Morpometric and molecular characterization of Surguli goat through CO1 gene in district Kohat.

The present study was designed with the aim to study morphometric characterization as well as phylogeny and diversity of the local Surguli goat at their breeding tract district Kohat through mitochondrial DNA region, i.e., Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit One (CO1) gene. Morphometric data and blood samples were collected from thirty (30) pure goats. Morphometric analysis showed that sex had significant effect (p < 0.05) on body weight, body length, hearth girth and horn length while no significant effect (p > 0.05) was observed for other characteristics. The results also indicated that age had significant effect (p < 0.05) on height at rump, ear length, horn length and tail length while no significant effect (p > 0.05) was observed for other characteristics. The phylogenetic analysis through CO1 nucleotide sequences within nucleotide range 1-767 showed nine polymorphic sites segregating into eight haplotypes. The mean intraspecific diversity and mean interspecific diversity were calculated as 0.23 and 2.36%, respectively. Phylogenetic tree revealed that Capra Ibex and native Surguli goat have common ancestors. The morphometric and molecular results obtained from the present study can be exploited as a selection tool for breeding and overall improvement.

Microscopic Focus on the Thyroid Follicles of the One-Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius).

The microstructure of the thyroid gland of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) was described using morphometric, histological, immunohistochemical staining, and ultrastructural standard techniques. The follicular secretory units of the thyroid glands displayed comparable and variable sizes where the large follicles were situated at the peripheral margins; however, the small ones were located in the central region. Semisquamous epithelium (low cuboidal) lined the large thyroid follicles, while high cuboidal (columnar) epithelium lined the small ones. Our electron microscopic findings revealed that the low-sized cuboidal follicular cells lack organelles and are hypoactive. The high cuboidal follicular cells are active cells and rich in cellular organelles such as cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, colloid droplets, scrolled Golgi apparatus, and secretory vesicles. A few degenerate follicular cells appeared on rare occasions. The parafollicular cells appeared with a more prominent and conspicuous nucleus than the follicular cells. The follicular cells were classified as active, inactive, or degenerated using transmission electron microscopy. The follicular and parafollicular cells showed calcitonin-positive immunoreactivity. Overall, the presented results showed particular convergences of the morphostructural aspects of the thyroid gland of C. dromedarius to that of other mammals with some distinctive features to cope with their physiology and harsh niche.

Profiling and functional analysis of circular RNAs in yaks intramuscular fat.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a new class of endogenous RNA regulating gene expression. However, the regulatory mechanisms of lipid metabolism in yaks involved in circRNAs remain poorly understood. The IMF plays a crucial role in the quality of yak meat, to greatly improve the meat quality. In this study, the fatty acid profiles of yak IMF were determined and circRNAs were sequenced. The results showed that the total of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of adult yak muscle was significantly higher than that in yak calves (p < 0.05). A total of 29,021 circRNAs were identified in IMF tissue, notably, 99 differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs were identified, to be associated with fat deposition, the most significant of which were circ_12686, circ_6918, circ_3582, ci_106 and ci_123 (A circRNA composed of exons is labelled 'circRNA' and a circRNA composed of introns is labelled 'ciRNA'). KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the differential circRNAs were enriched in four pathways associated with fat deposition (e.g., the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signalling, fatty acid degradation, sphingolipid metabolism and sphingolipid signalling pathways). We also constructed co-expression networks of DE circRNA-miRNA using high-throughput sequencing in IMF deposition, from which revealed that ci_106 target binding of bta-miR-130b, bta-miR-148a, bta-miR-15a, bta-miR-34a, bta-miR-130a, bta-miR-17-5p and ci_123 target binding of bta-miR-150 were involved in adipogenesis. The study revealed the role of the circRNAs in the IMF deposition in yak and its influence on meat quality the findings demonstrated the circRNA differences in the development of IMF with the increase of age, thus providing a theoretical basis for further research on the molecular mechanism of IMF deposition in yaks.

Unveiling Cellular Diversity in the Buffalo Corneal Stroma: Insights into Telocytes and Keratocytes Using Light Microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope, and Immunofluorescence Analysis.

Telocytes and keratocytes are important cells that maintain the structure and function of the cornea. The buffalo cornea, known for its resilience in harsh conditions, has not been extensively studied regarding the presence and role of telocytes and keratocytes. We used light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and immunofluorescence assays with platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα), CD34, and Vimentin markers to investigate their expression and localization in the cornea. TEM analysis confirmed the presence of spindle-shaped keratocytes with intercellular connections, while telocytes exhibited small spindle-shaped bodies with long, thin branches connecting to corneal keratocytes. Immunofluorescence findings showed that CD34 was more abundant near the endothelium, Vimentin was prominently expressed near the epithelium, and PDGFRα was uniformly distributed throughout the corneal stroma. Co-expression of CD34 and Vimentin, PDGFRα and Vimentin, as well as CD34 and PDGFRα, was observed in keratocytes and telocytes within the stroma, indicating the potential presence of mesenchymal cells. These results suggest the involvement of telocytes and keratocytes in corneal wound healing, transparency maintenance, and homeostasis. The co-expression of these markers highlights the critical role of telocytes and keratocytes in regulating corneal physiological functions, further enhancing our understanding of corneal biology in the buffalo model.

Histo-morphological Characterization of the Tongue and Oropharyngeal Cavity of the Shining Sunbird (Cinnyris habessinicus).

Sunbirds, as specialized nectarivores, have developed multiple lingual and oropharyngeal peculiarities imposed by this dietary specialization that particularly extract floral nectar. We have described the functional morphology of the tongues and palates of the shining sunbird, Cinnyris habessinicus, using gross anatomical, histological, and scanning electron microscopic methods. The tongue was bifurcated with fringed lamella and extended posteriorly, forming a broad trough at the lingual body and terminating in two fleshy, alae linguae. The lingual apex and body are nonpapillate and nonglandular, and its root had a muscular pad followed by a conspicuous laryngeal mound bordered by three prominent rows of conical papillae. The lingual root had clusters of mucoid glands with rich acidic mucins, and the laryngeal region had complex papillary distribution at the back margins. Both the lingual body and root had well-developed skeletal elements, musculature, and connective tissues. Furthermore, the palate was membranous and made up of four main ridges with a central choanal slit guarded by choanal papillae. Overall, the presented results showed structural and anatomical features that are the results of the nectarivory dietary niche.

Molecular epidemiology of virulent E. coli among rural small scale dairy herds and shops: Efficacy of selected marine algal extracts and disinfectants.

Virulent pathotypes of E. coli seriously affect the livestock regarding the misuse of antibiotics. All 180 samples collected from cow's environment and dairy shops in Qena, Egypt were serologically and molecularly positive for coliforms. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) pathotypes were isolated from water and milk-related samples. STEC serogroups O26, O55, O111, O113, O145 were also recovered. The non-O157 STEC serotypes were recovered from human diarrheagenic patients contacting cattle or consuming contaminated water/milk products. BlaCTX-M and blaTEM genes were detected in 25.5% and 100%, respectively. Disinfectants and algal extracts, identified by GC-MS, were evaluated in vitro for antibacterial activities. TH4+® disinfectant and methanol extract of Turbinaria decurrens reduced E. coli at 13 log10 at 1.5% and 3 mg/ml concentrations, respectively. Ag-NPs/T. decurrens showed 8-9 log10 reduction at concentration of 1.6 × 105 NPs/ml. Examined water sources, milk and milk products were potential reservoirs for virulent antibiotic-resistant E.coli which may impose animal and public health threats.Abbreviations: APEC: Avian pathogenic E. coli; blaCTX-M: ß-lactamase inhibitors-Cefotaximase gene; blaTEM: ß-lactamase inhibitors-Temoneira gene; CFU: Colony-forming unit; DAEC: Diffusely adherent E. coli; DEC: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli; DEMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; eaeA: Intimin or E. coli attaching gene; EAEC: Enteroaggregative E. coli; EHEC: Enterohemorrhagic E. coli; EIEC: Enteroinvasive E. coli; EOSQC: Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality Control; EPEC: Enteropathogenic E. coli; ETEC: Enterotoxigenic E. coli; ExPEC: Extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli; GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique; hly: Hemolysin gene; STEC: Shiga like producing E. coli; stx1: Shiga-toxin 1 gene; ESBLs: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.

Biological Aspects of the Tongue and Oropharyngeal Cavity of the Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto, Columbiformes, Columbidae): Anatomical, Histochemical, and Ultrastructure Study.

We characterized the morphological and anatomical adaptations of the lingual microstructures of the Eurasian collared dove and discussed their implications for its dietary niche. We analyzed tongues of nine S. decaocto using histological, histochemical, stereomicroscopic, and scanning electron microscopic techniques. Our findings showed that the tongue is relatively short with a tapered apex that carries a terminal lingual nail. However, the lingual body has median scales and is bordered laterally by filiform papillae. Further, the tongue body bears a distinctive papillary crest. The tongue root is nonpapillate and infiltered with orifices of the posterior salivary glands. The bulky laryngeal mound has a circular glottic fissure, carrying a single row of papillae at the rear edge. Concurrently, our histological and histochemical findings demonstrate that the tongue has taste buds, anterior and posterior salivary glands, along with an elongated entoglossum that extends from lingual apex to root. Besides, ovoid and globular mucous glands displayed intense alcianophilic reactions. More substantially, the palate is made up of three palatine ridges with a caudal choanal cleft that was bounded by two rows of palatine papillae. Our data indicate multiple and novel structural variations for the lingual and palatal sculptures coopted for their feeding style.

Structural and Functional Characterization of the Tongue and Digestive Tract of Psammophis sibilans (Squamata, Lamprophiidae): Adaptive Strategies for Foraging and Feeding Behaviors.

We describe the morphological adaptations of the tongue and gastrointestinal tract of the striped sand snake Psammophis sibilans and discuss their functional importance. Using standard histological, histochemical, and scanning electron microscopy techniques, we analyzed 11 adult snakes of both sexes. Our findings showed that the bifurcated non-papillate tongue exhibited chemoreceptive adaptions to squamate foraging behavior. The lingual apex tapered terminally with sensory spines, and the body of the tongue possesses a characteristic central odor-receptor chamber that might serve to trap and retain scent molecules. Furthermore, the intrinsic musculature showed interwoven and well-developed transverse, vertical and longitudinal muscle fibers that control contraction and retraction during probing and flicking. The esophagus displayed highly folded mucosa lined with columnar epithelium with goblet cells. In contrast, the stomach mucosa formed finger-like gastric rugae, encompassing tubular glands with dorsal gastric pits. The intestine is distinct from other vertebrates in lacking the crypts of Lieberkühn in the tunica mucosa and submucosa. The intestine mucosa is mostly arranged in interdigitating villi oriented perpendicular to the luminal surface. We extrapolated subtle variations for both acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins localization as well as collagen fibers using histochemical analyses. The elaborate histo-morphological and functional adaptation of the tongue and digestive tract plays a pivotal role in foraging and feeding behavior.

Cellular patterning and cyto-architectural organization of the skin of electric catfish (Malapterurus electricus, Siluriformes) with a particular emphasis on its ampullary electroreceptor.

The functional morphology of the skin of Malapteruridae is presumably evolved to cope with a diversified range of ambient physiological, environmental, and behavioral conditions. Herein, we firstly characterized the microstructures and intriguing patterning of the skin of twelve adult electric catfish (Malapterurus electricus, Malapteruridae) using histological, histochemical, immunofluorescent, and ELISA standard methodology. The skin comprises three sequentially-oriented layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis with a significantly increased thickness of the former. The epidermis contains four types of cells: the surface epithelial cells, mucous cells, granular cells, and club cells. We defined distinctive ampullary electroreceptors in the outer epidermis that possess flask-shaped sensory crypt containing electroreceptor cells together with vertical collagen rods. Dermis and hypodermis are composed of connective tissue; however, the former is much more coarse and dense with comparable reactivity for Masson-Goldner trichrome (MT). Placing our data in the context of the limited body of previous work, we showed subtle changes in the expression of mucin subunits together with cytoskeletal fractions of collagens, myosin, F-actin, keratins, and tubulins. Taken as a whole, our results convincingly showed that the skin of M. electricus shares some structural similarities to other Siluriformes, however, it has some functional modifications that are implicated in protection, defense, and foraging behavior.

Implications of Temperature and Prey Density on Predatory Mite Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Functional Responses.

Amblyseius swirskii are predaceous mites that feed on phytophagous mites, pollens, and plant exudates and are known as one of the most potent biological pest management agents. Tetranychus urticae is a global mite that is difficult to manage because of its high population growth rates, necessitating alternative management measures like biological control. Regarding the functional response, the effects of temperature and prey density are some of the essential behaviors of natural enemies. This study investigates the effect of varying temperatures and prey densities on A. swirskii, a biological control agent for T. urticae. The present results demonstrated the change in the functional response estimates when A. swirskii was reared at various temperatures and different prey densities. The results of the estimates regarding the searching efficiency (a') showed the highest value (a' = 0.919) at 26 °C and the lowest value (a' = 0.751) at 14 °C. The handling time per prey item (Th) for the predatory mites changed with the temperature and prey density, showing the shortest handling time at 26 °C (Th = 0.005) and the highest value at 14 °C (Th = 0.015). The functional response curves matched the type II functional response model, demonstrating the inverse dependence of temperatures and prey density with a positive quadratic coefficient. The predation curves for A. swirskii showed a significant difference between the mean numbers of T. urticae consumed at various prey densities and temperatures, illustrating a relationship between A. swirskii and T. urticae. Therefore, the results of this research may be utilized to forecast the behavior of A. swirskii and its usefulness in controlling T. urticae populations.

A novel immunofluorescence study of Lingual Salivary Glands in the Egyptian Tortoise (Testudo kleinmanni) and its ecological significance.

The Egyptian tortoise (Testudo kleinmanni) is remarkably adapted to its harsh desert environment, a characteristic that is crucial for its survival under extreme conditions. This study was aimed at providing a deeper understanding of the lingual salivary gland structures in the Egyptian tortoise and examining how these structures help the tortoise manage hydration and nutrition in arid conditions. Utilizing a combination of light microscopy and immunofluorescence, this research introduced pioneering methods involving seven different antibodies, marking a first in the study of reptilian salivary glands. Our investigations categorized the tortoise's salivary glands into papillary and non-papillary types. The papillary glands were further classified into superficial, deep, interpapillary, and intraepithelial salivary glands, while non-papillary glands included superficial and deep lingual types. Structurally, these glands are organized into lobules, delineated by interlobular septa, and are equipped with a duct system comprising interlobular, intercalated, and main excretory ducts with gland openings on the tongue's surface and the papillae surfaces. Notably, the superficial glands displayed both tubuloalveolar and acinar configurations, whereas the deep lingual glands were exclusively acinar. Immunofluorescence results indicated that α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was prevalent in myoepithelial cells, myofibroblasts, and blood vessels, suggesting their integral role in glandular function and support. E-cadherin was predominantly found in epithelial cells, enhancing cell adhesion and integrity, which are critical for efficient saliva secretion. Importantly, Mucin 1 (MUC1) and Mucin 5B (MUC5B) staining revealed that most glands were mucous in nature, with MUC5B specifically marking mucin within secretory cells, confirming their primary function in mucous secretion. PDGFRα and CD34 highlighted the presence of telocytes and stromal cells within the glandular and interlobular septa, indicating a role in structural organization and possibly in regenerative processes. Cytokeratin 14 expression was noted in the basal cells of the glands, underscoring its role in upholding the structural foundation of the epithelial barrier. In conclusion, this detailed morphological and immunological characterization of the Egyptian tortoise's salivary glands provides new insights into their complex structure and essential functions. These findings not only enhance our understanding of reptilian physiology but also underline the critical nature of salivary glands in supporting life in arid environments. This study's innovative use of a broad range of immunofluorescence markers opens new avenues for further research into the adaptive mechanisms of reptiles.

Light and scanning electron microscopy of the eye of Siganus luridus (Rüppell, 1828).

Introduction: The morphological characteristics of eyes in fishes are highly diverse and have evolved to meet the specific visual requirements as per their habitats. These morphological features of eyes are important for researchers and ecologists. The dusky spinefoot (Siganus luridus) is a tropical teleost fish with a laterally flattened body which lives in the Mediterranean Sea. Currently, there are no histological data relating to the Siganus luridus eye. Methods: In this study, the morphology of the Siganus luridus eye was examined to enhance our understanding of its structure and its relationship to fish ecology. Detailed gross and microscopic features were recorded using light and scanning microscopy. Results: The key observations describe the main structural features of the eye of Siganus luridus, specifically, the diameter of the orbit, architecture of three tunics of eye and detailed lens description. The choroid was divided into four layers, and had a rete mirabile, consisting of numerous small blood vessels in the choroidal gland. The tapetum lucidum was observed, which is interesting since Siganus luridus is herbivore and herbivores typically lack a tapetum lucidum. Discussion: These observations shed new light on the intricate eye structure of Siganus luridus and provide valuable insights into its visual abilities and adaptations to the aquatic environment and feeding behavior.

Macro- and micro-morphological comparison of the detailed structure of the oral cavity roof in two different feeding habits marine fishes: Pagrus pagrus and Boops boops.

The feeding habits and habitats of fish influence the morphology of the oral cavity. This study used gross anatomy, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, in addition to morphometric analysis, to investigate the anatomical characteristics of the oral cavity roof in Pagrus pagrus and Boops boops, which have different dietary habits. The oral cavity roof appeared U-shaped and divided into the palate and upper pharyngeal regions. The upper lip of P. pagrus was broad, while B. boops' upper lip was small and thin. Both species had a stratified squamous epithelium with an irregular shape and a folded surface. P. pagrus had a horseshoe-shaped upper velum with a high middle part, and its surface resembled sea waves with obvious mucous-secreting openings with cilia and many folds and grooves between them. B. boops's upper velum was thin and appeared as a triangle pouch with a pointed cranial apex. The palate in both species was narrow in the front and increased in width backward until it ended. The upper pharyngeal teeth in P. pagrus appeared as two patches, separated by a median longitudinal ridge and an anterior V-shape separator. Meanwhile, in B. boops, they appeared as a ball patch on both sides and a separator ridge in the middle. Because P. pagrus fed on harder structures than B. boops, their feeding habits were reflected in the structure of the oral cavity roof. P. pagrus, a carnivorous species, had several rows of sharp upper jaw and upper pharyngeal teeth, thick spinous tubercles on oblique transverse ridges, and massive mucous glands. On the other hand, B. boops, an omnivorous species, had only one row of upper jaw teeth, a few upper pharyngeal teeth scattered on two oval patches, and thin filaments on the oblique transverse ridges.

A new insight for investigating the prenatal and postnatal ossification centers of pelvic and femur bones in white New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) using 3D CT, double stain technique, and morphometry.

BACKGROUND: The ossification centers in rabbit limbs are related to fetal age and bone maturation. OBJECTIVE: To address the limited studies on ossification in the hind limbs of New Zealand rabbits, we investigated the prenatal and postnatal development of the pelvic and femur bones. METHODS: Double staining with Alcian Blue and Alizarin Red, computed tomography (CT), and 3D reconstruction were employed to visualize and analyze ossification centers in detail. RESULTS: Using double staining, we observed these patterns: At prenatal days 18 and 21, ossification centers appeared in the ilium. By prenatal days 23 and 25, ossification began in the ischium. On postnatal day 1, ilium ossification centers spread across most of the ilium wings, except for the iliac crest, and new centers appeared in the pubis and cotyloid bones. Most bones had ossified by the third week and one month postnatal, except for the iliac crest and ischial tuberosity. At 1.5 months, both were fully ossified. On day 18 post coitum, an ossification center was visible in the middle of the femur shaft. By day 28 post coitum, ossification extended through the shaft, and postnatally, new ossification spots appeared at the extremities by day one and week one. By the third week, complete ossification of the femur head, lesser trochanter, third trochanter, medial condyle, and lateral condyle was observed. At 1.5 months, the entire proximal extremity was ossified. CONCLUSION: 3D CT provided clear imaging of ossification progression in the pelvic and femur bones. This study enhances our understanding of vertebrate skeletal development.

Defects oriented hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2 and MnTiO2 nanoparticles as photocatalysts for wastewater treatment and antibacterial applications.

Pure and manganese-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (MnTiO2-NPs) were synthesized by the defect-oriented hydrothermal approach. The synthesized material was then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The agar well diffusion method assessed the antibacterial efficiency of TiO2 and MnTiO2-NPs against E. coli and S. aureus. Zone of inhibition (ZOI) formed by pure TiO2 was observed as 12 mm and 11.5 mm against E. coli and S. aureus, while for MnTiO2-NPs it was observed as 19 mm (E. coli) and 21 mm (S. aureus). The concentration of synthesized nanoparticles (10 mg/ml, and 20 mg/ml) was used for antibacterial studies. The efficacy of the pure and MnTiO2-NPs as an active photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye was also assessed using a UV light. It was observed that the photodegradation efficiency of 1 g of MnTiO2-NPs was higher than the same amount of pure TiO2. The results suggest that the photocatalyst concentration directly impacts the photodegradation of MB dye. The pH value was found to influence the photodegradation of MB dye at higher pH values. Based on the obtained results, MnTiO2-NPs were observed as a promising agent for microbial resistance and water remediation.

Bioinformatics Analysis of miR-181a and Its Role in Adipogenesis, Obesity, and Lipid Metabolism Through Review of Literature.

The miRNAs regulate various biological processes in the mammalian body system. The role of miR-181a in the development, progression, and expansion of cancers is well-documented. However, the role of miR-181a in adipogenesis; lipid metabolism; obesity; and obesity-related issues such as diabetes mellitus needs to be explored. Therefore, in the present study, the literature was searched and bioinformatics tools were applied to explore the role of miR-181a in adipogenesis. The list of adipogenic and lipogenic target genes validated through different publications were extracted and compiled. The network and functional analysis of these target genes was performed through in-silico analysis. The mature sequence of miR-181a of different species were extracted from and were found highly conserved among the curated species. Additionally, we also used various bioinformatics tools such as target gene extraction from Targetscan, miRWalk, and miRDB, and the list of the target genes from these different databases was compared, and common target genes were predicted. These common target genes were further subjected to the enrichment score and KEGG pathways analysis. The enrichment score of the vital KEGG pathways of the target genes is the key regulator of adipogenesis, lipogenesis, obesity, and obesity-related syndromes in adipose tissues. Therefore, the information presented in the current review will explore the regulatory roles of miR-181a in fat tissues and its associated functions and manifestations.

Antibiofilm Potential of Coelomic Fluid and Paste of Earthworm Pheretima posthuma (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) against Pathogenic Bacteria.

Antibiotic drug resistance is a global public health issue that demands new and novel therapeutic molecules. To develop new agents, animal secretions or products are used as an alternative agent to overcome this problem. In this study, earthworm (Pheretima posthuma) coelomic fluid (PCF), and body paste (PBP) were used to analyze their effects as antibiofilm agents against four bacterial isolates MH1 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa MT448672), MH2 (Escherichia coli MT448673), MH3 (Staphylococcus aureus MT448675), and MH4 (Klebsiella pneumoniae MT448676). Coelomic fluid extraction and body paste formation were followed by minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), biofilm formation time kinetics, and an antibiofilm assay, using heat and cold shock, sunlight exposure auto-digestion, and test tube methods. The results showed that the MIC values of PCF and PBP against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and E. coli bacterial isolates ranged from 50 to 100 µg/mL, while, the results related to biofilm formation for P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and K. pneumoniae strains were observed to be highly significantly increased (p < 0.005) after 72 h. E. coli produced a significant (p < 0.004) amount of biofilm after 48 h. Following time kinetics, the antibiofilm activity of PCF and PBP was tested at different concentrations (i.e., 25-200 µg/mL) against the aforementioned four strains (MH1-MH4). The findings of this study revealed that both PBP (5.61 ± 1.0%) and PCF (5.23 ± 1.5%) at the lowest concentration (25 µg/mL) showed non-significant (p > 0.05) antibiofilm activity against all the selected strains (MH1-MH4). At 50 µg/mL concentration, both PCF and PBP showed significant (p < 0.05) biofilm inhibition (<40%) for all isolates. Further, the biofilm inhibitory potential was also found to be more significant (p < 0.01) at 100 µg/mL of PCF and PBP, while it showed highly significant (p < 0.001) biofilm inhibition at 150 and 200 µg/mL concentrations. Moreover, more than 90% biofilm inhibition was observed at 200 µg/mL of PCF, while in the case of the PBP, <96% biofilm reduction (i.e., 100%) was also observed by all selected strains at 200 µg/mL. In conclusion, earthworm body fluid and paste have biologically active components that inhibit biofilm formation by various pathogenic bacterial strains. For future investigations, there is a need for further study to explore the potential bioactive components and investigate in depth their molecular mechanisms from a pharmaceutical perspective for effective clinical utilization.

Light and scanning electron microscopic characterization of the Egyptian buffalo hair in relation to age with analysis by SEM-EDX.

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate a relationship between the microstructure and measurements of Egyptian buffalo hair and age. The buffalo studied ranged in age from young to premature to adult (3-8 months, 1.5-3, 4-6, and 8-10 years). The hair was collected from the animals' withers. Cuticle elements were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Hair shaft diameter increased with age, according to SEM and light microscopy measurements. The values of shaft diameter obtained by SEM of the same animal were 64%-67% of the values obtained by light microscopy due to shrinkage of the hair during the drying process. Additional microscopy measurements revealed that the width of the cortex and medulla increased with age, while the width of the cuticle decreased slightly. The medulla index of four different age groups ranged from 0.56 to 0.61 µm. The average distance between successive scale values increased from 4.83 µm in the young group to 8.86 µm between the ages of 8 and 10 years. The scale pattern had a distinct personality at each stage of age. The hair medulla was in the center and consisted of a mesh-like structure with large pores divided into smaller pores by septa. The cortex was a bundle of fibers that wrapped around the medulla. Light microscopy revealed small oval granules and large streak-like granules in the cortex. EDX spectra revealed that carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen were shown to be more abundant in all age groups of buffalo. In buffalo hair, oxygen was the second most abundant element after carbon. The carbon mass in the examined samples decreased slightly with age (42.31%, 39.18%, 38.88%, and 38.49%), while oxygen increased with age. We concluded that hair measurements varied with age, scale microstructure, and elements, so we estimated buffalo animals' ages up to 10 years. HIGHLIGHTS: The goal was to show a link between the microstructure and measurements of Egyptian buffalo hair and age. Hair shaft diameter increased with age, according to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy measurements. The hair shaft diameter obtained by light microscopy was higher than that obtained by scanning electron microscopy of the same animal; we hypothesized that the difference in hair shaft diameter measured by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the same animal was due to the shrinkage of the hair during the drying process. The width of the cortex and medulla increased with age, while the width of the cuticle decreased slightly. The average distance between successive scale values increased from 4.83 µm in the young group to 8.86 µm between 8 and 10 years old. At each stage of age, the scale pattern had a distinct personality. Carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen were found to be more abundant in the hair of buffalo of all ages and were detected using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra. After carbon, oxygen was the second most abundant element in buffalo hair. The carbon mass in the samples studied decreased slightly with age, while the oxygen mass increased. Hair measurements varied according to age, scale microstructure, and elements.

Evaluating the ability of some natural phenolic acids to target the main protease and AAK1 in SARS COV-2.

Researchers are constantly searching for drugs to combat the coronavirus pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has lasted for over two years. Natural compounds such as phenolic acids are being tested against Mpro and AAK1, which are key players in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. This research work aims to study the ability of a panel of natural phenolic acids to inhibit the virus's multiplication directly through Mpro and indirectly by affecting the adaptor-associated protein kinase-1 (AAK1). Pharmacophore mapping, molecular docking, and dynamic studies were conducted over 50 ns and 100 ns on a panel of 39 natural phenolic acids. Rosmarinic acid (16) on the Mpro receptor (- 16.33 kcal/mol) and tannic acid (17) on the AAK1 receptor (- 17.15 kcal/mol) exhibited the best docking energy against both receptors. These favourable docking score values were found to be superior to those of the co-crystallized ligands. Preclinical and clinical research is required before using them simultaneously to halt the COVID-19 life cycle in a synergistic manner.

Morphological changes in intraepithelial and stromal telocytes in Cyprinus carpio in response to salinity stress.

Telocytes establish connections and communicate with various types of cells and structures. Few experimental studies have been performed on telocytes. In this study, we investigated the effect of salinity stress on telocytes in relation to osmoregulatory, immune, and stem cells. After exposing the common carp to 0.2 (control), 6, 10, or 14 ppt salinity, we extracted and fixed gill samples in glutaraldehyde, processed and embedded the samples in resin, and prepared semi-thin and ultrathin sections. Two types of telocytes were identified: intraepithelial and stromal telocytes. Intraepithelial telocytes were found to form part of the cellular lining of the lymphatic space and shed secretory vesicles into this space. Stromal telocytes were observed to shed their secretory vesicles into the secondary circulatory vessels. Both intraepithelial and stromal telocytes were enlarged and exhibited increased secretory activities as salinity increased. They exerted their effects via direct contact and paracrine signaling. The following changes were observed in samples from fish exposed to high salinity levels: chloride cells underwent hypertrophy, and their mitochondria became cigar-shaped; pavement cells were enlarged, and their micro-ridges became thin and elongated; stromal telocytes established contact with stem cells and skeletal myoblasts; skeletal muscle cells underwent hypertrophy; and macrophages and rodlet cells increased in number. In conclusion, our findings indicate that intraepithelial and stromal telocytes respond to salinity stress by activating cellular signaling and that they play major roles in osmoregulation, immunity, and regeneration.