A Randomized Phase 3 Study Comparing P2B001 to its Components (Low-Dose Extended-Release Rasagiline and Pramipexole) and to Optimized Doses of Marketed Extended-Release Pramipexole in Early Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: There remains uncertainty as to the optimal way to initiate therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) to maximize benefit and minimize adversity. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to determine if P2B001 (a fixed, low-dose, extended-release [ER] combination of pramipexole 0.6 mg and rasagiline 0.75 mg) is superior to each of its components and compare its safety and efficacy to optimized treatment with marketed doses of pramipexole-ER. METHODS: This was a 12-week, double-blind study (NCT03329508). Total of 544 untreated patients with PD were randomized (2:2:2:1) to treatment with P2B001, its individual components (pramipexole-ER 0.6 mg or rasagiline-ER 0.75 mg), or commercial doses of pramipexole-ER titrated to optimal dose (1.5-4.5 mg). The primary endpoint was change from baseline to week 12 in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) parts II and III. The key secondary endpoint was the change from baseline in the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) for P2B001 versus the titrated dose of pramipexole-ER. RESULTS: P2B001 provided superior efficacy compared to each of its components; mean (95% CI) treatment differences in UPDRS II + III scores were -2.66 (95% CI, -4.33 to -1.00) versus pramipexole-ER 0.6 mg (P = 0.0018) and - 3.30 (95% CI, -4.96 to -1.63) versus rasagiline-ER 0.75 mg (P < 0.0001). P2B001 had comparable efficacy with the titrated dose of pramipexole-ER (mean, 3.2 mg), but significantly less worsening in daytime-sleepiness (ESS treatment difference: -2.66 [95% CI, -3.50 to -1.81]; P < 0.0001). P2B001 was well-tolerated with fewer sleep-related and dopaminergic adverse events than titrated doses of pramipexole-ER including somnolence, orthostatic hypotension, and neuropsychiatric side effects. CONCLUSIONS: P2B001 had superior efficacy to its individual components and was comparable with commercially used doses of pramipexole-ER with less worsening of sleepiness and fewer dopaminergic adverse events. These findings support considering once-daily P2B001 as initial therapy for patients with early PD. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Prevalence of Dyskinesia and OFF by 30-Minute Intervals Through the Day and Assessment of Daily Episodes of Dyskinesia and OFF: Novel Analyses of Diary Data from Gocovri Pivotal Trials.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) patients using levodopa commonly develop dyskinesia and OFF episodes that reduce quality of life. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate prevalence of troublesome dyskinesia and OFF through the day, assessed by 30-minute intervals, as well as the mean number and duration of troublesome dyskinesia and OFF episodes, transitions between PD states, and effects of Gocovri® (amantadine) extended release capsules on these episodes. METHODS: Evaluate diary data from pooled Gocovri phase 3, placebo-controlled trials-analyzed for 17 hours following wake-up-at baseline and week 12. RESULTS: Diaries were evaluable for 162 patients. At baseline, 67% of patients woke up OFF, with prevalence decreasing to 13% at 2 hours and then remaining relatively steady at ∼12% (range, 6-17%) across half-hour intervals thereafter. Troublesome dyskinesia prevalence rose steadily from 5% to 24% over the first 2 hours, then fluctuated between 20% and 44% through the rest of the waking day. At baseline, patients experienced a mean of 3.0 daily episodes of troublesome dyskinesia (average duration 2.0 hours each), and 2.2 daily episodes of OFF (average duration 1.1 hour each). At week 12, Gocovri-treated patients showed greater reductions than placebo in troublesome dyskinesia and OFF episodes per day (treatment difference: -1.0 episodes and -0.4 episodes, respectively) and average episode duration (treatment difference: -0.6 hours and -0.3 hours, respectively). Mean duration of individual episodes of ON without troublesome dyskinesia (Good ON) increased by 5.0 hours for Gocovri, compared with 2.0 hours for placebo. Patients taking Gocovri experienced 2.2 fewer transitions between states than patients taking placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Troublesome dyskinesia and OFF occurred in the morning and throughout the waking day. Gocovri-treated patients experienced fewer, shorter episodes of both troublesome dyskinesia and OFF, thereby increasing the duration of continuous Good ON episodes and reducing the frequency of transitions between motor states.

Author Correction to: Pooled Analyses of Phase III Studies of ADS-5102 (Amantadine) Extended-Release Capsules for Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease.

An Online First version of this article was made available online at http://link.springer.com/journal/40263/onlineFirst/page/1 on 12 March 2018. An error was subsequently identified in the article, and the following correction should be noted.

Pooled Analyses of Phase III Studies of ADS-5102 (Amantadine) Extended-Release Capsules for Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Although levodopa is considered the most effective pharmacotherapy for motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), chronic use is associated with motor complications, including fluctuating response and unpredictable, involuntary movements called dyskinesia. ADS-5102 (amantadine) extended-release (ER) capsules (GOCOVRITM) is a recent US FDA-approved treatment for dyskinesia in PD patients. ADS-5102 is a high-dose, ER formulation of amantadine, administered orally once daily at bedtime, that achieves high plasma drug concentrations throughout the day. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we present pooled results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III ADS-5102 trials. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The two studies in PD patients with dyskinesia shared design and eligibility criteria, differing only in treatment duration. Results from common assessment time points were pooled. RESULTS: At 12 weeks, the least squares (LS) mean change in total score on the Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale among 100 patients randomized to ADS-5102 and 96 patients randomized to placebo was - 17.7 (standard error [SE] 1.3) vs. - 7.6 (1.3) points, respectively (- 10.1 points, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 13.8, - 6.5; p < 0.0001). The relative treatment difference between groups was 27.3% (p < 0.0001). At 12 weeks, the LS mean change in OFF time was - 0.59 (0.21) vs. +0.41 (0.20) h/day, a difference of - 1.00 h/day (95% CI - 1.57, - 0.44; p = 0.0006). For both efficacy measures, a significant difference from placebo was attained by two weeks, the first post-baseline assessment, and was maintained throughout 12 weeks. In the pooled ADS-5102 group, the most common adverse events were hallucination, dizziness, dry mouth, peripheral edema, constipation, falls, and orthostatic hypotension. CONCLUSIONS: These analyses provide further evidence supporting ADS-5102 as an adjunct to levodopa for treating both dyskinesia and OFF time in PD patients with dyskinesia. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02136914 and NCT02274766.

Optimizing extended-release carbidopa/levodopa in Parkinson disease: Consensus on conversion from standard therapy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To help clinicians optimize the conversion of a patient's Parkinson disease pharmacotherapy from immediate-release carbidopa/levodopa (IR CD/LD) to an extended-release formulation (ER CD/LD). RECENT FINDINGS: Eleven movement disorders specialists achieved consensus positions on the modification of trial-based conversion guidelines to suit individual patients in clinical practice. SUMMARY: Because the pharmacokinetics of ER CD/LD differ from those of IR CD/LD, modification of dosage and dosing frequency are to be expected. Initial regimens may be based on doubling the patient's preconversion levodopa daily dosage and choosing a division of doses to address the patient's motor complications, e.g., wearing-off (warranting a relatively high ER CD/LD dose, possibly at a lower frequency than for IR CD/LD) or dyskinesia (warranting a relatively low dose, perhaps at an unchanged frequency). Patients should know that the main goal of conversion is a steadier levodopa clinical response, even if dosing frequency is unchanged.

The Efficacy Profile of Rotigotine During the Waking Hours in Patients With Advanced Parkinson's Disease: A Post Hoc Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Transdermal delivery of rotigotine maintains stable plasma concentrations for 24 hours. Three phase 3 studies of rotigotine as add-on to levodopa in advanced Parkinson's disease showed a significant reduction in "off" time from baseline to end of maintenance (EoM). However, detailed analyses over the range of a day have not yet been performed. The objective was to examine the time course of the efficacy profile of rotigotine throughout the day. METHODS: Post hoc analysis of diary data from 3 double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of rotigotine in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease inadequately controlled with levodopa, with average "off" time of ≥2.5 h/d (CLEOPATRA-PD [NCT00244387], 16-week maintenance; PREFER, 24-week maintenance; SP921 [NCT00522379], 12-week maintenance). Patients marked 30-minute intervals as "off," "on without troublesome dyskinesia," "on with troublesome dyskinesia," or "sleep." Diaries completed on the 3 days before EoM were analyzed. A 2-sample t test was performed for comparison of rotigotine + levodopa versus placebo + levodopa for mean percentage of time per status during four 6-hour periods: 12:00AM (midnight) to 6:00AM, 6:00AM to 12:00PM (noon), noon to 6:00PM, and 6:00PM to midnight. RESULTS: Data were available for 967 patients (placebo + levodopa, 260; rotigotine + levodopa, 707). During the 24-hour period at EoM, an advantage in mean percentage time spent "off" and "on without troublesome dyskinesia" was observed with rotigotine + levodopa versus placebo + levodopa during the three 6-hour periods from 6:00AM to midnight (P < 0.05; exploratory analysis). CONCLUSIONS: These exploratory analyses of patients with motor fluctuations suggest that the efficacy of rotigotine transdermal patch, as captured by diary data, in reducing "off" time and increasing "on time without troublesome dyskinesia" may cover the full waking day.

Acoustic analysis of clear versus conversational speech in individuals with Parkinson disease.

UNLABELLED: A number of studies have been devoted to the examination of clear versus conversational speech in non-impaired speakers. The purpose of these previous studies has been primarily to help increase speech intelligibility for the benefit of hearing-impaired listeners. The goal of the present study was to examine differences between conversational and clear speech in individuals with Parkinson disease (PD). Twelve individuals were recorded producing conversational and clear speech. Acoustic analysis revealed that individuals with PD used some of the same clear speech strategies used by non-impaired speakers. Specifically, clear speech in PD was characterized by decreased articulation rate, increased mean fundamental frequency (F(o)), and increased speaking F(o)S.D. compared to conversational speech. The discussion examines the possibility that individuals with PD may have been independently applying a clear speech strategy based on their habitually increased percent pause values. Discussion also focuses on implications of the present findings to management of individuals with PD, and research implications. LEARNING OUTCOMES: As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to (1) describe the characteristics of clear speech produced by non-disordered individuals, (2) describe the acoustic characteristics of clear and conversational speech produced by individuals with Parkinson disease; and (3) describe the strategies individuals with Parkinson disease use when asked to produce clear speech.

Impact of 6-month earlier versus postponed initiation of rotigotine on long-term outcome: post hoc analysis of patients with early Parkinson's disease with mild symptom severity.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate impact of 6-month earlier versus postponed initiation of rotigotine in patients with early Parkinson's disease (PD) with mild symptom severity. BACKGROUND: Long-term benefit of rotigotine in early-PD has been demonstrated: SP702 (NCT00594165) and SP716 (NCT00599196) were long-term, open-label extensions of double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of 6-month maintenance; rotigotine was well tolerated for up to 6 years, and demonstrated efficacy (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [UPDRS] II + III below baseline) for ∼ 2 years (SP702) and ∼ 4 years (SP716). METHODS: Post hoc analysis of patients at Hoehn and Yahr 1-2; groups defined by treatment received in 6-month double-blind studies: 'Rotigotine-Rotigotine' received rotigotine (n = 221), 'Placebo-Rotigotine' received placebo (n = 125). RESULTS: At the start of open-label rotigotine maintenance, UPDRS II + III mean ± SD change from double-blind baseline was: -8.5 ± 10.6 'Rotigotine-Rotigotine', -7.7 ± 9.0 'Placebo-Rotigotine.' After this initial improvement scores gradually increased: It took ∼ 45 months for mean scores to cross baseline in 'Rotigotine-Rotigotine', and ∼ 21 months in 'Placebo-Rotigotine.' At the time mean UPDRS II + III had crossed baseline in 'Placebo-Rotigotine' (open-label week 84; ∼ 21 months), treatment difference (LS-mean) to 'Rotigotine-Rotigotine' change from baseline was -3.89 (95% CI -6.94, -0.84); p = 0.013. CONCLUSIONS: In this post hoc analysis, 6-month earlier initiation of rotigotine resulted in slower return to baseline mean UPDRS II + III; initiation of rotigotine in patients with minimal/no functional disability or impairment may lead to an extended benefit.

A randomized study of rotigotine dose response on 'off' time in advanced Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Previous phase III studies in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) not adequately controlled on levodopa demonstrated significant reduction of 'off' time with rotigotine transdermal system up to 16 mg/24 h. However, the minimal effective dose has not been established. OBJECTIVE: This international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (SP921; NCT00522379) investigated rotigotine dose response up to 8 mg/24 h. METHODS: Patients with advanced idiopathic PD (≥2.5 h of daily 'off' time on stable doses of levodopa) were randomized 1:1:1:1:1 to receive rotigotine 2, 4, 6, or 8 mg/24 h or placebo, titrated over 4 weeks and maintained for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy variable was change from baseline to end of maintenance in absolute time spent 'off'. RESULTS: 409/514 (80%) randomized patients completed maintenance. Mean (±SD) baseline daily 'off' times (h/day) were placebo: 6.4 (±2.5), rotigotine 2-8 mg/24 h: 6.4 (±2.6). Rotigotine 8 mg/24 h was the minimal dose to significantly reduce 'off' time versus placebo. LS mean (±SE) absolute change in daily 'off' time (h/day) from baseline was -2.4 (±0.28) with rotigotine 8 mg/24 h, and -1.5 (±0.26) with placebo; absolute change in 'off' time in the 8 mg/24 h group compared with placebo was -0.85 h/day (95% CI -1.59, -0.11; p = 0.024). There was an apparent dose-dependent trend. Adverse events (AEs) reported at a higher incidence in the rotigotine 8 mg/24 h group versus placebo included application site reactions, nausea, dry mouth, and dyskinesia; there was no worsening of insomnia, somnolence, orthostatic hypotension, confusional state or hallucinations, even in patients ≥75 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: The minimal statistically significant effective dose of rotigotine to reduce absolute 'off' time was 8 mg/24 h. The AE profile was similar to previous studies.

Rasagiline adjunct therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease: post hoc analyses of the PRESTO and LARGO trials.

BACKGROUND: Rasagiline was safe and effective when used as adjunct therapy with levodopa in patients with moderate-to-advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) in the phase III PRESTO and LARGO studies. OBJECTIVE: To assess clinical effects of rasagiline 1 mg/day on cardinal PD symptoms and motor fluctuations in defined patient subgroups using pooled data from PRESTO and LARGO. METHODS: Both double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled studies included PD patients with motor fluctuations despite optimized therapy with levodopa, with or without concomitant dopamine agonists (DA) or catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor (COMT-I) treatment. These post hoc analyses measured effects of rasagiline 1 mg vs placebo on individual cardinal PD symptoms during ON time and mean change from baseline in daily OFF time in subgroups of patients who at baseline were receiving only levodopa, were considered "mild fluctuators" (daily OFF time ≤ 4 h), and who were or were not receiving concomitant DA or COMT-I therapy. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, rasagiline significantly improved all cardinal PD symptoms and significantly reduced adjusted mean daily OFF time when used as first adjunct therapy in levodopa-treated patients and in patients with mild motor fluctuations. Significant improvement in motor fluctuations was reported with rasagiline regardless of concomitant DA or COMT-I use. Overall incidence of dopaminergic adverse events did not increase with concomitant DA or COMT-I use. CONCLUSION: Rasagiline was an effective first adjunct therapy in levodopa-treated patients; benefited patients with signs of early "wearing off"; improved all cardinal PD symptoms; and further improved symptoms in patients already receiving other adjunctive dopaminergic treatment.

Long-term safety and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal system in patients with early-stage idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a prospective, open-label extension study.

PURPOSE: This prospective, open-label extension (SP702; NCT00594165) of a 6-month double-blind, randomized study investigated the long-term safety and tolerability of rotigotine transdermal system in early Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS: Patients with early-stage idiopathic PD received transdermal rotigotine for up to 6 years at optimal dose (up to 16 mg/24h). Adjunctive levodopa was allowed. Primary outcomes included adverse events (AEs) and extent of rotigotine exposure. Other outcomes included time to levodopa, incidence of dyskinesias, and efficacy using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) II+III total score. RESULTS: Of 217 patients entering the open-label study, 47% were still in the study upon closure; 24% withdrew because of AEs and 6% because of lack of efficacy. The median exposure to rotigotine was 1910 days (≈ 5 years, 3 months; range 1-2188 days). Most common AEs were somnolence (23% per patient-year), falls (17%), peripheral edema (14%), nausea (12%), and application site reactions (ASRs; 12%). 3% withdrew because of ASRs. 26% patients did not initiate levodopa; of those who did, fewer than half started levodopa in the first year. Dyskinesias were reported by 25% patients; the majority (83%) reported their first episode after initiating levodopa. Mean UPDRS II+III total scores remained below double-blind baseline for up to 2 years of open-label treatment. CONCLUSION: This is the longest interventional study of rotigotine conducted to date. Transdermal rotigotine was generally well tolerated for up to 6 years; AEs reported were similar to those observed in shorter studies and led to discontinuation in only 24% patients.

Orally disintegrating selegiline in Parkinson patients with dopamine agonist-related adverse effects.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether adding orally disintegrating selegiline (ODS) while decreasing dopamine agonist (DA) dosages would reduce DA-related adverse effects (AEs) of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), pedal edema, hallucinations, and impulse control disorders (ICDs) without compromising efficacy in Parkinson disease (PD) patients. METHODS: This was a 12-week open-label study of 60 PD patients with motor fluctuations and DA-related AEs of EDS, pedal edema, hallucinations, and ICDs. Orally disintegrating selegiline was initiated at 1.25 mg once daily, and down titration of the DA was started with a goal of a 50% reduction by 1 week. At week 6, ODS was increased to 2.5 mg, and further reductions of the DA were allowed if the AEs were not resolved. RESULTS: The addition of ODS allowed a reduction in the mean daily dose of pramipexole from 2.3 to 0.5 mg and immediate-release ropinirole from 11.2 to 2.9 mg. Most subjects reported a reduction or resolution of DA-related AEs; 94% with EDS (n = 50), 73% with pedal edema (n = 26), 86% with hallucinations (n = 15), and 84% with ICDs (n = 25). Mean activities of daily living and motor scores from the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale as well as quality-of-life scores were significantly improved without an increase in daily "off" time. The most common AEs, most of which resolved after titration, were worsening of PD, nausea/vomiting, dyskinesia, increased off time, body aches, insomnia, orthostatic hypotension, and increased anxiety and depression. CONCLUSIONS: In most subjects, the addition of ODS with decreasing dosages of DAs substantially reduced EDS, pedal edema, hallucinations, and ICDs without compromising efficacy.

The increasing role of monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors in Parkinson's disease therapy.

BACKGROUND: The role of monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease has expanded with the new monoamine oxidase B inhibitor rasagiline and a new formulation, selegiline oral disintegrating tablets. As primary therapy in early disease monoamine oxidase B inhibitors reduce motor disability and delay the need for levodopa. In more advanced disease requiring levodopa, adjunctive monoamine oxidase B inhibitors reduce 'off' time and may improve gait and freezing. OBJECTIVE: Rasagiline and selegiline oral disintegrating tablets may reduce the safety risks associated with the amfetamine and methamfetamine metabolites of conventional oral selegiline while retaining or improving therapeutic efficacy. METHODS: Articles were identified by searches of PubMed and searches on the Internet and reviewed. All articles and other referenced materials were retrieved using the keywords 'Parkinson's disease', 'treatment' and 'monoamine oxidase B inhibitor' and were published between 1960 and 2007, with older references selected for historical significance. Only papers published in English were reviewed. CONCLUSION: Accumulating data support the use of monoamine oxidase B inhibitors as monotherapy for early and mild Parkinson's disease and as adjunctive therapy for more advanced Parkinson's disease with levodopa-associated motor fluctuations. The recently released monoamine oxidase B inhibitor rasagiline and a new formulation, selegiline oral disintegrating tablets, have potential advantages over conventional oral selegiline.

Cocaine induction of dopamine transporter trafficking to the plasma membrane.

Several previous human postmortem experiments have detected an increase in striatal [(3)H]WIN 35428 binding to the dopamine transporter (DAT) in chronic cocaine users. However, animal experiments have found considerable variability in DAT radioligand binding levels in brain after cocaine administration, perhaps caused by length and dose of treatment and type of radioligand used. The present experiments tested the hypothesis that [(3)H]WIN 35428 binding and [(3)H]dopamine uptake would be increased by exposure to cocaine through alterations in DAT cellular trafficking, rather than increased protein synthesis. Experiments were conducted in stably hDAT-transfected N2A cells and assessed the dose response and time course of cocaine effects on [(3)H]WIN 35428 binding to the DAT, [(3)H]dopamine uptake, measures of DAT protein and mRNA, as well as DAT subcellular location. Cocaine doses of 10(-6) M caused statistically significant increases in [(3)H]WIN 35428 binding and [(3)H]dopamine uptake after 12 and 3 h, respectively. Despite these increases in DAT function, there was no change in DAT total protein or mRNA. Immunofluorescence and biotinylation experiments indicated that cocaine treatment induced increases in plasma membrane DAT immunoreactivity and intracellular decreases. The present model system may further our understanding of regulatory alterations in DAT radioligand binding and function caused by cocaine exposure.