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1.
Int J Sports Med ; 2024 Feb 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37931909

RESUMO

Ultra-endurance sports and exercise events are becoming increasingly popular for older age groups. We aimed to evaluate changes in cardiac function and physical fitness in males aged 50-60 years who completed a 50-day transoceanic rowing challenge. This case account of four self-selected males included electro- and echo-cardiography (ECG, echo), cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness measures recorded nine months prior to and three weeks after a transatlantic team-rowing challenge. No clinically significant changes to myocardial function were found over the course of the study. The training and race created expected functional changes to left ventricular and atrial function; the former associated with training, the latter likely due to dehydration, both resolving towards baseline within three weeks post-event. From race-start to finish all rowers lost 8.4-15.6 kg of body mass. Absolute cardiorespiratory power and muscular strength were lower three weeks post-race compared to pre-race, but cardiorespiratory exercise economy improved in this same period. A structured program of moderate-vigorous aerobic endurance and muscular training for>6 months, followed by 50-days of transoceanic rowing in older males proved not to cause any observable acute or potential long-term risks to cardiovascular health. Pre-event screening, fitness testing, and appropriate training is recommended, especially in older participants where age itself is an increasingly significant risk factor.

2.
Heart Lung Circ ; 32(5): 619-628, 2023 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37003938

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have reported a high rate of unplanned readmissions following acute percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Data outside the USA comparing 30-day unplanned readmissions following elective PCI to those who undergo acute PCI remain limited. METHODS: Patients who underwent a PCI procedure in Australia and New Zealand between 2010 and 2015 were included. We determined the rates, causes and predictors of 30-day unplanned readmissions, as well as rates of repeat revascularisation procedures, for patients who underwent an elective or acute PCI. Predictors of readmissions were identified using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 199,686 PCI encounters were included, of which 74,890 (37.5%) were elective and 124,796 (62.5%) were acute procedures. Overall, 10.6% of patients had at least one unplanned readmission within 30 days of discharge with lower rates following elective PCI (7.0%) compared to acute PCI (12.7%) (p<0.01). Non-specific chest pain was the commonest cause of readmission after elective and acute PCI, accounting for 20.7% and 21.5% of readmission diagnoses, respectively. Readmissions for acute myocardial infarction (13.0% vs 4.6%, p<0.01) and heart failure (6.5% vs 3.3%, p<0.01) were higher following acute PCI compared to elective PCI. Among readmitted patients, 16.7% had a coronary catheterisation, 12.2% had a PCI and 0.7% had coronary artery bypass surgery. Multivariable predictors of 30-day unplanned readmission included female sex and comorbidities such as heart failure, metastatic disease, chronic lung disease and renal failure (p<0.0001 for all). CONCLUSIONS: Unplanned readmissions following elective or acute PCI are high. Clinical and quality-control measures are required to prevent avoidable readmissions in both settings.


Assuntos
Insuficiência Cardíaca , Infarto do Miocárdio , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea , Humanos , Feminino , Readmissão do Paciente , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/efeitos adversos , Infarto do Miocárdio/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento
3.
Med J Aust ; 214(11): 519-525, 2021 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33997979

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To assess long term survival and patient characteristics associated with survival following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Australia and New Zealand. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: All patients admitted with AMI (ICD-10-AM codes I21.0-I21.4) to all public and most private hospitals in Australia and New Zealand during 2009-2015. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: All-cause mortality up to seven years after an AMI. RESULTS: 239 402 initial admissions with AMI were identified; the mean age of the patients was 69.3 years (SD, 14.3 years), 154 287 were men (64.5%), and 64 335 had ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI; 26.9%). 7-year survival after AMI was 62.3% (STEMI, 70.8%; non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction [NSTEMI], 59.2%); survival exceeded 85% for people under 65 years of age, but was 17.4% for those aged 85 years or more. 120 155 patients (50.2%) underwent revascularisation (STEMI, 72.2%; NSTEMI, 42.1%); 7-year survival exceeded 80% for patients in each group who underwent revascularisation, and was lower than 45% for those who did not. Being older (85 years or older v 18-54 years: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 10.6; 95% CI, 10.1-11.1) or a woman (aHR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.13-1.17) were each associated with greater long term mortality during the study period, as was prior heart failure (aHR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.76-1.83). Several non-cardiac conditions and geriatric syndromes common in these patients were independently associated with lower long term survival, including major and metastatic cancer, cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease, and dementia. CONCLUSION: AMI care in Australia and New Zealand is associated with high rates of long term survival; 7-year rates exceed 80% for patients under 65 years of age and for those who undergo revascularisation. Efforts to further improve survival should target patients with NSTEMI, who are often older and have several comorbid conditions, for whom revascularisation rates are low and survival after AMI poor.


Assuntos
Infarto do Miocárdio sem Supradesnível do Segmento ST/epidemiologia , Infarto do Miocárdio com Supradesnível do Segmento ST/epidemiologia , Sobreviventes , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Austrália/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nova Zelândia/epidemiologia , Infarto do Miocárdio sem Supradesnível do Segmento ST/mortalidade , Infarto do Miocárdio sem Supradesnível do Segmento ST/terapia , Fatores de Risco , Infarto do Miocárdio com Supradesnível do Segmento ST/mortalidade , Infarto do Miocárdio com Supradesnível do Segmento ST/terapia , Fatores Sexuais , Análise de Sobrevida
4.
Heart Lung Circ ; 28(2): 245-256, 2019 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29150157

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: To describe the long-term mortality of a complete national cohort of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients enrolled in 2002, to compare this with a national age, sex and Maori ethnicity matched population, and to assess the influence of baseline factors on the 12-year mortality. METHODS: We reviewed 721 patients with a discharge diagnosis of an ACS who were enrolled in the first New Zealand ACS audit group cohort over 14days in May 2002. We matched the cohort to the national mortality database using each patient's unique national identity number. RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 12.7 years of 721 patients discharged with an ACS, overall mortality was 52%: ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (58%), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) (61%) and unstable angina pectoris (UAP) (42%) patients, p<0.0001. In an age-adjusted survival model, males had a 29% increased mortality rate compared to females with a hazard ratio of 1.29 (95% CI 1.04, 1.61, p=0.019). Over 12 years there were 339 (47%) deaths, compared to 284 (39%) deaths observed in the matched population. The standardised mortality ratio for patients admitted with an ACS in New Zealand is 1.3 (95% CI 1.2, 1.5) with eight patients per 100 not surviving to 12 years compared to this matched population. CONCLUSIONS: The high mortality rate in this ACS cohort is a stark reminder of the prognostic implications of a presentation with an ACS. It emphasises the on-going need for optimal management of these patients throughout every stage of their initial treatment and subsequent on-going care.


Assuntos
Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/mortalidade , Auditoria Clínica/métodos , Previsões , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Causas de Morte/tendências , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nova Zelândia/epidemiologia , Alta do Paciente/tendências , Fatores de Risco , Taxa de Sobrevida/tendências
5.
BMC Cardiovasc Disord ; 18(1): 169, 2018 08 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30111293

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Development of collateral circulation in coronary artery disease is cardio-protective. A key process in forming new blood vessels is attraction to occluded arteries of monocytes with their subsequent activation as macrophages. In patients from a prospectively recruited post-acute coronary syndromes cohort we investigated the prognostic performance of three products of activated macrophages, soluble vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors (sFlt-1 and sKDR) and pterins, alongside genetic variants in VEGF receptor genes, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. METHODS: Baseline levels of sFlt-1 (VEGFR1), sKDR (VEGFR2) and pterins were measured in plasma samples from subgroups (n = 513; 211; 144, respectively) of the Coronary Disease Cohort Study (CDCS, n = 2067). DNA samples from the cohort were genotyped for polymorphisms from the VEGFR-1 gene SNPs (rs748252 n = 2027, rs9513070 n = 2048) and VEGFR-2 gene SNPs (rs2071559 n = 2050, rs2305948 n = 2066, rs1870377 n = 2042). RESULTS: At baseline, levels of sFlt-1 were significantly correlated with age, alcohol consumption, NTproBNP, BNP and other covariates relevant to cardiovascular pathophysiology. Total neopterin levels were associated with alcohol consumption at baseline. 7,8 dihydroneopterin was associated with BMI. The A allele of VEGFR-2 variant rs1870377 was associated with higher plasma sFlt-1 and lower levels of sKDR at baseline. Baseline plasma sFlt-1 was univariately associated with all cause mortality with (p < 0.001) and in a Cox's proportional hazards regression model sFlt-1 and pterins were both associated with mortality independent of established predictors (p < 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: sFlt-1 and pterins may have potential as prognostic biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes patients. Genetic markers from VEGF system genes warrant further investigation as markers of levels of VEGF system components in these patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry. ACTRN12605000431628 . 16 September 2005, Retrospectively registered.


Assuntos
Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/sangue , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Pterinas/sangue , Receptor 1 de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/sangue , Receptor 1 de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/genética , Receptor 2 de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/sangue , Receptor 2 de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/genética , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/diagnóstico por imagem , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/mortalidade , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/efeitos adversos , Angiografia Coronária , Feminino , Estudos de Associação Genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Ativação de Macrófagos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Fenótipo , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prognóstico , Fatores de Risco
6.
Aust Health Rev ; 42(3): 277-285, 2018 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28424144

RESUMO

Objective Effective translation of evidence to practice may depend on systems of care characteristics within the health service. The present study evaluated associations between hospital expertise and infrastructure capacity and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) care as part of the SNAPSHOT ACS registry. Methods A survey collected hospital systems and process data and our analysis developed a score to assess hospital infrastructure and expertise capacity. Patient-level data from a registry of 4387 suspected ACS patients enrolled over a 2-week period were used and associations with guideline care and in-hospital and 6-, 12- and 18-month outcomes were measured. Results Of 375 participating hospitals, 348 (92.8%) were included in the analysis. Higher expertise was associated with increased coronary angiograms (440/1329; 33.1%), 580/1656 (35.0%) and 609/1402 (43.4%) for low, intermediate and high expertise capacity respectively; P<0.001) and the prescription of guideline therapies observed a tendency for an association with (531/1329 (40.0%), 733/1656 (44.3%) and 603/1402 (43.0%) for low, intermediate and high expertise capacity respectively; P=0.056), but not rehabilitation (474/1329 (35.7%), 603/1656 (36.4%) and 535/1402 (38.2%) for low, intermediate and high expertise capacity respectively; P=0.377). Higher expertise capacity was associated with a lower incidence of major adverse events (152/1329 (11.4%), 142/1656 (8.6%) and 149/149 (10.6%) for low, intermediate and high expertise capacity respectively; P=0.026), as well as adjusted mortality within 18 months (low vs intermediate expertise capacity: odds ratio (OR) 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58-1.08, P=0.153; intermediate vs high expertise capacity: OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.48-0.86, P=0.003). Conclusions Both higher-level expertise in decision making and infrastructure capacity are associated with improved evidence translation and survival over 18 months of an ACS event and have clear healthcare design and policy implications. What is known about the topic? There are comprehensive guidelines for treating ACS patients, but Australia and New Zealand registry data reveal substantial gaps in delivery of best practice care across metropolitan, regional, rural and remote health services, raising questions of equity of access and outcome. Greater mortality and morbidity gains can be achieved by increasing the application of current evidence-based therapies than by developing new therapy innovations. Health service system characteristics may be barriers or enablers to the delivery of best practice care and need to be identified and evaluated for correlations with performance indicators and outcomes in order to improve health service design. What does this paper add? This study measures two system characteristics, namely expertise and infrastructure, evaluating the relationship with ACS guideline application and clinical outcomes in a large and diverse cohort of Australian and New Zealand hospitals. The study identifies decision-making expertise and infrastructure capacity, to a lesser degree, as enabling characteristics to help improve patient outcomes. What are the implications for practitioners? In the design of health services to improve access and equity, expertise must be preserved. However, it is difficult to have experienced personnel at the bedside no matter where the health service, and engineering innovative systems and processes of care to facilitate delivery of expertise should be considered.


Assuntos
Síndrome Coronariana Aguda , Competência Clínica , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/diagnóstico por imagem , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/epidemiologia , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/terapia , Idoso , Austrália/epidemiologia , Auditoria Clínica , Angiografia Coronária , Tomada de Decisões , Feminino , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Hospitais , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nova Zelândia , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde/normas , Sistema de Registros , Serviços de Saúde Rural , Resultado do Tratamento , Serviços Urbanos de Saúde
7.
Clin Chem ; 63(1): 316-324, 2017 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28062626

RESUMO

AIMS: C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is a paracrine growth factor expressed in the vascular endothelium. Although upregulated in atheromatous arteries, the predictive value of plasma CNP products for outcome in coronary disease is unknown. This study aimed to compare the prognostic value of plasma CNP products with those of other natriuretic peptides in individuals with coronary artery disease, and investigate their associations with cardiac and renal function. METHODS AND RESULTS: Plasma concentrations of CNP and amino-terminal proCNP (NT-proCNP) were measured at baseline in 2129 individuals after an index acute coronary syndrome admission and related to cardiac and renal function, other natriuretic peptides [atrial NP (ANP) and B-type NP (BNP)] and prognosis (primary end point, mortality; secondary end point, cardiac readmission). Median follow-up was 4 years. At baseline, and in contrast to CNP, ANP, and BNP, plasma NT-proCNP was higher in males and weakly related to cardiac function but strongly correlated to plasma creatinine. All NPs were univariately associated with mortality. Resampling at 4 and 12 months in survivors showed stable concentrations of NT-proCNP whereas all other peptides declined. When studied by diagnosis (myocardial infarction, unstable angina) at index admission using a multivariate model, NT-proBNP predicted mortality and readmission in myocardial infarction. In unstable angina, only NT-proCNP predicted both mortality and cardiac readmission. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to the close association of NT-proBNP with cardiac function, and predictive value for outcome after myocardial infarction, plasma NT-proCNP is highly correlated with renal function and is an independent predictor of mortality and cardiac readmission in individuals with unstable angina.


Assuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana/sangue , Peptídeo Natriurético Tipo C/sangue , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/mortalidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico
8.
J Cardiovasc Nurs ; 32(3): 288-295, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27617562

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The provision of equitable acute coronary syndrome (ACS) care in Australia and New Zealand requires an understanding of the sources of variation in the provision of this care. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the variation in care and outcomes between ACS patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) and English proficiency (EP) admitted to Australian and NZ hospitals. METHODS: Data were collected from 4387 suspected/confirmed ACS patients from 286 hospitals between May 14 and 27, 2012, who were followed for 18 months. We compared hospital care and outcomes according to the proficiency of English using logistic regressions. RESULTS: The 294 LEP patients were older (70.9 vs 66.3 years; P < .001) and had higher prevalence of hypertension (71.1% vs 62.8%; P = .004), diabetes (40.5% vs 24.3%; P < .001), and renal impairment (16.3% vs 11.1%; P = .007) compared with the 4093 EP patients. Once in hospital, there was no difference in receipt of percutaneous coronary intervention (57.0% vs 55.4%; P = .78) or coronary artery bypass graft surgery (10.5% vs 11.5%; P = .98). After adjustment for medical history, there were no significant differences (P > .05) between the 2 groups in the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and/or all-cause death during the index admission and from index admission to 18 months. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that LEP patients admitted to Australian or New Zealand hospitals with suspected ACS may not experience inequity in hospital care and outcomes.


Assuntos
Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/terapia , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Hospitalização , Idioma , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Austrália , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nova Zelândia , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto
9.
Heart Lung Circ ; 26(10): 1051-1058, 2017 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28139353

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Cardiac troponin (T and I) are considered the standard markers for detection of myocardial damage and the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) among patients who present to an emergency department with chest pain. However, these markers can be released in other situations and may be associated with short- and long-term clinical outcomes. In this study, we examine late mortality rates among patients presenting with a suspected ACS due to an unstable coronary plaque and those patients having a non-ACS. METHODS: 4388 patients were hospitalised with suspected ACS, between 14 and 27 May 2012 in the Australia and New Zealand SNAPSHOT ACS study. Those patients were categorised in five diagnostic groups: 1) ST elevation MI (n=419); 2) non-ST elevation MI (n=1012); 3) unstable angina (n=925); 4) non-ACS diagnoses (n=837); and 5) chest pain considered unlikely ischaemic (not otherwise specified, n=1195). RESULT: The respective mortality rates at 18 months in these groups were 16.2%, 16.3%, 6.8%, 12.8%, and 4.8%; Pearson χ2=110 p<0.001. Among non-ACS diagnoses patients (group 4) those with the highest mortality rates (cardiac (14.4%), respiratory (18.2%), sepsis (15.4%) and neoplastic (67%) diagnoses) had the highest rates of elevated troponin levels (48%, 31%, 38% and 67% respectively). By contrast, those with the lowest mortality rates (musculoskeletal (2.9%), gastrointestinal disorders (3.9%) and non-specific chest pain (7.4%)) had the lowest rate of elevated troponin levels (9%, 18% and 15.8% respectively). However, after adjusting for baseline clinical and demographic characteristics, the mortality rate at 18 months for patients with elevated troponin was similar for ACS or non-ACS diagnoses (Hazard Ratio, 95% C.I.0.98-1.07, p=0.333). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients in the 2012 SNAPSHOT ACS study, non-ACS diagnoses characterised by high rates of elevated troponin levels had high mortality rates similar to those diagnosed with ACS. Therapies known to be effective in ACS patients, including early invasive management, should be examined in these non-ACS patients with troponin elevations within adequately powered randomised trials.


Assuntos
Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/sangue , Infarto do Miocárdio/sangue , Miocárdio/patologia , Troponina/sangue , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/diagnóstico , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/mortalidade , Idoso , Austrália/epidemiologia , Biomarcadores/sangue , Angiografia Coronária , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Eletrocardiografia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/diagnóstico , Infarto do Miocárdio/mortalidade , Nova Zelândia/epidemiologia , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Taxa de Sobrevida/tendências , Fatores de Tempo
10.
Heart Lung Circ ; 26(3): 258-267, 2017 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27697388

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: There is wide variation in the use of radial over femoral access for patients with ACS. This study evaluates the factors associated with the selection of radial versus femoral angiography in Australia and New Zealand and the effect of access site on clinical events in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. METHODS: An analysis of the SNAPSHOT ACS audit was conducted during May 2012 across 286 hospitals in Australia and New Zealand. Data collected included baseline patient characteristics, hospital site details, treatment received, clinical events in-hospital and mortality at 18 months. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed. RESULTS: Of the 1621 patients undergoing coronary angiography, access was through the femoral artery in 1043 (63%), and the radial in 578 (36%) patients. Radial access dominated in New Zealand (241 out of 327, 73.7%), compared to Australia (337 out of 1293, 26.1%, p=<0.001), with interstate variation (6% to 54%, p=<0.001). Independent predictors of access site included country of admission (Odds of radial, Aus v NZ OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.08-0.24, p=<0.0001), prior CABG surgery (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.09-0.31, p=<0.0001), high GRACE score (90th decile) (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.21-0.91, p=0.026) and admission to a centre with high annual PCI volume (>209 cases per year) (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.06-3.26, p=0.03). After adjustment, there was no difference in clinical events in-hospital or mortality at 18 months CONCLUSION: Coronary angiography in New Zealand rather than Australia is the strongest predictor of radial access in ACS patients. There was no difference in outcomes according to access site in this population based cohort study.


Assuntos
Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/diagnóstico por imagem , Angiografia Coronária , Artéria Femoral , Artéria Radial , Idoso , Austrália , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Auditoria Médica , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nova Zelândia
11.
Med J Aust ; 205(3): 114-20, 2016 Aug 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27465766

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Variation in the provision of coronary angiography is associated with health care inefficiency and inequity. We explored geographic, socio-economic, health service and disease indicators associated with variation in angiography rates across Australia. METHODS: Australian census and National Health Survey data were used to determine socio-economic, health workforce and service indicators. Hospital separations and coronary deaths during 2011 were identified in the National Hospital Morbidity and Mortality databases. All 61 Medicare Locals responsible for primary care were included, and age- and sex-standardised rates of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) incidence, coronary angiography, revascularisation and mortality were tested for correlations, and adjusted by Bayesian regression. RESULTS: There were 3.7-fold and 2.3-fold differences between individual Medicare Locals in the lowest and highest ACS and coronary artery disease mortality rates respectively, whereas angiography rates varied 5.3-fold. ACS and death rates within Medicare Locals were correlated (partial correlation coefficient [CC], 0.52; P < 0.001). There was modest correlation between ACS and angiography rates (CC, 0.31; P = 0.018). The proportion of patients undergoing angiography who proceeded to revascularisation was inversely correlated with the total angiogram rate (CC, -0.71; P < 0.001). Socio-economic disadvantage and remoteness were correlated with disease burden, ACS incidence and mortality, but not with angiography rate. In the adjusted analysis, the strongest association with local angiography rates was with admissions to private hospitals (71 additional angiograms [95% CI, 47-93] for every 1000 admissions). CONCLUSION: Variation in rates of coronary angiography, not related to clinical need, occurs across Australia. A greater focus on clinical care standards and better distribution of health services will be required if these variations are to be attenuated.


Assuntos
Angiografia Coronária/estatística & dados numéricos , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Infarto do Miocárdio/diagnóstico por imagem , Austrália , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Infarto do Miocárdio/epidemiologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores Socioeconômicos
12.
Med J Aust ; 203(9): 368, 2015 Nov 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26510808

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of the availability of a catheterisation laboratory and evidence-based care on the 18-month mortality rate in patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes (ACS). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Management and outcomes are described for patients enrolled in the 2012 Australian and New Zealand SNAPSHOT ACS audit. Patients were stratified according to their presentation to hospitals with or without cardiac catheterisation facilities. Data linkage ascertained patient vital status 18 months after admission. Descriptive and Cox proportional hazards analyses determined predictors of outcomes, and were used to estimate the numbers of deaths that could be averted by improved application of evidence-based care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mortality for ACS patients from admission to 18 months after admission. RESULTS: Definite ACS patients presenting to catheterisation-capable (CC) hospitals (n = 1326) were more likely to undergo coronary angiography than those presenting to non-CC hospitals (n = 1031) (61.5% v 50.8%; P = 0.0001), receive timely reperfusion (for ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients: 45.2% v 19.2%; P < 0.001), and be referred for cardiac rehabilitation (57% v 53%; P = 0.05). All-cause mortality over 18 months was highest for STEMI (16.2%) and non-STEMI (16.3%) patients, and lowest for those presenting with unstable angina (6.8%) and non-cardiac chest pain (4.8%; P < 0.0001 for trend). After adjustment for patient propensity to present to a CC hospital and patient risk, presentation to a CC hospital was associated with 21% (95% CI, 2%-37%) lower mortality than presentation to a non-CC hospital. This mortality difference was attenuated after adjusting for delivery of evidence-based care. CONCLUSION: In Australia and New Zealand, the availability of a catheterisation laboratory appears to have a significant impact on long-term mortality in ACS patients, which is still substantial. This mortality may be reduced by improvements in evidence-based care in both CC and non-CC hospitals.


Assuntos
Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/mortalidade , Institutos de Cardiologia , Cateterismo Cardíaco , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/diagnóstico , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/terapia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Austrália , Angiografia Coronária , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Masculino , Auditoria Médica , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nova Zelândia , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Análise de Sobrevida
13.
Med J Aust ; 202(1): 36-9, 2015 Jan 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25588444

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To examine differences in care and inhospital course of patients with possible acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in Australia and New Zealand based on whether a highly sensitive (hs) troponin assay was used at the hospital to which they presented. DESIGN, SETTING AND PATIENTS: A snapshot study of consecutive patients presenting to hospitals in Australia and New Zealand from 14 to 27 May 2012 with possible ACS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of major adverse cardiac events (inhospital death, new or recurrent myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiac arrest or worsening heart failure); association between assay type and outcome (via propensity score matching and a generalised estimating equation [GEE]; averages of the predicted outcomes among patients who were treated with and without the availability of an hs assay (via inverse probability-weighting [IPW] with regression-adjusted estimators). RESULTS: 4371 patients with possible ACS were admitted to 283 hospitals. Over half of the hospitals (156 [55%]) reported using the hs assay and most patients (2624 [60%]) had hs tests (P = 0.004). Use of the hs assay was independent of hospital coronary revascularisation capability. Patients tested with the hs assay had more non-invasive investigations (exercise tests, stress echocardiography, stress nuclear scans, and computed tomography coronary angiography) than those tested with the sensitive assay. However, there were no differences between the groups in rates of angiography or revascularisation. All adjusted analyses showed a consistently lower rate of inhospital events, including recurrent heart failure in patients for whom the hs assay was used (GEE odds ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.60-0.94; P = 0.014); IPW analysis showed a 2.3% absolute reduction in these events with the use of the hs assay (P = 0.018). CONCLUSION: Use of hs troponin testing of patients hospitalised with possible ACS was associated with an increased rate of non-invasive cardiac investigations and fewer inhospital adverse events.


Assuntos
Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Troponina/sangue , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/diagnóstico , Austrália , Nova Zelândia , Estudos Prospectivos , Sistema de Registros , Resultado do Tratamento
14.
Heart Lung Circ ; 24(1): 11-20, 2015 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25107482

RESUMO

AIMS: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the optimal management for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. We reviewed the largest primary PCI regional service in New Zealand: the Auckland/Northland service based at Auckland City Hospital, to assess patient management, in particular the door to reperfusion times (DTRTs), and predictors of death in hospital. METHODS: We obtained patient details from a comprehensive prospective database of all primary PCI patients admitted with STEMI from 1/1/12 to 31/12/12 to the Auckland City Hospital cardiac catheterisation laboratory. Of four District Health Boards (DHBs) within the region, two accessed this regional service at all times, and two accessed the Auckland City Hospital cardiac catheterisation laboratory 'after hours': all times except for 08:00 to 16:00 hours on Monday to Friday. RESULTS: A total of 401 adult patients underwent a primary PCI at the Auckland City Hospital Regional centre for a STEMI presentation, over the 12 months period. The median patient age was 61 years, 77% were male. Overall 183 (46%) (95% CI 41, 51) patients achieved a DTRT of < 90 mins, and 266 (66%) (95% CI 61, 71) a DTRT of < 120 mins, with a clear geographical influence to these times. Of 27 patients with direct transfer to the catheter laboratory from the community, the DTRT was < 120 mins in 24 (92%) (95% CI 72, 96) patients. In-hospital mortality was 24 (6%) patients (95% CI 4, 9). CONCLUSIONS: The 2012 Auckland/Northland primary PCI service delivers good outcomes consistent with current Australasian standards. Although geographical isolation complicates door to reperfusion times, these may potentially be improved by more focus on direct transfer to the cardiac catheterisation laboratory, especially directly from the community.


Assuntos
Bases de Dados Factuais , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/mortalidade , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nova Zelândia/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos
15.
Lancet Microbe ; 5(7): 645-654, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38729196

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Protection afforded by inactivated influenza vaccines can theoretically be improved by inducing T-cell responses to conserved internal influenza A antigens. We assessed whether, in an influenza controlled human infection challenge, susceptible individuals receiving a vaccine boosting T-cell responses would exhibit lower viral load and decreased symptoms compared with placebo recipients. METHODS: In this single centre, randomised, double-blind phase 2 study, healthy adult (aged 18-55 years) volunteers with microneutralisation titres of less than 20 to the influenza A(H3N2) challenge strain were enrolled at an SGS quarantine facility in Antwerp, Belgium. Participants were randomly assigned double-blind using a permuted-block list with a 3:2 allocation ratio to receive 0·5 mL intramuscular injections of modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) expressing H3N2 nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix protein 1 (M1) at 1·5 × 108 plaque forming units (4·3 × 108 50% tissue culture infectious dose [TCID50]; MVA-NP+M1 group) or saline placebo (placebo group). At least 6 weeks later, participants were challenged intranasally with 0·5 mL of a 1 × 106 TCID50/mL dose of influenza A/Belgium/4217/2015 (H3N2). Nasal swabs were collected twice daily from day 2 until day 11 for viral PCR, and symptoms of influenza were recorded from day 2 until day 11. The primary outcome was to determine the efficacy of MVA-NP+M1 vaccine to reduce the degree of nasopharyngeal viral shedding as measured by the cumulative viral area under the curve using a log-transformed quantitative PCR. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03883113. FINDINGS: Between May 2 and Oct 24, 2019, 145 volunteers were enrolled and randomly assigned to the MVA-NP+M1 group (n=87) or the placebo group (n=58). Of these, 118 volunteers entered the challenge period (71 in the MVA-NP+M1 group and 47 in the placebo group) and 117 participants completed the study (71 in the MVA-NP+M1 group and 46 in the placebo group). 78 (54%) of the 145 volunteers were female and 67 (46%) were male. The primary outcome, overall viral load as determined by quantitative PCR, did not show a statistically significant difference between the MVA-NP+M1 (mean 649·7 [95% CI 552·7-746·7) and placebo groups (mean 726·1 [604·0-848·2]; p=0·17). All reported treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs; 11 in the vaccination phase and 51 in the challenge phase) were grade 1 and 2, except for two grade 3 TEAEs in the placebo group in the challenge phase. A grade 4 second trimester fetal death, considered possibly related to the MVA-NP+M1 vaccination, and an acute psychosis reported in a placebo participant during the challenge phase were reported. INTERPRETATION: The use of an MVA vaccine to expand CD4+ or CD8+ T cells to conserved influenza A antigens in peripheral blood did not affect nasopharyngeal viral load in an influenza H3N2 challenge model in seronegative, healthy adults. FUNDING: Department of Health and Human Services; Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority; and Barinthus Biotherapeutics.


Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2 , Vacinas contra Influenza , Influenza Humana , Carga Viral , Humanos , Adulto , Bélgica/epidemiologia , Método Duplo-Cego , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/imunologia , Influenza Humana/imunologia , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/administração & dosagem , Adolescente , Proteínas da Matriz Viral/imunologia , Proteínas do Core Viral/imunologia , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/imunologia , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Vacinas de DNA/imunologia , Vacinas de DNA/administração & dosagem , Proteínas do Nucleocapsídeo/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Imunidade Celular
16.
Aviat Space Environ Med ; 84(6): 608-12, 2013 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23745289

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: This study examined the prevalence of airline pilots who have an excessive cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk score according to the New Zealand Guideline Group (NZGG) Framingham-based Risk Chart and describes their cardiovascular risk assessment and investigations. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed among 856 pilots employed in an Oceania based airline. Pilots with elevated CVD risk that had been previously evaluated at various times over the previous 19 yr were reviewed retrospectively from the airline's medical records, and the subsequent cardiovascular investigations were then described. RESULTS: There were 30 (3.5%) pilots who were found to have 5-yr CVD risk score of 10-15% or higher. Of the 29 pilots who had complete cardiac investigations data, 26 pilots underwent exercise electrocardiography (ECG), 2 pilots progressed directly to coronary angiograms and 1 pilot with abnormal echocardiogram was not examined further. Of the 26 pilots, 7 had positive or borderline exercise tests, all of whom subsequently had angiograms. One patient with a negative exercise test also had a coronary angiogram. Of the 9 patients who had coronary angiograms as a consequence of screening, 5 had significant disease that required treatment and 4 had either trivial disease or normal coronary arteries. CONCLUSION: The current approach to investigate excessive cardiovascular risk in pilots relies heavily on exercise electrocardiograms as a diagnostic test, and may not be optimal either to detect disease or to protect pilots from unnecessary invasive procedures. A more comprehensive and accurate cardiac investigation algorithm to assess excessive CVD risk in pilots is required.


Assuntos
Medicina Aeroespacial/métodos , Algoritmos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Adulto , Aviação , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Angiografia Coronária , Estudos Transversais , Ecocardiografia , Eletrocardiografia , Teste de Esforço , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nova Zelândia , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco
17.
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol ; 23(3): 319-24, 2012 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21985337

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The KCNE family is a group of small transmembrane channel proteins involved in potassium ion (K(+)) conductance. The X-linked KCNE5 gene encodes a regulator of the K(+) current mediated by the potassium channel KCNQ1. Polymorphisms in KCNE5 have been associated with altered cardiac electrophysiological properties in human studies. We investigated associations of the common rs697829 polymorphism from KCNE5 with baseline characteristics, baseline electrocardiographic (ECG) measurements, and patient survival in a cohort of post-acute coronary syndromes (ACS) patients (the Coronary Disease Cohort Study cohort). METHODS AND RESULTS: DNA samples (n = 1,740) were genotyped for rs697829 using a TaqMan assay. Baseline ECG data revealed corrected QT (QTc) interval was associated with rs697829 in male, but not female, patients, being extended in the G genotype group (A 416 ± 1.71; G 431 ± 4.25 ms, P = 0.002). Covariate-adjusted survival was poorest in G genotype patients in Cox proportional hazard modeling of mortality data of males (P(overall) = 0.020). Male patients with G genotype had a hazard ratio of 1.44 (1.11-2.33) for death when compared to the A genotype male patients (P = 0.048) after adjustment for age, baseline log-transformed N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP), ß-blocker and insulin treatment, QTc interval, history of myocardial infarction, and physical activity score. CONCLUSION: This study suggests an association between rs697829, a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) from KCNE5, and ECG measurements and survival in postacute ACS patients. Prolonged subclinical QT interval may be a marker of adverse outcome in this group of patients.


Assuntos
Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/genética , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/fisiopatologia , Eletrocardiografia , Síndrome do QT Longo/genética , Síndrome do QT Longo/fisiopatologia , Canais de Potássio de Abertura Dependente da Tensão da Membrana/genética , Regiões 3' não Traduzidas/genética , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/diagnóstico por imagem , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Estudos de Coortes , Creatina Quinase/genética , DNA/biossíntese , DNA/genética , Ecocardiografia , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peptídeo Natriurético Encefálico/genética , Neurotransmissores/metabolismo , Neurotransmissores/fisiologia , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/fisiologia , Canais de Potássio de Abertura Dependente da Tensão da Membrana/fisiologia , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Caracteres Sexuais , Sobrevida , Análise de Sobrevida , Troponina T/genética
18.
Aviat Space Environ Med ; 83(5): 465-71, 2012 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22606861

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: A cardiovascular risk prediction score is routinely applied by aviation authorities worldwide. We examined the accuracy of the Framingham-based risk chart used by the New Zealand Civil Aviation Authority in predicting cardiovascular events among airline pilots. METHODS: A matched case-control design was applied to assess the association of 5-yr cardiovascular risk score and cardiovascular events in Oceania-based airline pilots. Cases were pilots with cardiovascular events as recorded on their medical records. Each case was age and gender matched with four controls that were randomly selected from the pilot population. To collect data before the events, 5-yr retrospective evaluations were conducted. RESULTS: Over a 16-yr study period we identified 15 cases of cardiovascular events, 9 (60%) of which were sudden clinical presentations and only 6 (40%) of which were detected using cardiovascular screening. There were 8 cases (53%) and 16 controls (27%) who had a 5-yr risk of > or = 10-15%. Almost half of the events (7/15) occurred in pilots whose highest 5-yr risk was in the 5-10% range. Cases were 3.91 times more likely to have highest 5-yr risk score of > or =10-15% than controls (OR = 3.91, 95% CI 1.04-16.35). The accuracy of the highest risk scores were moderate (AUC = 0.723, 95% CI 0.583-0.863). The cutoff point of 10% is valid, with a specificity of 0.73, but low sensitivity (0.53). CONCLUSION: Despite a valid and appropriate cutoff point, the tool had low sensitivity and was unable to predict almost half of the cardiovascular events.


Assuntos
Medicina Aeroespacial , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Medição de Risco , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nova Zelândia , Curva ROC , Sensibilidade e Especificidade
19.
Sci Rep ; 12(1): 865, 2022 01 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35039557

RESUMO

Severe coronary tortuosity has previously been linked to low shear stresses at the luminal surface, yet this relationship is not fully understood. Several previous studies considered different tortuosity metrics when exploring its impact of on the wall shear stress (WSS), which has likely contributed to the ambiguous findings in the literature. Here, we aim to analyze different tortuosity metrics to determine a benchmark for the highest correlating metric with low time-averaged WSS (TAWSS). Using Computed Tomography Coronary Angiogram (CTCA) data from 127 patients without coronary artery disease, we applied all previously used tortuosity metrics to the left main coronary artery bifurcation, and to its left anterior descending and left circumflex branches, before modelling their TAWSS using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The tortuosity measures included tortuosity index, average absolute-curvature, root-mean-squared (RMS) curvature, and average squared-derivative-curvature. Each tortuosity measure was then correlated with the percentage of vessel area that showed a < 0.4 Pa TAWSS, a threshold associated with altered endothelial cell cytoarchitecture and potentially higher disease risk. Our results showed a stronger correlation between curvature-based versus non-curvature-based tortuosity measures and low TAWSS, with the average-absolute-curvature showing the highest coefficient of determination across all left main branches (p < 0.001), followed by the average-squared-derivative-curvature (p = 0.001), and RMS-curvature (p = 0.002). The tortuosity index, the most widely used measure in literature, showed no significant correlation to low TAWSS (p = 0.86). We thus recommend the use of average-absolute-curvature as a tortuosity measure for future studies.


Assuntos
Simulação por Computador , Anomalias dos Vasos Coronários/patologia , Vasos Coronários/patologia , Angiografia Coronária , Anomalias dos Vasos Coronários/diagnóstico por imagem , Vasos Coronários/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Resistência ao Cisalhamento , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X
20.
Lancet Infect Dis ; 22(6): 857-866, 2022 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35305317

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: In animal, epidemiological, and human challenge studies, a pre-existing T-cell response to internal proteins of influenza A has been associated with improved virological and disease outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess whether inducing additional responses to conserved CD4 and CD8 T-cell antigens provides added benefit to standard influenza vaccination. METHODS: We designed a phase 2b, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of a recombinant viral-vectored vaccine (modified vaccinia Ankara expressing virus nucleoprotein and matrix protein 1; MVA-NP+M1), which has been shown to induce both CD4 and CD8 T cells, at eight outpatient clinical trial sites in Australia over two consecutive influenza seasons. We recruited non-immunosuppressed adults (≥18 years) who had received the 2019 quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) vaccine within 28 days before study enrolment and randomisation (day 0). Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) according to a computer-generated random sequence to receive one dose of 1·5 × 108 plaque-forming units of MVA-NP+M1 or saline (placebo) intramuscularly. Randomisation was stratified by age (<65 years or ≥65 years). The patients and trial assessors were masked to treatment assignment. During the subsequent influenza seasons, participants with symptoms related to respiratory illness or influenza-like illness were to attend the clinic within 72 h of symptom onset for two nasal swabs for influenza testing by quantitative RT-PCR. The primary endpoint was the incidence rate of laboratory-confirmed influenza in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population. Safety (solicited adverse events within 7 days and unsolicited adverse events within 28 days after study vaccination, and serious adverse events for the study duration) was assessed in all randomly assigned participants who received at least one vaccination (according to the treatment received). The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03880474. FINDINGS: Between April 2 and June 14, 2019, 2152 adults were randomly allocated and received MVA-NP+M1 (n=1077) or placebo (n=1075), comprising the efficacy (ITT) analysis set. Participants were followed up throughout the 2019 Australia influenza season (May 1 to Oct 15, 2019). 419 (19·5%) of 2152 participants were aged 65 years or older. The incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza did not differ between the MVA-NP+M1 group (35 of 1077 participants; 3·25% [95% CI 2·31-4·44]) and the placebo group (23 of 1075; 2·14% [1·39-3·14]; Fisher's exact p=0·14). 23 severe solicited local injection site reactions were reported in 13 (0·6%) of 2152 participants, 22 of which were reported in the MVA-NP + M1 group (in 12 [1·1%] participants). 100 severe systemic events were reported in 45 (4·2%) MVA-NP + M1 recipients, and 20 were reported in 14 (1·3%) placebo recipients. Three unsolicited grade 3 events in three participants (two headache and one nausea, all in the MVA-NP+M1 group) were deemed vaccine related. 21 serious adverse events were reported in 18 (1·7%) of 1077 participants in the MVA-NP+M1 group and 25 serious adverse events were reported in 22 (2·0%) of 1075 participants in the placebo group; none were considered vaccine related. The trial was stopped after one season for futility on the recommendation of the data monitoring committee. INTERPRETATION: MVA-NP+M1 was well tolerated with no vaccine-associated serious adverse events. A vaccine designed to induce moderate T-cell responses to the cross-reactive internal proteins of influenza A did not lead to improved incidence when given within 28 days after standard QIV immunisation. A greater magnitude of T-cell response with a different vaccine or regimen, or localisation in the lungs via alternative delivery, such as intranasal or aerosol, might be successful and require further investigation. FUNDING: Vaccitech.


Assuntos
Vacinas contra Influenza , Influenza Humana , Animais , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos , Vacinas contra Influenza/efeitos adversos , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Estações do Ano , Vacinação , Vacinas Combinadas , Vaccinia virus
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