RESUMO
Global pesticide use in agriculture is one reason for the rapid insect decline in recent years. The relatively new pesticide flupyradifurone is neurotoxic to pest insects but considered harmless to bees according to previous risk assessments. With this study, we aim to investigate lethal and sublethal effects of flupyradifurone on larvae of the beneficial arthropod Chrysoperla carnea. We treated the animals orally with field-realistic concentrations of flupyradifurone and examined lethality as well as effects on condition, mobility and locomotion. For the lethal dose 50, we determined a value of > 120-200 ng/mg (corresponding to a mean amount of 219 ng/larva) after 168 h. Abnormal behaviors such as trembling and comatose larvae were observed even at the lowest concentration applied (> 0-20 ng/mg, 59 ng/larva). Mobility analysis showed impaired activity patterns, resulting in acute hypoactivity at all pesticide concentrations and time-delayed hyperactivity in larvae treated with > 40-60 ng/mg (100 ng/larva) and > 80-100 ng/mg (120 ng/larva), respectively. Even locomotion as a fundamental behavioral task was negatively influenced throughout larval development. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that flupyradifurone impacts life and survival of lacewing larvae and may pose-despite its status as bee-friendly-a major threat to insect fauna and environment.