Myocardial contractile dysfunction is associated with impaired mitochondrial function and dynamics in type 2 diabetic but not in obese patients.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and diabetes mellitus are independently associated with the development of heart failure. In this study, we determined the respective effects of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus on the intrinsic contraction and mitochondrial function of the human myocardium before the onset of cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Right atrial myocardium was obtained from 141 consecutive patients presenting no sign of cardiomyopathy. We investigated ex vivo isometric contraction, mitochondrial respiration and calcium retention capacity, and respiratory chain complex activities and oxidative stress status. Diabetes mellitus was associated with a pronounced impairment of intrinsic contraction, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased myocardial oxidative stress, regardless of weight status. In contrast, obesity was associated with less pronounced contractile dysfunction without any significant perturbation of mitochondrial function or oxidative stress status. Tested as continuous variables, glycated hemoglobin A1C, but neither body mass index nor the insulin resistance index (homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance), was independently associated with cardiac mitochondrial function. Furthermore, diabetes mellitus was associated with cardiac mitochondrial network fragmentation and significantly decreased expression of the mitochondrial fusion related protein MFN1. Myocardial MFN1 content was inversely proportional to hemoglobin A1C. CONCLUSION: Worsening of intrinsic myocardial contraction in the transition from obesity to diabetes mellitus is likely related to worsening of cardiac mitochondrial function because impaired mitochondrial function and dynamics and contractile dysfunction are observed in diabetic patients but not in "metabolically healthy" obese patients at early stage in insulin resistance.

Technique to facilitate the native valve reimplantation during the david procedure.

The reimplantation technique for valve-sparing aortic root replacement is increasingly used to treat aortic root pathology. The systematic approach described by El Khoury in 2009 and modified in 2011 using the Valsava graft is simple and reproducible. However, in-conduit suturing of the aortic valve annulus and small rim of sinus remnant to the graft sinuses is time-consuming and may lead to bleeding or distortion of the prosthetic root. We describe a simple technique to facilitate the native valve reimplantation.

To spare or not to spare ? The aortic valve in scleroderma and aortic root aneurysm.

Acute valve-sparing procedures are effective in the treatment of aortic root dilation when there is no valve pathology. In this review, we discuss the role of aortic valve-sparing procedures in the presence of connective tissue disorders such as scleroderma.

Staged procedure to prevent major adverse events in extensive aortic aneurysm repair.

Surgical management of extensive thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity, including spinal cord ischemia. We report a successful three-stage repair combining open and endovascular surgery in a patient presenting with an ascending, arch, and thoracoabdominal aneurysm. Spinal cord protective measures included a staged approach, preserved antegrade flow to the left subclavian and hypogastric arteries, absence of aortic cross-clamping, and aggressive perioperative hemodynamic monitoring.

Eversion for Stabilization: A Standardized Technique for Pulmonary Autograft Inclusion.

We have developed a new technique avoiding autograft distortion and narrowing at inclusion during Ross procedure, in order to preserve the functional anatomy and the process of adaptation.

AORTLANTIC: French registry of aortic valve-sparing root replacement, preliminary multicentre results from western France.

OBJECTIVES: Aortic root aneurysms often affect younger patients in whom valve-sparing surgery is challenging. Among current techniques, aortic valve-sparing root replacement described by Tirone David has shown encouraging results. The AORTLANTIC registry was instituted for a multicentre long-term evaluation of this procedure. The current initial study evaluates the hospital outcomes of the procedure. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of patients operated between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2020 in 6 hospitals in western France. All study data were recorded in the national digital database of the French Society of Cardiac Surgery: EPICARD. RESULTS: A total of 524 consecutive patients with a mean age of 53 (15.1) years underwent surgery. 13% (n = 68) of patients presented with acute aortic dissection, 16.5% (n = 86) had associated connective tissue pathology and 7.3% (n = 37) had bicuspid aortic valves. Preoperative aortic regurgitation (AR) ≥2/4 was present in 65.3% (n = 341) of patients. Aortic valvuloplasty was required in 18.6% (n = 95) of patients. At discharge, 92.8% (n = 461) of patients had no or 1/4 AR. The stroke rate was 1.9% (n = 10). Intra-hospital mortality was 1.9% (n = 10). CONCLUSIONS: The AORTLANTIC registry includes 6 centres in western France with >500 patients. Despite numerous complex cases (acute aortic dissections, bicuspid aortic valves, preoperative AR), aortic valve-sparing root replacement has a low intra-hospital mortality. The initial encouraging results of this multicentre study warrant further long-term evaluation by future studies.

Reconstruction of the aortic valve leaflet with autologous pulmonary artery wall.

Leaflet reconstruction outcomes in young patients can be compromised by treated autologous pericardium utilization. We present a new and simple unicuspid/unicommissural aortic valve repair technique with an autologous pulmonary artery wall graft. With comparative and longitudinal follow-up studies, this technique could constitute a living reconstruction of the aortic valve that does not preclude a future Ross procedure.

Long-term evolution of stents implanted in branch pulmonary arteries.

BACKGROUND: Branch pulmonary artery stenosis complicates the management of congenital heart diseases. Surgical branch pulmonary artery angioplasty is associated with a high reintervention rate. As an alternative, percutaneous or intraoperative branch pulmonary artery stents have been implanted to improve efficiency, but long-term evaluations are limited. AIM: To describe the long-term evolution of branch pulmonary artery stents. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at Tours University Hospital. All stents implanted by surgery or catheterization in branch pulmonary arteries with a minimum follow-up of 12 months and at least one catheterization control were included. The primary endpoint combined cardiovascular mortality, surgical or percutaneous reintervention for stent complication or new stent implantation. RESULTS: Between 2007 and 2017, 76 stents in 51 patients were included (62 stents implanted by surgery, 14 by catheterization). At implantation, the patients' mean age and weight were 4.7years (interquartile range 4.2years) and 17.3kg (interquartile range 11.0kg), respectively. Mean branch pulmonary artery minimum diameter was 4.1±2.1mm (mean Z-score-4.9±2.9), and mean initial stent diameter was 9.1±3.1mm. During a follow-up of 5.3years (range 0-11.2 years), freedom from primary endpoint was 86.8% (95% confidence interval 79.6-94.8%) at 1 year, 71.5% (95% confidence interval 61.9-82.7%) at 5years and 69.6% (95% confidence interval 59.6-81.2%) at 10 years. We did not identify any factors associated with major adverse cardiovascular events. Among stents without major adverse cardiovascular events, the mean branch pulmonary artery diameter Z-score at last evaluation had increased by +4.8±3.2 compared with the initial diameter (P<0.001). After stent implantation, a median of 2 re-expansions were performed for each stent (range 0-7). CONCLUSIONS: Stent implantation should offer a good long-term solution for branch pulmonary artery stenosis, although iterative re-expansions are required.

Immediate and midterm results of balloon angioplasty for recurrent aortic coarctation in children aged<1 year.

BACKGROUND: Several publications have considered results of percutaneous angioplasty for aortic recoarctation, but none focused on procedures performed in children aged<1 year. AIMS: To describe the immediate and midterm results of balloon angioplasty for recoarctation before the age of 1 year, and to define the factors that might influence outcome. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data from 20 consecutive children undergoing percutaneous dilatation for aortic recoarctation before the age of 1 year in the University Hospitals of Tours and Nantes. RESULTS: In all patients except one, dilatation improved the median recoarctation diameter Z-score from -5.5 (range -10.6 to -2.5) to -2.8 (range -4.3 to 0.7) (P<0.001), and reduced the median peak systolic gradient from 33mmHg (range 20 to 60mmHg) to 21mmHg (range 6 to 50mmHg) (P<0.001). There was no procedure-induced mortality and no acute intimal flap or long-term aneurysm. Three patients experienced a transient femoral artery thrombosis, one of whom had a transient ischemic stroke. Eight children (40%) needed reintervention for further recoarctation (new surgery [n=4] or new dilatation [n=4]). A smaller balloon size was significantly associated with the risk of reintervention: balloon to recoarctation diameter ratio 2.0 (range 1.3 to 3.3) vs. 2.7 (range 2.1 to 4.5) (P=0.05); balloon to descending aorta ratio 0.8 (range 0.7 to 1.2) vs. 1.0 (range 0.9 to 1.3) (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, percutaneous balloon angioplasty for recoarctation in young infants aged<1 year improved aortic isthmus diameter with a low incidence of adverse event. However, the rate of further intervention is high, and is associated with a smaller balloon size.

Bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement in patients aged 65 years or younger: long-term outcomes with the Carpentier-Edwards PERIMOUNT pericardial valve.

OBJECTIVES: Mitral valve replacement using a bioprosthesis remains controversial in young patients because data on long-term outcomes are missing. This study evaluated the long-term results of the PERIMOUNT pericardial mitral bioprosthesis in patients aged 65 years or younger. METHODS: From 1984 to 2010, 148 Carpentier-Edwards PERIMOUNT mitral bioprostheses were implanted in 148 patients aged 65 years or younger. Baseline clinical, perioperative and follow-up data were recorded prospectively. Structural valve deterioration (SVD) was defined by strict echocardiographic assessment. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 8.6 ± 5.5 years, for a total of 1269 valve-years. Operative mortality rate was 2.0%. Fifty-one late deaths occurred (linearized rate 4.0% per valve-year). Actuarial survival rates averaged 70 ± 4%, 53 ± 6% and 31 ± 7% after 10, 15 and 20 years of follow-up, respectively. Actuarial freedom from SVD at 10, 15 and 20 years was 78 ± 5%, 47 ± 7% and 19 ± 7%, respectively. Reoperation was associated with no operative mortality. Actuarial freedom from reoperation due to SVD at 10, 15 and 20 years was 82 ± 4%, 50 ± 6% and 25 ± 8%, respectively. Competing risk analysis demonstrated an actual risk of explantation secondary to SVD at 20 years of 44 ± 5%. Expected valve durability was 14.2 years for this age group. CONCLUSIONS: In the selected patients aged 65 years or younger undergoing mitral valve replacement with a pericardial bioprosthesis, the expected valve durability was 14.2 years. Reoperation for SVD was associated with a low risk of mortality.

Intraoperative Stenting of Pulmonary Artery Stenosis in Children With Congenital Heart Disease.

BACKGROUND: Branch pulmonary artery (BPA) stenosis is frequently associated with congenital heart disease. Management of BPA stenosis is challenging for surgeons due to a high rate of recurrence. The purpose of this study was to assess the results of intraoperative pulmonary artery stenting associated with or without surgical angioplasty. METHODS: We included 33 children from our center between January 2008 and July 2014. Patients had pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (13), tetralogy of Fallot (10), troncus arteriosus (4), double outlet right ventricle (2), and single left or right ventricle (4). A total of 44 balloon-expandable stents (mean diameter, 9.5 mm; range, 4 to 16 mm) were deployed in left or right PA under direct visualization, without the use of fluoroscopy, after branch angioplasty for 28 of them (64%). The mean age at surgery was 4.3 ± 4.3 years (range, 6 days to 15 years) and the mean weight was 14.3 ± 11.9 kg (range, 2.8 to 63 kg). RESULTS: Postoperative mortality was 9% (3 patients), but only 1 death was related to the stenting procedure. Twenty-five patients underwent angiographic control after a mean follow-up of 22 months after surgery. All stents were well positioned. The mean stented BPA Z-score increased from -2.6 ± 1.8 to -0.4 ± 1.6 (p < 0.0001). Eleven patients experienced intrastent proliferation (44%). Among them, 2 patients required a reoperation for severe intrastent stenosis, whereas the 9 others had mild intrastent neointimal proliferation, which was successfully managed by balloon expansion. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative stenting of BPA is a safe and effective option to treat BPA stenosis and prevent recurrence.

Is Seprafilm valuable in infant cardiac redo procedures?

BACKGROUND: Morbidity and mortality are higher for cardiac reoperations than first operation due to the presence of post-operative adhesions. We retrospectively evaluated the efficacy of the bioresorbable membrane Seprafilm to prevent pericardial adhesions after cardiac surgery in a paediatric congenital heart disease population. METHODS: Seventy-one children undergoing reoperations with sternotomy redo and cardiopulmonary bypass for congenital malformations were included. Twenty-nine of these patients were reoperated after previous application of Seprafilm (treatment group). The duration of dissection, aortic cross clamping and total surgery were recorded. A tenacity score was established for each intervention from the surgeon's description in the operating report. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis, the duration of dissection and the tenacity score were lower in the treatment than control group (p < 0.01), independent of age and interval since preceding surgery. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that Seprafilm is effective in reducing the post-operative adhesions associated with infant cardiac surgery. We recommend the use of Seprafilm in paediatric cardiac surgery when staged surgical interventions are necessary.

Human comparative experimental study of surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation by epicardial techniques.

BACKGROUND: To set up an experimental model of cadaveric heart in order to evaluate and compare histologic transmurality of lesions immediately caused by different energy sources of anti-arrhythmic epicardial devices. METHODS: Procedures were performed on a cadaveric human heart in orthotopic position with an ischemic time of 48 h at 37° and supported through the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Three anti-arrhythmic epicardial devices were studied: the bipolar forceps Cardioblate BP (Medtronic) for the radiofrequency, the Epicor Ultracinch LP Ablation device (St. Jude) for ultrasound and the Cardioblate CryoFlex (Medtronic) device for cryoablation. Histological features of lesions made at the pulmonary venous confluence assessed the effectiveness of different energy sources. RESULTS: Over 45 experimentations performed, only 28 were considered correct and retained for histological analysis. Three distinct groups were studied according to the type of procedure performed: group 1 (Radiofrequency, n = 12), group 2 (ultrasound, n = 4), group 3 (cryoablation, n = 10) and controls (n = 2). All analysed samples showed histological changes with a success rates of transmurality of 33% for radiofrequency, 25% for ultrasound and 90% for cryotherapy (p <0.001). The average length of transmurality, when it was reached and the proportion of transmurality over the total length of the lesion were respectively 12 ± 6 mm and 37 ± 18% for group 1, 10 mm and 33% for group 2 and 11.1 ± 1.1 mm and 35 ± 5% for group 3. CONCLUSION: Immediate detectable histological transmural lesions after epicardial procedure are discontinuous whatever the kind of energy source tested in this work and it strongly encourages the repetition of radiofrequency procedures. Nevertheless, our experimental model seems inadequate to assess ultrasound energy efficacy.