Prognostic factors that affect the response to topical treatment in patchy alopecia areata.

BACKGROUND: Alopecia areata (AA) is an organ-specific, T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease that is characterized by non-scarring hair loss. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to find the factors that may affect the response to topical therapy in AA. METHODS: The study included a total of 60 patients with AA and 30 healthy control patients. The AA patients were randomized into two groups. 40 patients used 0.05% clobetasol propionate cream, and 20 patients used petrolatum (placebo). Both groups applied topical treatments to their lesions twice daily for 12 weeks. RESULTS: The mean extent of AA was 21.88 ± 16.75% in patients with autoantibodies and 12.16 ± 13.55% in those who were negative for autoantibodies (P = 0.021). Ophiasic pattern and nail involvement were observed more frequently in patients with atopy (P < 0.05). Relapse was more frequent in patients with atopy (P = 0.002) and nail involvement (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: We observed that the presence of autoantibodies was associated with more extensive AA, and that ophiasic hair loss pattern and nail dystrophy were significantly associated with atopy. Topical clobetasol propionate treatment produced a modest advantage in hair regrowth as compared with placebo. Notably, atopic AA patients have a higher risk of relapse and redevelopment of AA after completing a course of topical corticosteroid treatment.

Audiological abnormalities in patients with alopecia areata.

BACKGROUND: Audiological abnormalities seen in various autoimmune disorders raises the question of whether such abnormalities also exist in alopecia areata. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to detect possible audiological abnormalities in Alopecia areata (AA) patients. METHODS: The study population consisted of 51 patients with AA and 51 healthy controls. Autoscopic and audiometric examinations of both ears were performed in patients and controls. Audiometric examinations were performed using a pure tone audiometer in a silent cabin. Pure tone thresholds were determined for each ear at frequencies of 250-16000 Hz for air conduction. RESULTS: Sensorineural hypoacusis was found in 28 patients with AA (54.9%). Six of these 28 patients showed unilateral minimal hearing loss (>30 dB) at high frequencies only (4000-16 000 Hz), while 22 showed bilateral minimal hearing loss (>30 dB) at high frequencies only (4000-16 000 Hz). Hypoacusis was observed in 13 control subjects (25.4%). Sensorineural hypoacusis was significantly more frequent in AA patients than controls (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Follicular melanocytes may be an important target in the autoimmune process of AA and AA may have an effect on hearing function by affecting the melanocytes in the inner ear. Therefore, there may be a relationship between sensorineural hearing loss and the autoimmune disease, AA.

Pregnancy-associated myocardial infarction : case report and review of the literature.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a rare, but possibly catastrophic event during pregnancy, delivery, or puerperium, leading to a high mortality rate. It has different pathogenic mechanisms, such as atherosclerosis, vasospasm, thrombosis, and coronary dissection. Although MI has been reported in pregnant women at all stages of pregnancy and postpartum, it occurs more commonly in the third trimester. Pregnancy-associated MI most commonly involves the anterior wall. Pregnancy itself is an independent risk factor for MI, conferring a fourfold higher risk than that of nonpregnant women matched for age. We report the case of a 27-year-old primigravida at 30 weeks' gestation presenting with anterior MI, secondary to severe stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery, treated with emergency percutaneous coronary intervention.

Effect of intra-articular injection of levobupivacaine on articular cartilage and synovium in rats.

OBJECTIVE: Intra-articular local anesthetics are often used for prevention of pain after arthroscopic knee surgery. However, the effect of local anesthetics other than bupivacaine on articular cartilage and synovium has not been studied. Also, complications associated with the injection of intra-articular bupivacaine have appeared in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of levobupivacaine on the articular cartilage and the synovium in rats. METHODS: Under aseptic conditions 0.25 ml (5 mg/ml) of levobupivacaine was injected into the right knee joint while 0.25 ml of saline was simultaneously injected into the left knee joint of 20 adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The purpose of saline injections was to serve as a control group. Groups of five rats were killed on days 1, 7, 14 and 21 after administration of injections. The knee joint samples were evaluated for the presence of inflammation in the articular and periarticular tissues and the synovium. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the levobupivacaine and control groups with respect to inflammation in the articular and periarticular tissues and the synovium. CONCLUSIONS: Although more studies are needed before final recommendations can be made, by evaluating the results obtained from this study, the clinical use of intra-articular levobupivacaine can be recommended for arthroscopic knee surgery.

Comparison of Flexiblade and Macintosh laryngoscopes: cervical extension angles during orotracheal intubation.

SUMMARY: The Flexiblade(TM) is a new laryngoscope with a flexible blade, a handle and a lever, allowing gradual flexion over the distal half of the blade. In this study, we aimed to compare cervical vertebral movements during tracheal intubation with the Flexiblade and Macintosh laryngoscope in 32 patients undergoing elective surgery requiring general anaesthesia (n = 16 per group). Fluoroscopic images of cervical movement were captured before, during and after intubation and evaluated by a radiologist. C1-C2 cervical vertebral movement was significantly reduced during the intubation in the Flexiblade group (p < 0.0001). C2-C3 cervical movement was similar in both groups (p = 0.81). No significant differences were noted in success rates for intubation, oxygen saturation levels, haemodynamic variables or intubation-related injury. The decreased extension angle between C1-C2 during Flexiblade laryngoscopy compared with Macintosh laryngoscopy may be an advantage where neurological damage with cervical movement is a concern.

Comparison of propofol-fentanyl with propofol-fentanyl-ketamine combination in pediatric patients undergoing interventional radiology procedures.

BACKGROUND: With an increase in the frequency of interventional radiology procedures in pediatrics, there has been a corresponding increase in demand for procedural sedation to facilitate them. The purpose of our study was to compare the frequency of adverse effects, sedation level, patient recovery characteristics in pediatric patients receiving intravenous propofol fentanyl combination with or without ketamine for interventional radiology procedures. Our main hypothesis was that the addition of ketamine would decrease propofol/fentanyl associated desaturation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Sixty consenting American Society of Anesthesia physical status I-III pediatric patients undergoing interventional radiology procedures under sedation were studied according to a randomized, double-blinded, institutional review board approved protocol. Group 1 received propofol 0.5 mg.kg(-1) + fentanyl 1 microg.kg(-1) + ketamine 0.5 mg.kg(-1), and group 2 received propofol 0.5 mg.kg(-1) + fentanyl 1 microg.kg(-1) + same volume of %0.9 NaCl intravenously. RESULTS: While apnea was not observed in any of the groups, there were three cases (10%) in group 1, and nine cases (30%) in group 2 with oxygen desaturation (P = 0.052). In group 1, 12 (40%) patients and, in group 2, 21 (70%) patients required supplemental propofol during the procedure (P = 0.021). There was no evidence for difference between groups in terms of other side effects except nystagmus. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, addition of low dose ketamine to propofol-fentanyl combination decreased the risk of desaturation and it also decreased the need for supplemental propofol dosage in pediatric patients at interventional radiology procedures.

Parental satisfaction with pediatric day case surgery.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Children make excellent candidates for day case surgery. Satisfaction is an important measure of the outcome. The aim of this study was to establish the degree of parental satisfaction with day-case surgery for their children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Parents of one hundred children were questioned. They were asked to answer questions on their level of satisfaction in several areas; communication with doctors (surgeon and anesthesiologist), physical conditions, staff's care, patients' problems and 2 open ended questions. RESULTS: Parents were most satisfied with nursing care and most dissatisfied with physical conditions. Ninetyseven per-cent of parents stated that, if given a choice they would opt for day case surgery for their child again. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high rate of satisfaction with day case surgery, however, considerable effort is needed to prepare better physical conditions, better time schedule organizations, more anesthesia outpatient clinic consultations.

A novel pathway in the photooxygenation of cyclic allenes.

[equation--see text] The photooxidation of cyclic allenes gives rise to cyclic 1,2, 3-trione hydrates. The formation of these compounds points to a novel photooxidation mechanism involving both singlet and triplet oxygen. Upon placement of a methyl group on the allene, the mechanism shifts to predominantly an "ene" reaction. The corresponding cycloadditions with 4-methyl-1,3,4-triazoline-3, 5-dione (MTAD) with cyclic allenes involve 2 equiv of MTAD. The dipolar intermediates are trapped with H(2)O to give alpha-urazole-substituted 2-cycloalkenones.

Focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz's syndrome).

A 17-year-old female with Goltz's syndrome was examined because of visual acuity loss in her right eye. Ocular examination revealed microcornea, iris, choroid and optic disc coloboma in the right eye. There were several erthematous and hyperpigmented areas on the body. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the orbits and brain demonstrated right optic nerve hypoplasia and diffuse cortical and cerebellar atrophy. Skeletal manifestations were short stature, scoliosis, syndactyly, clinodactyly, and osteopathia striata. Dental defects included hypodontia, developmental defects, and malocclusion. There were multiple papillomatous lesions on the lids and perioral skin and the nose was asymmetric. Her mental development was apparently normal. She had left bifid ureter and renal pelvis, scant hair on the pubic and genital region, and poor breast development. Histopathologic examination of the biopsy taken from a characteristic skin lesion revealed attenuated epidermis, hypoplastic dermis, and subcutaneous fat close to epidermis. Immunofluorescence staining was negative for IgG, IgM, IgA, C3, C4, fibrin, and albumin. Ultrastructural examination showed that no viral particles were present. Prometaphase chromosome analysis revealed a normal 46, XX female karyotype. Cortical and cerebellar atrophy can occur in a patient with Goltz's syndrome.

Evaluation of renal morphology and vascular function by color flow Doppler sonography immediately after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.

Thirteen male and seven female patients with renal calculi were evaluated by color flow Doppler sonography (CFDS) for renal morphology and function before and after receiving 1000 to 2350 shocks with the Dornier MPL 9000 lithotripter. No significant morphologic change was encountered except for renal enlargement thought to be secondary to edema induced by shock wave application. Similarly, no significant differences were recorded in the systolic and diastolic flow rates or pulsatility (PI) or resistive (RI) indices of the renal vessels before and after treatment (P > 0.05). Color flow Doppler sonography appears to be a safe, noninvasive, and reliable means of evaluating kidneys subjected to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.

Multiple spinal intramedullary cavernous angioma: case report.

Spinal cavernous angiomas frequently accompany to cranial cavernous angiomas. Multiple spinal cord cavernous angiomas are very rare and to authors knowledge, only one case has been described having multiple intramedullary cavernous angiomas without cranial involvement until now. In this report, we present a case with acute paraplegia who had thoracic and cervical intramedullary cavernous angiomas and normal cranial magnetic resonance imaging.

Post-traumatic intradiploic epidermoid cyst. A case report.

A patient with an intradiploic epidermoid cyst of calvarium was presented. Head injury that may cause the inclusion of epidermal cells into the diploe of the bone was present in his medical history. Skull radiographs and cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated the tumor. The tumor was totally removed and the patient was discharged free of symptoms.

Frontal sinus mucocele: a rare complication of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia.

We present plain radiographic, computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in a 25-year-old female patient with craniofacial fibrous dysplasia (FD). Although FD has a tendency to involve craniofacial bones in a unilateral fashion, the involvement was bilateral and extensive in this case. An additional feature was the presence of a frontal sinus mucocele, presumably due to the involvement of the sinus recess by the dysplastic process. This complication of the craniofacial FD has been reported very infrequently in the literature.

Aneurysms of the portal venous system. Gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasonographic findings with CT and MRI correlation.

Two cases of incidentally detected aneurysms involving the portal venous system are described with emphasis on gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasonographic (US) findings. Appearing on US as anechoic masses showing direct luminal continuity with the right portal vein and superior mesenteric vein, the lesions displayed spectral findings characteristic of portal venous system on color Doppler US. Dynamic helical computed tomography (CT) demonstrated simultaneous enhancement with the portal system, while the aneurysms were hypointense owing to flow void on T1-weighted spin-echo magnetic resonance (MR) images.

Gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography in jugular phlebectasia and aneurysm.

True jugular vein aneurysms and phlebectasias are very rare abnormalities, which are usually discovered in children. Though their ultrasonographic features have been well described, magnetic resonance angiographic appearance of these lesions has not been reported in the radiology literature. We describe gadolinium-enhanced MR angiographic findings in two patients with internal jugular vein phlebectasia and one patient with anterior jugular vein aneurysm. The jugular venous system and its abnormalities were successfully depicted in the coronal plane, much like the images of coronal angiography.

Radiographic, CT, and MRI findings in primary pulmonary angiosarcoma.

We report a rare instance of primary pulmonary angiosarcoma presenting as a large solitary mass in the left upper lobe with mediastinal invasion. In particular, we emphasize the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features, which included a markedly heterogeneous pattern consisting of hyperintense areas scattered throughout a background of intermediate signal intensity, rendering the lesion a cauliflower-like appearance especially on T2-weighted images. Being unreported so far in primary pulmonary angiosarcomas, these distinct MR imaging findings may be helpful in the differentiation of these neoplasms from lung cancers.

Sialographic and ultrasonographic analyses of major salivary glands.

Seventy patients with major salivary gland diseases (60 parotis, 10 submandibular) were examined both with sialography and ultrasonography. The clinical and histopathological results were compared with radiological interpretations. Sialography was found to be 60% accurate for the diagnosis of salivary gland tumors and cysts and 63% for the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases. Ultrasonography diagnosed 95% of the tumors and 63% of inflammatory diseases accurately.

Morphometric comparison of the human corpus callosum in professional musicians and non-musicians by using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging.

The purpose of this study was to determine the possible morphometrical differences of the corpus callosum between professional musicians and non-musicians. Certain callosal dimensions and areas were measured in 20 professional musicians and compared with 20 age-, sex- and handedness-matched control group by using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Sagittal T1-weighted midsagittal sections were traced with the digitizer and the metric scale of the system was used for the measurements. Results were statistically analysed by independent t test. There were significant differences between the two groups both for the anterior and posterior areas of the corpus callosum. Furthermore, significant differences between the two groups were found in the thicknesses of certain parts of the corpus callosum. Our results support the hypothesis that brain morphology is prone to plastic changes caused by environmental factors.

Comparison of two ketamine-propofol dosing regimens for sedation during interventional radiology procedures.

AIM: Invasive diagnostic and therapeutic interventional radiological procedures can be painful and anxiety provoking. The combination of propofol and ketamine may minimize the need for supplemental opioid analgesics and has the potential to provide better sedation with less toxicity than either drug alone. METHODS: Seventy-two consenting ASA physical status I- III patients undergoing interventional radiological procedures under sedation were recruited according to a randomized, double-blind, institutional review board-approved protocol. Patients were randomized to two groups. Group 1 received propofol 0.5 mg.kg-1 + ketamine 0.5 mg.kg-1, and group 2 received propofol 0.5 mg.kg-1 + ketamine 0.25 mg.kg-1 intravenously. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to demographic characteristics and the duration of the interventional radiological procedure, hemodynamic data, oxygen saturation, or side-effects. However, the mean propofol dosage was higher in group 2 (33.7+/-39.3 mg) than in group 1 (15.5+/-22.3 mg), and the number of oversedated patients (sedation score >4) was higher in group 2 (19 patients) than group 1 (6 patients) (P=0.019 and P=0.001, respectively). Sixteen patients (44%) in group 1 and 21 (58%) patients in group 2 required additional propofol during the procedure. The mean recovery times were 12.1+/-1 minutes in group 1 and 13.8+/-0.8 minutes in group 2 (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the two different dosages of ketamine coadministered with propofol for sedation during interventional radiological procedures showed no clinically significant hemodynamic changes or side effects, and both appeared to prompt early recovery time. We recommend propofol 0.5 mg.kg-1 + ketamine 0.5 mg.kg-1 for sedation and analgesia during interventional radiological procedures, rather than propofol 0.5 mg.kg-1 + ketamine 0.25 mg.kg-1 because the former combination is associated with reduced rescue propofol requirements and therefore less oversedation.