábitos alimentarios. En niños indígenas y no indígenas la prevalencia de desnutrición global fue de 2,4 % y 2,6 %, riesgo de desnutrición 22% y 5,1%, desnutrición crónica 35,9% y 12,8%, sobrepeso 28,9% y 12,9%, respectivamente. Se observó un consumo frecuente de frutas en ambas poblaciones, seguida del consumo de proteína vegetal en población indígena y de proteína animal en los no indígenas. El 69,2% de los niños indígenas y el 3,7% de los niños no indígenas vivían en la pobreza extrema. Los principales problemas nutricionales encontrados fueron la desnutrición crónica, el riesgo de desnutrición y el sobrepeso. Los niños más fuertemente afectados son los indígenas, que sobreviven en difíciles condiciones socioeconómicas.
Children under five years of age are affected by the lack of adequate food faster thanolder individuals due to growth demands. The objective was to evaluate the nutritional situation of indigenous and non-indigenous children under five years living in rural communities. After obtaining the informed consent of their parents, 226 boys and girls under five years, 117 indigenous and 109 non-indigenous children, were evaluated using nutritional indicators of malnutrition by defect and excess. A questionnaire was applied toobtain information about social-demographic characteristics and dietary habits. Inindigenous and non-indigenous children, the prevalences of global malnutrition were 2.4% and 2.6%, malnutrition risk 22% and 5.1%, chronic malnutrition 35.9% and 12.8%,overweight 28.9% and 12.9%. Frequent consumption of fruits was observed in both populations, followed by consumption of vegetable protein in indigenous population and animal protein in non-indigenous. 69.2% of indigenous children and 3.7% of non-indigenous children living in extreme poverty. The main nutritional problems found were chronic malnutrition, malnutrition risk and overweight. The most strongly affected children were theindigenous, who survive in difficult socio-economic conditions.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Desnutrição/complicações , Desnutrição/diagnóstico , Distúrbios Nutricionais , Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente , Saúde PúblicaRESUMO
La anemia es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. En Paraguay, existen datos limitados sobre la frecuencia de anemia en mujeres en edad reproductiva no gestantes. Este estudio piloto descriptivo de corte transverso tuvo como objetivo determinar la frecuencia de anemia y deficiencia de hierro, el estado nutricional, hábitos alimentarios y tóxicos en 99 mujeres no gestantes en edad reproductiva de 18 a 48 años que acudieron al Hospital Regional de Villa Hayes en Octubre del 2.014. La anemia se determinó tomando como punto de corte una concentración de hemoglobina <12 g/dL. La deficiencia de hierro se evaluó según la saturación de la transferrina. Además, se evaluó el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y los hábitos nutricionales a través de una encuesta. La frecuencia de anemia fue de 15,1% (IC95% 8,7-23,8%), de éste el 33,3% (IC95% 12,8-61,6%) correspondió a anemia ferropénica. Se observó asociación entre la presencia de anemia y los niveles disminuidos tanto del hematocrito (<38%) como del número de glóbulos rojos (<4,2x 106/uL). Todas las mujeres con anemia ferropénica tenían peso <64 kg e IMC <24,5 kg/m2. Además, se detectó una alta frecuencia de sobrepeso y obesidad (45,4%), alto consumo de grasas, y bajo consumo de legumbres, frutas y verduras. A partir de estos resultados, se sugiere mantener la vigilancia e implementar programas que incluyan a estas mujeres, tanto para evitar deficiencias nutricionales como excesos.
Anemia is a public health problem all around the world. In Paraguay, there are limiteddata on the prevalence of anemia in non-pregnant women of reproductive age. This pilotdescriptive cross-sectional study had as objective to determine the frequency of anemiaand iron deficiency, nutritional status, dietary and toxic habits in 99 non-pregnant womenof reproductive age of 18-48 years attending the Regional Hospital of Villa Hayes inOctober 2014. The anemia was established on the cutoff hemoglobin concentration of<12 g/dL. Iron deficiency was evaluated according to the transferrin saturation. Besides,the body mass index (BMI) and dietary habits were evaluated using a survey. The frequencyof anemia was 15.1% (CI95% 8.7-23.8%), of this 33.3% (CI95% 12.8-61.6%) wasiron-deficiency anemia. There was association between the cases of anemia and the decreasedlevels of hematocrit (<38%) and red blood cell count (<4.2 106 / uL). All womenwith iron deficiency anemia had a weight <64 kg and a BMI <24.5 kg /m2. In addition, a high frequency of overweight and obesity (45.4%), high consumption of fat, andlow consumption legumbres, fruits and vegetables were detected. From these results, itis suggested that it is important to maintain surveillance and implement programs includingthese women, both to avoid nutritional deficiencies and excesses.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Anemia Ferropriva/sangue , Comportamento Alimentar , Deficiências de Ferro/diagnósticoRESUMO
Background: Official figures of mortality in children under five years of age in the Americas, report that infectious and parasitic diseases caused most of the deaths. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of intestinal parasites in vulnerable children, indigenous and non-indigenous, and their socio-environmental characteristics. Patients and Methods: We evaluated 247 children under five years of age, of both sexes. Descriptive study with an analytical component, transverse cutting. Copro-parasitological examinations were carried out and semi-structured interviews to collect socio-demographic data were conducted. Results: The frequency of intestinal parasitic diseases was 56.1% and 35.5% in indigenous and non-indigenous children, respectively. In both populations, the most common pathogens were Blastocystis hominis and Giardia lamblia. Conclusion: We found a high frequency of parasitism in indigenous children at the expense of protozoa. Non-indigenous children still present the same parasitic species found in previous studies, suggesting the need to implement more control and prevention. The poor conditions in which they live favor the development of these diseases.
Introducción: Cifras oficiales de mortalidad en niños bajo 5 años de edad, en las Américas, refieren que la mayor parte de las defunciones fueron causadas por enfermedades infecciosas incluyendo las parasitarias. Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia de enteroparasitosis en población infantil vulnerable, indígenas y no indígenas, y sus características socio-ambientales. Pacientes y Métodos: Se evaluaron 247 niños bajo 5 años de edad, de ambos sexos. Estudio descriptivo con componente analítico, de corte transverso. Se realizaron exámenes copro-parasitológicos y se aplicaron encuestas semi-estructuradas para recoger datos socio-demográficos. Resultados: la frecuencia de enteroparasitosis en los niños indígenas fue de 56,1% y en los niños no indígenas de 35,5%. En ambas poblaciones los patógenos más frecuentes fueron Gardia lamblia y Blastocystis hominis. Conclusión: Encontramos una elevada frecuencia de parasitosis en la población infantil indígena, a expensas de los protozoarios. Los niños no indígenas siguen portando las mismas especies parasitarias encontradas en estudios anteriores, sugiriendo la necesidad de implementar un mayor control y prevención. Existen escasos estudios en nuestro país sobre parasitosis en edades tempranas y no se cuentan con datos en la niñez indígena. Las pobres condiciones en las que viven favorecen el desarrollo de estas enfermedades.
Assuntos
Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fezes/parasitologia , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Enteropatias Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Prevalência , Paraguai/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , População Rural , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Introducción: Las comunidades indígenas presentan un mayor riesgo de inseguridad alimentaria y malnutrición, menor disponibilidad de recursos, y una creciente dependencia de alimentos más baratos aunque con un alto grado de procesamiento. Objetivo: Identificar el estado nutricional y aspectos alimentarios en mujeres indígenas de tres comunidades del Departamento de Presidente Hayes, Chaco Paraguayo. Metodología: Estudio observacional de diseño transversal con componente analítico, que incluyó a 81 mujeres de 15 a 44 años de edad, de las etnias Maká y Toba Qom. Previo consentimiento informado, se realizó la valoración nutricional y la entrevista para obtener los datos sociodemográficos y alimentarios. Resultados: Las mujeres indígenas presentaron una frecuencia de sobrepeso de 30,8% y obesidad del 21,0%, mientras que el 1,2 % presentó desnutrición. No encontramos diferencia significativa entre las etnias, en relación al sobrepeso y obesidad, (p>0,05). Observamos que las indígenas tenían una alta ingesta de frutas, azúcares y mieles. El 87 y 88% de las mujeres indígenas de ambas etnias estudiadas refirieron no consumir lácteos y derivados y entre 65 y 69% refirieron no consumir verduras. Conclusiones: Observamos un elevado porcentaje de obesidad y sobrepeso, un bajo consumo de lácteos y verduras y un alto consumo de azúcares, relacionados posiblemente a cambios en los aspectos alimentarios y sus costumbres, influenciados por la cercanía a las zonas urbanas y el acceso a alimentos de menor precio y mayor contenido energético.
Introduction: Indigenous communities present higher risk of food insecurity and malnutrition, lower availability of resources and growing dependence on cheaper food but with high degree of processing. Objective: To identify the nutritional state and food aspects in indigenous women from three communities of Presidente Hayes Department, Paraguayan Chaco. Methodology: Cross-sectional observational study with analytical component including 81 women who were 15 to 44 years old from the Maká and Toba Qom ethnic groups. After giving their informed consent, the nutritional assessment and the interview to collect socio-demographic and food data were carried out. Results: The indigenous women presented an overweight frequency of 30.8 % and obesity of 21.0%, while malnutrition was observed in 1.2%. No significant differences were found between ethnic groups in relation to overweight and obesity (p>0.05). High ingestion of fruits, sugar and honey was observed and 87% and 88% of the indigenous women from both ethnic groups referred that they did not consume dairy products and derivatives and 65% and 69% referred that they did not consume vegetables. Conclusions: High percentages of obesity and overweight were observed. Low consumption of dairy products, its by products and vegetables and a high consumption of sugar were observed, related probably to changes in food aspects and the habits of these groups, influenced by the proximity to urban areas and the access to low prices food with high energetic content.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Estado Nutricional , Dieta , Paraguai , Mulheres , Povos IndígenasRESUMO
Mundialmente la prevalencia de dislipidemias ha crecido en la última década en niños y adultos. En nuestro país las enfermedades circulatorias son la primera causa de muerte. Se determinó la frecuencia de dislipidemia, estado nutricional y factores asociados a dislipidemia en escolares de cuatro escuelas rurales públicas. Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transverso en una población de escolares de 5 a 13 años de edad, de ambos sexos, con muestreo de casos consecutivos, realizado entre abril de 2008 a setiembre de 2009. Se determinó el estado nutricional por IMC según CDC 2000 y los niveles de colesterol y triglicéridos en sangre por métodos enzimáticos. A través de una encuesta, se consultaron los antecedentes familiares de dislipidemia, actividad física y hábitos alimentarios. El 59% de los 182 escolares incluidos en el estudio presentaron dislipidemia, 33% niveles de colesterol de riesgo moderado o alto, 41% niveles de triglicérido de riesgo moderado o alto. El 8% de los escolares mostró sobrepeso u obesidad. En cuanto a factores de riesgo asociados a dislipidemia, el 60% consumía carnes no magras al menos dos o tres veces por semana y el 56% de los niños que poseían padres con antecedentes de dislipidemia presentaban hipercolesterolemia de riesgo. La prevalencia de dislipidemia en esta población es preocupante y por ello, es necesario introducir estrategias dirigidas a mejorar los hábitos alimenticios en las instituciones educativas.
The worldwide prevalence of dislypidemiain children and adults has increased in the lastdecade.In our country, circulatory diseases are the first cause of death. The frequency ofdislypidemia, nutritional state and factors associated to dislypidemias in schoolchildren offour public rural schoolswas determined. This was a cross-sectional descriptiveobservational studywith consecutive samplingcarried out in a population of schoolboysand girlsaged5to13years oldfrom April 2008 to September 2009.The nutritional statewas determined by BMI according toCDC 2000and colesterol and triglycerides bloodlevels by enymatic methods. A survey collected family backgrounds about dislypidemia,physical activity and food habits.Fifty nine percent of the 182schoolchildren included inthe study presented dislypidemia, 33%had moderated or high risk for colesterol levelsand41%moderated or high risk for triglycerids levels while8%had overweight orobesity. In relation to risk factors associated to dislypidemia,60%ate lean meatat leasttwo to three times a week and56%of the children, who had parents with dislypidemiabackgrounds,showed risk hipercholesterolemia.The prevalence of dislypidemiafoundin this population is worrisomeshowing that it is necessary to introduce educationalstrategies aimed at improving food habits in the educational institutions.
Assuntos
Colesterol , Dislipidemias , Estado Nutricional , TriglicerídeosRESUMO
El Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud depende de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción, es un establecimiento público con laboratorios que brinda a la comunidad servicios de rutina y especializados que satisfacen requisitos de calidad; los cuales son accesibles, seguros, confiables y confidenciales. La satisfacción del usuario médico es un indicador reconocido de calidad asistencial, es por ello que el Instituto ha elaborado un estudio de opinión con el objetivo de conocer el grado de satisfacción de los profesionales médicos con respecto al Departamento de Análisis Clínicos (AC) mediante una encuesta dirigida a los mismos y mejorar si fuese necesario el servicio brindado por el laboratorio. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transverso, la selección de los médicos fue a partir de los pedidos de análisis que llegaron al Dpto. de AC durante el año 2010. Se utilizó como instrumento de medición una encuesta con 11 ítems y sugerencias, relacionadas con la satisfacción de los usuarios médicos. Los pedidos médicos solicitados fueron 68.9 % del Hospital de Clínicas y el 31.1% correspondieron a Centros de Salud del Ministerio de Salud Pública, Hospital de Policía, Hospital de las Fuerzas Armadas, entre otros. Del estudio de opinión se concluye que el grado de satisfacción de los médicos con respecto al Departamento de AC es bueno pero que es necesario insistir en aspectos de comunicación y colaboración entre los servicios clínicos y los laboratorios para que la mejora en el trabajo participativo de estos estamentos sea más fructífera.