Wire-based antegrade dissection re-entry technique for coronary chronic total occlusions percutaneous revascularization: Experience from the ERCTO Registry.

BACKGROUND: The recent development and widespread adoption of antegrade dissection re-entry (ADR) techniques have been underlined as one of the antegrade strategies in all worldwide CTO consensus documents. However, historical wire-based ADR experience has suffered from disappointing long-term outcomes. AIMS: Compare technical success, procedural success, and long-term outcome of patients who underwent wire-based ADR technique versus antegrade wiring (AW). METHODS: One thousand seven hundred and ten patients, from the prospective European Registry of Chronic Total Occlusions (ERCTO), underwent 1806 CTO procedures between January 2018 and December 2021, at 13 high-volume ADR centers. Among all 1806 lesions attempted by the antegrade approach, 72% were approached with AW techniques and 28% with wire-based ADR techniques. RESULTS: Technical and procedural success rates were lower in wire-based ADR than in AW (90.3% vs. 96.4%, p < 0.001; 87.7% vs. 95.4%, p < 0.001, respectively); however, wire-based ADR was used successfully more often in complex lesions as compared to AW (p = 0.017). Wire-based ADR was used in most cases (85%) after failure of AW or retrograde procedures. At a mean clinical follow-up of 21 ± 15 months, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) did not differ between AW and wire-based ADR (12% vs. 15.1%, p = 0.106); both AW and wire-based ADR procedures were associated with significant symptom improvements. CONCLUSIONS: As compared to AW, wire-based ADR is a reliable and effective strategy successfully used in more complex lesions and often after the failure of other techniques. At long-term follow-up, patient's MACCEs and symptoms improvement were similar in both antegrade techniques.

Watchman FLX vs. Watchman 2.5 in a Dual-Center Left Atrial Appendage Closure Cohort: the WATCH-DUAL study.

AIMS: No studies have compared Watchman 2.5 (W2.5) with Watchman FLX (FLX) devices to date. We aimed at comparing the FLX with W2.5 devices with respect to clinical outcomes, left atrial appendage (LAA) sealing properties and device-related thrombus (DRT). METHODS AND RESULTS: All consecutive left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) procedures performed at two European centres between November 2017 and February 2021 were included. Procedure-related complications and net adverse cardiovascular events (NACE) at 6 months after LAAC were recorded. At 45-day computed tomography (CT) follow-up, intra- (IDL) and peri- (PDL) device leak, residual patent neck area (RPNA), and DRT were assessed by a Corelab. Out of 144 LAAC consecutive procedures, 71 and 73 interventions were performed using W2.5 and FLX devices, respectively. There were no differences in terms of procedure-related complications (4.2% vs. 2.7%, P = 0.626). At 45-day CT, the FLX was associated with lower frequency of IDL [21.3% vs. 40.0%; P = 0.032; odds ratio (OR): 0.375; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.160-0.876; P = 0.024], similar rate of PDL (29.5% vs. 42.0%; P = 0.170), and smaller RPNA [6 (0-36) vs. 40 (6-115) mm2; P = 0.001; OR: 0.240; 95% CI: 0.100-0.577; P = 0.001] compared with the W2.5 group. At 45 days, rate of DRT as detected by CT and/or transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE), was higher with W2.5 (6.0% vs. 0%, P = 0.045). At 6-month follow-up, NACE did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of consecutive LAACs, FLX as compared to W2.5, was associated with similar procedure-related complications and 6-month NACE, but with improved LAA neck coverage, and lower IDL and DRT.

Three-year clinical outcomes with the ABSORB bioresorbable vascular scaffold in real life: Insights from the France ABSORB registry.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the 3-year outcomes of patients treated with Absorb bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) implantation. BACKGROUND: Randomized trials and observational registries performed in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention have demonstrated higher 1-year and midterm rates of device thrombosis and adverse events with BVS compared to contemporary drug eluting stent. Data on long-term follow-up of patients treated with BVS are scarce. METHODS: All patients treated with BVS were included in a large nationwide prospective multicenter registry (FRANCE ABSORB). The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization at 3 years. Secondary endpoints were 3-year scaffold thrombosis and target vessel revascularization (TVR). RESULTS: Between September 2014 and April 2016, 2070 patients were included (mean age 55 ± 11 years; 80% men). The indication was acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in 49% of patients. At 3 years, the primary endpoint occurred in 184 patients (8.9%) and 3-year mortality in 43 patients (2.1%). Scaffold thrombosis and TVR rates through 3 years were, respectively, 3 and 7.6%. In a multivariable analysis, independent predictors of primary endpoint occurrence were diabetes, oral anticoagulation, active smoking, absence of initial angiographic success and the association of a total BVS length ≥30 mm with the use of 2.5 mm diameter BVS. CONCLUSIONS: Although 3-year mortality was low in this ACS population, device-related events were significant beyond 1 year. Total BVS length and 2.5 mm BVS were associated with higher rates of MACE at long-term follow-up.

Platelet function monitoring to adjust antiplatelet therapy in elderly patients stented for an acute coronary syndrome (ANTARCTIC): an open-label, blinded-endpoint, randomised controlled superiority trial.

BACKGROUND: Elderly patients are at high risk of ischaemic and bleeding events. Platelet function monitoring offers the possibility to individualise antiplatelet therapy to improve the therapeutic risk-benefit ratio. We aimed to assess the effect of platelet function monitoring with treatment adjustment in elderly patients stented for an acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: We did this multicentre, open-label, blinded-endpoint, randomised controlled superiority study at 35 centres in France. Patients aged 75 years or older who had undergone coronary stenting for acute coronary syndrome were randomly assigned (1:1), via a central interactive voice-response system based on a computer-generated permuted-block randomisation schedule with randomly selected block sizes, to receive oral prasugrel 5 mg daily with dose or drug adjustment in case of inadequate response (monitoring group) or oral prasugrel 5 mg daily with no monitoring or treatment adjustment (conventional group). Randomisation was stratified by centre. Platelet function testing was done 14 days after randomisation and repeated 14 days after treatment adjustment in patients in the monitoring group. Study investigators and patients were not masked to treatment allocation, but allocation was concealed from an independent clinical events committee responsible for endpoint adjudication. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, stent thrombosis, urgent revascularisation, and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium-defined bleeding complications (types 2, 3, or 5) at 12 months' follow-up. We did analysis by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01538446. FINDINGS: Between March 27, 2012, and May 19, 2015, we randomly assigned 877 patients to the monitoring group (n=442) or the conventional group (n=435). The primary endpoint occurred in 120 (28%) patients in the monitoring group compared with 123 (28%) patients in the conventional group (hazard ratio [HR], 1·003, 95% CI 0·78-1·29; p=0·98). Rates of bleeding events did not differ significantly between groups. INTERPRETATION: Platelet function monitoring with treatment adjustment did not improve the clinical outcome of elderly patients treated with coronary stenting for an acute coronary syndrome. Platelet function testing is still being used in many centres and international guidelines still recommend platelet function testing in high-risk situations. Our study does not support this practice or these recommendations. FUNDING: Eli Lilly and Company, Daiichi Sankyo, Stentys, Accriva Diagnostics, Medtronic, and Fondation Coeur et Recherche.

High on-treatment platelet reactivity as a risk factor for secondary prevention after coronary stent revascularization: A landmark analysis of the ARCTIC study.

BACKGROUND: Individualizing antiplatelet therapy after platelet function testing did not improve outcome after coronary stenting in the Assessment by a Double Randomization of a Conventional Antiplatelet Strategy Versus a Monitoring-Guided Strategy for Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation and of Treatment Interruption Versus Continuation One Year After Stenting (ARCTIC) study. Whether results are different during the phase of secondary prevention starting after hospital discharge, when periprocedural events have been excluded, is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: In ARCTIC, 2440 patients were randomized before coronary stenting to a strategy of platelet function monitoring (VerifyNow P2Y12/aspirin point-of-care assay) with drug adjustment in suboptimal responders to antiplatelet therapy or to a conventional strategy without monitoring and without drug or dose changes. We performed a landmark analysis starting at the time of hospital discharge evaluating the primary end point of death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, stroke, or urgent revascularization through 1 year. After discharge, the primary end point occurred in 8.6% of patients in the monitoring arm and 7.9% in the conventional arm (hazard ratio, 1.105; 95% confidence interval, 0.835-1.461; P=0.48). Stent thrombosis or urgent revascularization occurred in 4.4% and 4.5% in the monitoring and conventional arms, respectively (P=0.99). There was no difference for any of the other ischemic end points. Major bleeding event rates were 1.8% in the monitoring arm and 2.8% in the conventional arm (P=0.11), whereas major or minor bleeding event rates were 2.3% and 3.4%, respectively (P=0.10). CONCLUSIONS: Detection of platelet hyper-reactivity by platelet function testing in patients undergoing coronary stenting with further therapeutic adjustment does not reduce ischemic recurrences after intervention. On-treatment platelet hyperreactivity cannot be considered as a risk factor requiring intervention for secondary prevention after percutaneous coronary revascularization. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00827411.

Dual-antiplatelet treatment beyond 1 year after drug-eluting stent implantation (ARCTIC-Interruption): a randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: Optimum duration of dual antiplatelet treatment (DAPT) after coronary stenting remains uncertain, with an unknown efficacy to safety ratio of extended treatment leading to discrepancies between international guidelines and clinical practice. We assessed whether DAPT continuation beyond 1 year after coronary stenting is beneficial. METHODS: This analysis was a planned extension of the previously published ARCTIC-Monitoring trial, in which we randomly allocated 2440 patients to a strategy of platelet function testing with antiplatelet treatment adjustment or a conventional strategy after coronary stenting with drug-eluting stent (DES). We recruited patients (aged 18 years or older) scheduled for planned DES implantation at 38 centres in France. After 1 year of follow-up, patients without contraindication to interruption of DAPT were eligible for a second randomisation to this second phase of the study (ARCTIC-Interruption). Using a computer-generated randomisation sequence (1:1; stratified by centre), we allocated patients to a strategy of interruption of DAPT where the thienopyridine was interrupted and single aspirin antiplatelet treatment was maintained (interruption group) or a strategy of DAPT continuation for 6-18 months (continuation group). The primary endpoint was the composite of death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, stroke, or urgent revascularisation, analysed by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00827411. FINDINGS: Between Jan 4, 2011, and March 3, 2012, 1259 eligible patients were randomly allocated to treatment in ARCTIC-Interruption: 624 to the interruption group and 635 to the continuation group. After a median follow-up of 17 months (IQR 15-18), the primary endpoint occurred in 27 (4%) patients in the interruption group and 24 (4%) patients in the continuation group (hazard ratio [HR] 1·17 [95% CI 0·68-2·03]; p=0·58). STEEPLE major bleeding events occurred more often in the continuation group (seven [1%] patients) compared with the interruption group (one [<0·5%] patient; HR 0·15 [0·02-1·20]; p=0·073). Major or minor bleedings were also more common in the continuation group compared with the interruption group (12 [2%] patients vs three [1%] patients; HR 0·26 [0·07-0·91]; p=0·04). INTERPRETATION: Our finding suggests no apparent benefit but instead harm with extension of DAPT beyond 1 year after stenting with DES when no event has occurred within the first year after stenting. No conclusion can be drawn for high-risk patients who could not be randomised. The consistency between findings from all trials of such interruption suggests the need for a reappraisal of guidelines for DAPT after coronary stenting towards shorter duration of treatment. FUNDING: Allies in Cardiovascular Trials Initiatives and Organized Networks (ACTION Study Group), Fondation de France, Sanofi-Aventis, Cordis, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Fondation SGAM.

Bedside monitoring to adjust antiplatelet therapy for coronary stenting.

BACKGROUND: Patients' responses to oral antiplatelet therapy are subject to variation. Bedside monitoring offers the opportunity to improve outcomes after coronary stenting by individualizing therapy. METHODS: We randomly assigned 2440 patients scheduled for coronary stenting at 38 centers to a strategy of platelet-function monitoring, with drug adjustment in patients who had a poor response to antiplatelet therapy, or to a conventional strategy without monitoring and drug adjustment. The primary end point was the composite of death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, stroke, or urgent revascularization 1 year after stent implantation. For patients in the monitoring group, the VerifyNow P2Y12 and aspirin point-of-care assays were used in the catheterization laboratory before stent implantation and in the outpatient clinic 2 to 4 weeks later. RESULTS: In the monitoring group, high platelet reactivity in patients taking clopidogrel (34.5% of patients) or aspirin (7.6%) led to the administration of an additional bolus of clopidogrel, prasugrel, or aspirin along with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors during the procedure. The primary end point occurred in 34.6% of the patients in the monitoring group, as compared with 31.1% of those in the conventional-treatment group (hazard ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98 to 1.29; P=0.10). The main secondary end point, stent thrombosis or any urgent revascularization, occurred in 4.9% of the patients in the monitoring group and 4.6% of those in the conventional-treatment group (hazard ratio, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.52; P=0.77). The rate of major bleeding events did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed no significant improvements in clinical outcomes with platelet-function monitoring and treatment adjustment for coronary stenting, as compared with standard antiplatelet therapy without monitoring. (Funded by Allies in Cardiovascular Trials Initiatives and Organized Networks and others; ARCTIC ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00827411.).

Genetic and platelet function testing of antiplatelet therapy for percutaneous coronary intervention: the ARCTIC-GENE study.

BACKGROUND: The ARCTIC study randomized 2440 patients scheduled for stent implantation to a strategy of platelet function monitoring with drug adjustment in patients who had a poor response to antiplatelet therapy or to a conventional strategy without monitoring and drug adjustment. No significant improvement in clinical outcomes with platelet function monitoring was observed. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to assess the relationships between CYP2C19 genotypes, clopidogrel pharmacodynamic response, and clinical outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the ARCTIC-GENE study, 1394 patients were genotyped for loss- and gain-of-function CYP2C19 alleles. Randomization of treatment strategy was well balanced. Slow metabolizers identified as carriers of at least one loss-of-function allele CYP2C19*2 (n = 459) were more likely poor responders at randomization (41.6 vs. 31.6%, p = 0.0112) and 14 days later (23.8 vs. 10.4%, p < 0.0001) and more frequently on prasugrel (11.5 vs. 8.1%, p = 0.039) as compared with rapid metabolizers (n = 935). Intensification of antiplatelet treatment did not differ between slow and rapid metabolizers according to the study algorithm based on platelet function only. The primary study outcome defined as the composite of death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, stroke, or urgent revascularization 1 year after stent implantation did not differ between slow and rapid metabolizers (HR 0.988, 95% CI [0.812;1.202], p = 0.90). Likewise, the primary safety outcome did not differ between rapid and slow metabolizer phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic clopidogrel profile was a good marker of platelet function response on clopidogrel but was not related to clinical outcome suggesting that the genetic added little to the pharmacodynamic information used in the study to adjust antiplatelet therapy. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00827411.

Platelet function monitoring in elderly patients on prasugrel after stenting for an acute coronary syndrome: design of the randomized antarctic study.

BACKGROUND: Elderly patients are at high risk for both ischemic and bleeding events. Platelet monitoring offers the opportunity to individualized antiplatelet therapy to optimize the therapeutic risk/benefit ratio. STUDY DESIGN: The ANTARCTIC study is designed to demonstrate the superiority of a strategy of platelet function monitoring with dose and drug adjustment in patients initially on prasugrel 5 mg as compared with a more conventional strategy using prasugrel 5 mg without monitoring and without adjustment (Conventional Treatment Arm) to reduce the primary end point evaluated 1 year after stent percutaneous coronary intervention in elderly patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). ANTARCTIC is a multicenter, prospective, open-label study with 2 parallel arms. A total of 852 elderly patients (≥ 75 years) undergoing stent percutaneous coronary intervention for ACS are to be enrolled. The primary end point is the time to first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, definite stent thrombosis, urgent revascularization, and bleeding complications (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium definition 2, 3, or 5). Platelet function analyses will be performed 14 days after randomization and repeated 14 days later in patients who require a change in treatment. CONCLUSION: ANTARCTIC is a nationwide, prospective, open-label study testing a strategy of platelet function monitoring with dose and drug adjustment to reduce ischemic and bleeding complications in elderly ACS patients undergoing coronary stenting.

Flecainide to prevent atrial arrhythmia after patent foramen ovale closure, Rationale and design of the randomized AFLOAT study.

INTRODUCTION: Atrial arrhythmia is the most common complication of patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure. The real incidence of post-PFO closure atrial arrhytmia and whether this complication can be prevented is unknown. METHODS/DESIGN: The Assessment of Flecainide to Lower the PFO closure risk of Atrial fibrillation or Tachycardia (AFLOAT) trial is a prospective, national, multicentre, randomized, open-label, superiority trial with a blind evaluation of all the endpoints (PROBE design). A total of 186 patients are randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio immediately after PFO closure to receive Flecainide (150 mg per day in a single sustained-release (SR) dose) for 6 months (Group 1), Flecainide (150 mg per day in a single SR dose) for 3 months (Group 2), or no additional treatment (standard of care) for 6 months (Group 3). The primary endpoint is the percentage of patients with at least one episode of symptomatic or asymptomatic atrial arrhythmia episode (≥30 s) recorded within 3 months after PFO closure on long-term monitoring with an insertable cardiac monitor. Whether 3 months of treatment is sufficient compared to 6 months will be analysed as a secondary objective of the study. CONCLUSION: AFLOAT is the first trial to test the hypothesis that a short treatment with oral Flecainide can prevent the new-onset of atrial arrhythmia after PFO closure. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT05213104 (clinicaltrials.gov).

Ambulatory transradial percutaneous coronary intervention: a safe, effective, and cost-saving strategy.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this prospective, multicenter study was to assess the safety, feasibility, acceptance, and cost of ambulatory transradial percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) under the conditions of everyday practice. BACKGROUND: Major advances in PCI techniques have considerably reduced the incidence of post-procedure complications. However, overnight admission still constitutes the standard of care in most interventional cardiology centers. METHODS: Eligibility for ambulatory management was assessed in 370 patients with stable angina referred to three high-volume angioplasty centers. On the basis of pre-specified clinical and PCI-linked criteria, 220 patients were selected for ambulatory PCI. RESULTS: The study population included a substantial proportion of patients with complex procedures: 115 (52.3%) patients with multivessel coronary artery disease, 50 (22.7%) patients with multilesion procedures, and 60 (21.5%) bifurcation lesions. After 4-6 hr observation period, 213 of the 220 patients (96.8%) were cleared for discharge. The remaining seven (3.2%) patients were kept overnight for unstable angina (n = 1), atypical chest discomfort (n = 2), puncture site hematoma (n = 1), or non-cardiovascular reasons (n = 3). Within 24 hr after discharge, no patients experienced readmission, stent occlusion, recurrent ischemia, or local complications. Furthermore, 99% of patients were satisfied with ambulatory management and 85% reported no anxiety. The average non-procedural cost was lower for ambulatory PCI than conventional PCI (1,230 ± 98 Euros vs. 2,304 ± 1814 Euros, P < 10(-6)). CONCLUSIONS: Ambulatory PCI in patients with stable coronary artery disease is safe, effective, and well accepted by the patients. It may both significantly reduce costs and optimize hospital resource utilization.

Computed Tomography Scan Evidence for Left Atrial Appendage Short-Term Remodeling Following Percutaneous Occlusion: Impact of Device Oversizing.

Background The interrelationships between left atrial appendage (LAA) dimensions and device following implantation are unknown. We aimed to analyze the impact of Watchman device implantation on LAA dimensions following its percutaneous closure and potential predictors of remodeling. Methods and Results All consecutive LAA closure procedures performed at 2 centers between November 2017 and December 2020 were included in the WATCH-DUAL (Watchman 2.5 Versus Watchman FLX in a Dual-Center Left Atrial Appendage Closure Cohort) registry. This study included patients who had pre- and postintervention computed tomography scan analysis. The LAA and device dimensions were measured in a centralized core lab by 3-dimensional computed tomography scan reconstruction methods, focusing on the device landing zone. This analysis included 104 patients (age, 76.0 [range, 72.0-83.0] years; 72% men; 53% Watchman FLX; 47% Watchman 2.5). The baseline characteristics were comparable between Watchman 2.5 and Watchman FLX groups, except for the higher use of oversizing in the latter group. The median delay for computed tomography control was 49 (range, 43-64) days. The landing zone area (median, 446 [range, 363-523] versus 290 [222-366] mm2; P<0.001) and minimal diameter (median, 23.0 [range, 20.7-24.8] versus 16.7 [14.7-19.4] mm; P<0.001) significantly increased after implantation. The absolute (median, 157 [range, 98-220] versus 85 [18-148] mm2, P<0.001) and relative (median, 50% [range, 32%-79%] versus 26% [4%-50%]; P<0.001) increases in landing zone area were more pronounced in patients with oversized device. Baseline LAA dimensions were smaller, landing zone eccentricity larger, and oversized device more frequent in patients with significant overexpansion compared with the others. Conclusions LAA dimensions increased at the site of the Watchman prosthesis after implantation, suggesting a local positive remodeling after the procedure. This phenomenon was more pronounced in the case of oversized devices.

Intravenous enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin in primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the international randomised open-label ATOLL trial.

BACKGROUND: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-elevation myocardial infarction has traditionally been supported by unfractionated heparin, which has never been directly compared with a new anticoagulant using consistent anticoagulation and similar antiplatelet strategies in both groups. We compared traditional heparin treatment with intravenous enoxaparin in primary PCI. METHODS: In a randomised open-label trial, patients presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive an intravenous bolus of 0·5 mg/kg of enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin before primary PCI. Wherever possible, medical teams travelling in mobile intensive care units (ambulances) selected, randomly assigned (using an interactive voice response system at the central randomisation centre), and treated patients. Patients who had received any anticoagulant before randomisation were excluded. Patients and caregivers were not masked to treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was 30-day incidence of death, complication of myocardial infarction, procedure failure, or major bleeding. The main secondary endpoint was the composite of death, recurrent acute coronary syndrome, or urgent revascularisation. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00718471. FINDINGS: 910 patients were assigned to treatment with enoxaparin (n=450) or unfractionated heparin (n=460). The primary endpoint occurred in 126 (28%) patients after anticoagulation with enoxaparin versus 155 (34%) patients on unfractionated heparin (relative risk [RR] 0·83, 95% CI 0·68-1·01, p=0·06). The incidence of death (enoxaparin, 17 [4%] vs heparin, 29 [6%] patients; p=0·08), complication of myocardial infarction (20 [4%] vs 29 [6%]; p=0·21), procedure failure (100 [26%] vs 109 [28%]; p=0·61), and major bleeding (20 [5%] vs 22 [5%]; p=0·79) did not differ between groups. Enoxaparin resulted in a significantly reduced rate of the main secondary endpoint (30 [7%] vs 52 [11%] patients; RR 0·59, 95% CI 0·38-0·91, p=0·015). Death, complication of myocardial infarction, or major bleeding (46 [10%] vs 69 [15%] patients; p=0·03), death or complication of myocardial infarction (35 [8%] vs 57 [12%]; p=0·02), and death, recurrent myocardial infarction, or urgent revascularisation (23 [5%] vs 39 [8%]; p=0·04) were all reduced with enoxaparin. INTERPRETATION: Intravenous enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin significantly reduced clinical ischaemic outcomes without differences in bleeding and procedural success. Therefore, enoxaparin provided an improvement in net clinical benefit in patients undergoing primary PCI. FUNDING: Direction de la Recherche Clinique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Sanofi-Aventis.

Five-year clinical outcomes using the bioresorbable vascular scaffold: Insights from the FRANCE ABSORB registry.

BACKGROUND: Randomized trials comparing the first-generation absorb bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) (Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with a drug-eluting stent showed a moderate but significant increase in the rate of 3-year major adverse cardiac events and scaffold thrombosis, followed by a decrease in adverse events after 3 years. AIM: The objective of this study was to assess the 5-year outcomes of patients treated with at least one absorb BVS and included in the FRANCE ABSORB registry. METHODS: All patients treated in France with an absorb BVS were prospectively included in a large nationwide multicentre registry. The primary efficacy outcome was the occurrence of 5-year major adverse cardiac events. Secondary efficacy outcomes were the rates of 5-year target vessel revascularization and definite/probable scaffold thrombosis. RESULTS: Between September 2014 and April 2016, 2,070 patients were included in 86 centres (mean age 55±11 years; 80% men; 49% with acute coronary syndrome). The rates of 1-, 3- and 5-year major adverse cardiac events were 3.9%, 9.4% and 12.1%, respectively (including cardiac death in 2.5% and target vessel revascularization in 10.4%). By multivariable analysis, diabetes, oral anticoagulation, the use of multiple Absorb BVSs and the use of a 2.5mm diameter absorb BVS were associated with 5-year major adverse cardiac events. The rates of 1-, 3- and 5-year definite/probable scaffold thrombosis were 1.5%, 3.1% and 3.6%, respectively. By multivariable analysis, older age, diabetes, anticoagulation at discharge and the use of a 2.5mm diameter absorb BVS were associated with 5-year scaffold thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: Absorb BVS implantation was associated with low rates of 1-year major adverse cardiac events, which increased significantly at 3-year follow-up. There was a clear decrease in the rates of scaffold thrombosis and major adverse cardiac events after 3 years.

Randomized comparison of platelet function monitoring to adjust antiplatelet therapy versus standard of care: rationale and design of the assessment with a double randomization of (1) a fixed dose versus a monitoring-guided dose of aspirin and clopidogrel after DES implantation, and (2) treatment interruption versus continuation, 1 year after stenting (ARCTIC) study.

BACKGROUND: individual response to oral antiplatelet therapy is subject to variability, and bedside monitoring offers the opportunity of individualizing therapy for stent implantation. Time and consequence of discontinuation of thienopyridine after stenting is also an unsolved issue after drug eluting stent (DES) implantation. STUDY DESIGN: the ARCTIC trial is designed to demonstrate the superiority of a strategy of platelet function monitoring with dose adjustment in suboptimal responders as compared to a more conventional strategy without monitoring and without dose adjustment to reduce the primary end point evaluated 1 year after DES implantation. At the end of the 1-year follow-up, all patients will be randomized again to test the superiority of a strategy of pursuit of dual antiplatelet therapy beyond 1 year as compared to a strategy of interruption. ARCTIC is a multicenter, prospective, open-label study with parallel arms and a double randomization. Two thousand four hundred sixty-six patients with stable angina/ischemia or non-ST-elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with DES implantation are being enrolled. The primary end point for the 2 tested hypotheses is the time to first occurrence of all-cause mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, definite/probable stent thrombosis, urgent revascularization, or nonfatal stroke. Platelet function analyses will be performed at the time of PCI and repeated 2 to 4 weeks after PCI. CONCLUSION: ARCTIC tests the hypothesis of personalized oral antiplatelet therapy at the time of and after DES implantation. It also examines the clinical impact of thienopyridine interruption 1 year after DES implantation.

Impact of left atrial appendage closure on circulating microvesicles levels: The MICROPLUG study.

BACKGROUND: Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) has emerged as a valid alternative to oral anticoagulation therapy for the prevention of systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Microvesicles (MVs) are shed-membrane particles generated during various cellular types activation/apoptosis that carry out diverse biological effects. LAA has been suspected to be a potential source of MVs during AF, but the effects its occlusion on circulating MVs levels are unknown. METHODS: N = 25 LAAO and n = 25 control patients who underwent coronary angiography were included. Blood samples were drawn before and 48 h after procedure for all. A third sample was collected 6 weeks after procedure in LAAO patients. In N = 10 extra patients, samples were collected from right atrium, LAA and pulmonary vein during LAAO procedure. Circulating AnnV + procoagulant, endothelial, platelets, red blood cells/RBC and leukocytes derived-MVs were measured using flow cytometry methods. RESULTS: In the LAAO group, AnnV+, platelets, RBC, and leukocytes MVs were significantly increased following intervention, whereas only AnnV + MVs levels significantly rose in controls. The 6-w analysis showed that RBC-MVs and AnnV + MVs levels were still significantly elevated compared to baseline values in LAAO patients. The in-site analysis revealed that leukocytes and CD62e + endothelial-MVs were significantly higher in left atrial appendage compared to pulmonary vein, suggesting a local increased production. No major adverse event was observed in any patient post procedural course. CONCLUSIONS: LAAO impacts circulating MVs and might create mild pro-coagulant status and potential erythrocytes activation due to the device healing during the first weeks following intervention.

Strain predicts left ventricular functional recovery after acute myocardial infarction with systolic dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: Regional and global longitudinal strain (RLS-GLS) are considered reliable indexes of myocardial viability in chronic ischemic patients and prediction of left ventricular (LV) functional recovery after acute myocardial infarction (MI) with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). We tested in the present study whether RLS and GLS could also identify transmural extent of myocardial scar and predict LV functional recovery and remodeling in patients with reduced LVEF after acute MI. METHODS: Echocardiography and late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance (LGE-CMR) were performed in 71 patients with reduced LVEF (≤45%) after acute MI treated with acute percutaneous coronary intervention. At 8-month follow-up, echocardiography was repeated to determine global LV functional recovery and remodeling. RESULTS: RLS was worse in transmural than in non-transmural infarcted segments (-6.6 ± 6.1% vs -10.3 ± 5.9%, p < 0.0001) and in non-transmural than in normal segments (-10.3 ± 5.9% vs -14.5 ± 6.4%, p < 0.0001). RLS > -12% had sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 69% to identify transmural infarcted segments (AUC = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.77-0.81, p < 0.0001). GLS > -11.3% had sensitivity of 53% and specificity of 100% to predict the absence of LV global functional improvement (AUC = 0.73, CI, 0.55-0.87, p = 0.01) at 8-month follow-up. GLS < -12.5% predicted the absence of adverse LV remodeling with sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 54% (AUC = 0.83; CI, 0.66-0.94, p < 0.0001). GLS > -11.5% was associated with a poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with reduced LVEF after acute MI, RLS and GLS allow: (1) identification of transmural extent of myocardial scar and (2) predict LV global functional recovery and remodeling at 8-month follow-up.

Immediate vs delayed intervention for acute coronary syndromes: a randomized clinical trial.

CONTEXT: International guidelines recommend an early invasive strategy for patients with high-risk acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation, but the optimal timing of intervention is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether immediate intervention on admission can result in a reduction of myocardial infarction compared with a delayed intervention. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: The Angioplasty to Blunt the Rise of Troponin in Acute Coronary Syndromes Randomized for an Immediate or Delayed Intervention (ABOARD) study, a randomized clinical trial that assigned, from August 2006 through September 2008 at 13 centers in France, 352 patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation and a Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) score of 3 or more to receive intervention either immediately or on the next working day (between 8 and 60 hours after enrollment). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary end point was the peak troponin value during hospitalization; the key secondary end point was the composite of death, myocardial infarction, or urgent revascularization at 1-month follow-up. RESULTS: Time from randomization to sheath insertion was 70 minutes with immediate intervention vs 21 hours with delayed intervention. The primary end point did not differ between the 2 strategies (median [interquartile range] troponin I value, 2.1 [0.3-7.1] ng/mL vs 1.7 [0.3-7.2] ng/mL in the immediate and delayed intervention groups, respectively; P = .70). The key secondary end point was observed in 13.7% (95% confidence interval, 8.6%-18.8%) of the group assigned to receive immediate intervention and 10.2% (95% confidence interval, 5.7%-14.6%) of the group assigned to receive delayed intervention (P = .31). The other end points, as well as major bleeding, did not differ between the 2 strategies. CONCLUSION: In patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation, a strategy of immediate intervention compared with a strategy of intervention deferred to the next working day (mean, 21 hours) did not result in a difference in myocardial infarction as defined by peak troponin level. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00442949.

Percutaneous coronary interventions with the Absorb Bioresorbable vascular scaffold in real life: 1-year results from the FRANCE ABSORB registry.

BACKGROUND: Several randomized studies have shown that bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) technology is associated with an increased risk of stent thrombosis. AIM: This study aimed to assess the rates of adverse outcomes at 1 year in patients treated with the Absorb BVS (Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, CA, USA), using data from a large nationwide prospective multicentre registry (FRANCE ABSORB). METHODS: All patients receiving the Absorb BVS in France were included prospectively in the study. Predilatation, optimal sizing and postdilatation were recommended systematically. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction and target lesion revascularization at 1 year. Secondary endpoints were scaffold thrombosis and target vessel revascularization at 1 year. RESULTS: A total of 2072 patients at 86 centres were included: mean age 55±11 years; 80% men. The indication was acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in 49% of cases. Predilatation and postdilatation were done in 93% and 83% of lesions, respectively. At 1 year, the primary endpoint occurred in 3.9% of patients, the rate of scaffold thrombosis was 1.5% and the rate of target vessel revascularization was 3.3%. In a multivariable analysis, diabetes and total Absorb BVS length>30mm were independently associated with the occurrence of the primary endpoint, whereas oral anticoagulation and total Absorb BVS length>30mm were independently associated with occurrence of scaffold thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: The Absorb BVS was implanted in a relatively young population, half of whom had ACS. Predilatation and postdilatation rates were high, and 1-year outcomes were acceptable.

Reasons for the Failure of Platelet Function Testing to Adjust Antiplatelet Therapy: Pharmacodynamic Insights From the ARCTIC Study.

BACKGROUND: In the ARCTIC trial (Assessment by a Double Randomization of a Conventional Antiplatelet Strategy Versus a Monitoring-Guided Strategy for Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation and of Treatment Interruption Versus Continuation One Year After Stenting), treatment adjustment following platelet function testing failed to improve clinical outcomes. However, high-on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR) is considered as a predictor of poor ischemic outcome. This prespecified substudy evaluated clinical outcomes according to the residual platelet reactivity status after antiplatelet therapy adjustment. METHODS: We analyzed the 1213 patients assigned to the monitoring arm of the ARCTIC trial in whom platelet reactivity was evaluated by the VerifyNow P2Y12 test before percutaneous coronary intervention and during the maintenance phase (at 14 days). HPR was defined as platelet reaction unit≥235U. The primary ischemic end point, a composite of death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, stroke, or urgent revascularization and the safety end point of major bleeding were assessed according to the platelet reactivity status. RESULTS: Before percutaneous coronary intervention, 35.7% of patients displayed HPR (n=419). During the acute phase, between percutaneous coronary intervention and the 14-day platelet function testing, ischemic (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.74-1.18]; P=0.58) and safety outcomes (hazard ratio, 1.28 [95% CI, 0.22-7.59]; P=0.78) were similar in HPR and non-HPR patients. During the maintenance phase, the proportion of HPR patients (n=186, 17.4%) decreased by 56%. At 1-year, there was no difference for the ischemic end point (5.9% versus 6.0%; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.40-1.58]; P=0.51) and a nonsignificant higher rate of major bleedings (2.7% versus 1.0%, hazard ratio, 2.83 [95% CI, 0.96-8.41]; P=0.06) in HPR versus non-HPR patients. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of HPR was halved after platelet function testing and treatment adjustment but without significant ischemic benefit at 1 year. HPR seems more as a modifiable risk marker than a risk factor of ischemic outcome. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00827411.