IS FLEXIBLE BRONCHOSCOPY A SAFE PROCEDURE FOR CRITICAL CARE PATIENTS WITH RESPIRATORY FAILURE?

Flexible bronchoscopy (FB) plays an important role in critical care patients. But, critical care patients with respiratory failure are at an increased risk of developing complications. Considering the developments in intensive care unit care in recent years, we aimed to evaluate the use of FB in these patients. We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent FB in critical care between 2014 and 2020. A total of 143 patients underwent FB during the study period. Arterial blood gas measurement on the FB day revealed a mean PaO2/FiO2 of 186.94±28.47. Eighty-one (56.6%) patients underwent an fiberoptic bronchoscopy procedure under conventional oxygen supplementation, 10 (7%) on noninvasive ventilation, 13 (9.1%) on high flow nasal cannula, and 39 (27.3%) on invasive mechanical ventilation. During and immediately after bronchoscopy, none of the patients experienced life-threatening complications. Fifty-five (38.5%) patients developed complications that could be controlled. Multivariate analysis indicated that increased Apache-II score and presence of cardiovascular disease were significantly associated with an increased complication risk. Although critical care patients with respiratory failure are more prone to complications, diagnostic and therapeutic bronchoscopy may be performed following appropriate patient selection, without leading to major complications.

Is endobronchial ultrasound-transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) reliable and safe procedure in geriatric patients?

BACKGROUND: Even though studies have indicated the usefulness and safety of endobronchial ultrasound-transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA), elderly patient data are limited due to the small sample sizes. AIM: We aimed to evaluate usage and safety of EBUS-TBNA in elderly population. METHODS: This single-center retrospective study was conducted with patients who underwent an EBUS-TBNA procedure between September 2011 and December 2019. The patients were categorized into two groups: those aged 65 years or older (elderly group) and those younger than 65 years (younger group). RESULTS: 2444 patient data, 1069 of which were in the elderly group, were analyzed. The cytological examination of EBUS-TBNA identified specimen adequacy in 96.8% of patients. One hundred and thirty patients (5.3%) experienced complications, with similar complication rates recorded in both the elderly and younger groups (5.4% vs 5.2%, p: 0.836). Logistic regression analyses revealed that age, and presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease and malignancy are associated significantly with complication-related EBUS-TBNA. For the lymph nodes with a final diagnosis of malignancy, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of EBUS-TBNA revealed a diagnostic performance in excess of 90% except for metastasis and lymphoma. CONCLUSION: EBUS-TBNA can be considered a safe and effective technique in patients aged 65 years and over.

Right ventricle assessment in patients with pulmonary embolism at low risk for death based on clinical models: an individual patient data meta-analysis.

AIMS: Patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) at low risk for short-term death are candidates for home treatment or short-hospital stay. We aimed at determining whether the assessment of right ventricle dysfunction (RVD) or elevated troponin improves identification of low-risk patients over clinical models alone. METHODS AND RESULTS: Individual patient data meta-analysis of studies assessing the relationship between RVD or elevated troponin and short-term mortality in patients with acute PE at low risk for death based on clinical models (Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index, simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index or Hestia). The primary study outcome was short-term death defined as death occurring in hospital or within 30 days. Individual data of 5010 low-risk patients from 18 studies were pooled. Short-term mortality was 0.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4-1.3]. RVD at echocardiography, computed tomography or B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)/N-terminal pro BNP (NT-proBNP) was associated with increased risk for short-term death (1.5 vs. 0.3%; OR 4.81, 95% CI 1.98-11.68), death within 3 months (1.6 vs. 0.4%; OR 4.03, 95% CI 2.01-8.08), and PE-related death (1.1 vs. 0.04%; OR 22.9, 95% CI 2.89-181). Elevated troponin was associated with short-term death (OR 2.78, 95% CI 1.06-7.26) and death within 3 months (OR 3.68, 95% CI 1.75-7.74). CONCLUSION: RVD assessed by echocardiography, computed tomography, or elevated BNP/NT-proBNP levels and increased troponin are associated with short-term death in patients with acute PE at low risk based on clinical models. RVD assessment, mainly by BNP/NT-proBNP or echocardiography, should be considered to improve identification of low-risk patients that may be candidates for outpatient management or short hospital stay.

Evaluation of lung cancer biomarkers profile for the decision of targeted therapy in EBUS-TBNA cytological samples.

BACKGROUND: Guidelines recommend performing biomarker tests for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), BRAF and ROS proto-oncogene-1(ROS1) genes and protein expression of programmed death ligand-1(PD-L1) in patients with non-small lung cell carcinoma (NSCLC). Studies reported that endobronchial ultrasound-transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) can provide sufficient material for cancer biomarker analyses, but there are still concerns about the subject. AIM: The purpose of the study was to assess the adequacy of EBUS-TBNA for testing lung cancer biomarkers. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients with NSCLC whose EBUS-TBNA was analysed for EGFR, ALK, ROS-1, BRAF and PD-L1 expression between December 2011 and December 2020. RESULTS: A total of 394 patients were enrolled in the study. EGFR mutation and ALK fusion were the most common studied biomarkers. EBUS-TBNA adequacy rate for biomarker tests was found 99.0% for EGFR, 99.1 for ALK, 97.2% for ROS1, 100% for BRAF and 99.3% for PD-L1 testing. Multivariate analysis revealed the histological type, history of treatment for NSCL, size, or 18-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake of sampled lesion did not show any association with TBNA adequacy for biomarker testing. CONCLUSION: EBUS-TBNA can provide adequate material for biomarker testing for EGFR, ALK, ROS-1, BRAF and PD-L1 expression.

A new device for bronchoscopy for better protection.

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has not been precisely known in bronchoscopy procedures. We have designed a cabinet device called Ankara University Bronchoscopy Cabinet (Aubrocab®) to protect healthcare. We aimed to evaluate preventing effect of Aubrocab® on aerosol spreading by measuring the particles in the bronchoscopy suite. METHODS: The patients were categorized into two groups as those who underwent bronchoscopy with and without Aubrocab®. We measured PM 0.5 levels before and after bronchoscopy in the bronchoscopy suite. RESULTS: A total of 82 patients, 62 of whom underwent bronchoscopy with Aubrocab®, were enrolled in the study. The PM 0.5 level measured before bronchoscopy was similar in both groups, whereas the PM 0.5 level measured after bronchoscopy was lower in the Aubrocab® group (42,603 ± 8,632 vs. 50,377 ± 10,487, p = 0.001). The percent of particle change (50.76 ± 19.91 vs 67.15 ± 24.24, p = 0.003) and the difference of the particle numbers between pre and postprocedure (13,638 ± 4,292 and 19,501 ± 5,891, p < 0.001) were lower in the Aubrocab® group. DISCUSSION: Our institution developed a barrier device named Aubrocab® which was shown to prevent excessive aerosol release in addition to routine precautions during bronchoscopy procedures.

[The distribution of microorganisms and antibiotic resistance profile in pulmonary critical care unit patients: A single-centre study]. / Gögüs hastaliklari yogun bakim ünitesinde mikroorganizmalarin dagilimi ve antibiyotik direnç profili: Tek merkezli çalisma.

INTRODUCTION: The patients in the intensive care unit have a higher risk of infections because of the poor general condition of these patients and the frequent application of invasive procedures with longer hospitalization length. Also, this group of patients tend to have resistant infections due to empirically widespread and uncontrolled use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Hence, data are needed to determine appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy in intensive care patients. In this study, it was aimed to assess the distribution of microorganisms and antibiotic resistance profile from the samples taken from the patients in the intensive care unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who were hospitalized in Ankara University Faculty of Medicine Chest Diseases Intensive Care Unit for more than 24 hours between December 2016 and December 2017 were included in our study. Demographic characteristics, comorbid diseases, clinical findings, results of sputum, tracheal aspirate, blood, urine, gaita and pus culture samples and antibiotic susceptibility test results were recorded prospectively. RESULT: A total of 287 patients, 150 males and 137 females, were included in the study. The mean age of all patients was 69.96 ± 14.4 years. Two hundred twenty-three positive cultures were detected in 1053 samples taken from 287 patients. Gram-negative bacilli constituted 55.1% of the 223 positive cultures. The most common microorganisms were Acinetobacter (16.6%), Staphylococcus (14.8%) and Klebsiella (10.8%). Colistin resistance was found to be 8.3% in the Acinetobacter strains and resistance rates of 97-100% were observed to other antibiotic groups. Thirty-three staphylococcus were isolated, 17 were S. aureus and 16 were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. While 29.4% of S. aureus were resistant to methicillin (MRSA), vancomycin resistance was not detected. Meanwhile, the MRSA ratio was 62.5%, there was no vancomycin resistance among the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Klebsiella was the third most common microorganism and beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella strain was 62.5%. Gentamycin was found to be the most susceptible antibiotic in Klebsiella strains with a resistance rate of 20.8%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa constituted 9.4% of the cultures. While the resistance to colistin was not detected, resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam 42.8%, tobramycin, imipenem and meropenem 50% and ceftazidime 61.9%. The duration of hospitalization in patients with Acinetobacter isolated (23 [10-34] days vs 12.5 [5-24] days, p= 0.011) and the mortality rate (62.5% vs 37.5%, p= 0.008) were significantly higher than those who were not Acinetobacter isolated. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, gram-negative bacilli constitute the majority of the patients in intensive care unit. Acinetobacter, the most common microorganism, has a high resistance rate and has been associated with prolonged hospitalization and mortality.

Using RV/LV ratio and cardiac biomarkers to define the risk of mortality from pulmonary embolism.

INTRODUCTION: Acute pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is a common cause of cardiovascular mortality. Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is the most important cause of mortality. Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA) can detect right ventricular enlargement which is an indicator of RV dysfunction at the time of diagnosis. This study aimed to determine the parameters indicating RV dysfunction in CTPA and correlation of early mortality findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, electronic files of patients diagnosed PTE with CTPA between January 2012 and December 2017 were evaluated. Measurements of heart chambers, IVC reflux, and IVS morphology were calculated. In-hospital mortality of the patients after acute PTE diagnosis was evaluated. RESULT: There were 206 eligible patients. Among the evaluated radiological parameters, right atrium (RA) size (p= 0.002), PA size (p= 0.003), Ao size (p= 0.006), and the presence of IVC reflux (p= 0.001) were associated with mortality. No significant relationship was found between RV/LV ≥1 and mortality (p= 0.908). All patients with PTE-related mortality had RV/LV ratio ≥1 in CTPA and had IVC reflux. Patients with an RV/LV ratio of ≥1 had statistically significantly higher troponin levels (p= 0.004) and IVC reflux (p= 0.025) compared to patients with an RV/LV ratio of <1. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, RV/LV ratio should be evaluated together with cardiac biomarkers to define mortality risk.

Can diaphragm excursion predict prognosis in patients with severe pneumonia?

INTRODUCTION: Although thorax ultrasound has been used to diagnose pneumonia in recent years, the role of ultrasonic diaphragm evaluation in the prognosis of pneumonia is unknown. This study aimed to assess the impact of diaphragmatic excursion (Dex) measured by ultrasound on the prognosis of severe pneumonia in critical care patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively recruited patients with severe pneumonia who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) between January 2019 and July 2021. Patients' Dex values, vital signs, clinical features, laboratory parameters, APACHE-II scores on the first admission day of ICU, mortality and respiratory support status at follow-up were recorded. RESULT: There were 39 patients enrolled in the study. Mean Dex of the study patients was 30.66 ± 12.17 mm. Mean Dex was significantly lower in deceased patients than survivors (18.37 ± 8.12 vs 34.90 ± 10.36 p< 0.001). Dex was lower in patients who required invasive mechanical ventilation than those not (24.90 ± 10.93 vs 34.26 ± 11.70, p= 0.017). The cut-off value of Dex was found 19.0 mm for significantly predicted (p≤ 0.001) survival with the sensitivity of 96.6% and specificity of 70%. Among the study group, diaphragm excursion was negatively correlated with APACHE-II score (r= -0.688, p≤ 0.001) and respiratory rate (r= -0.531, p= 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Dex measured on the day of ICU admission can be used to evaluate the prognosis of patients with severe pneumonia.

High flow nasal cannula in COVID-19: a literature review.

In recent years, high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is a respiratory support system that has become prominent in the treatment of respiratory failure. HFNC provides higher concentration and flow of oxygen, resulting in decreasing anatomic dead space by preventing rebreathing and ensure positive end-expiratory. However, in COVID-19, the usage of HFNC is much controversial due to concerns about the benefits and risk of aerosol-dispersion. Considering the debates about the use of HFNC, we reviewed the literature related to the usage of HFNC in COVID-19. The available reports suggest that HFNC provides high concentrations of oxygen to the patients, who can not reach with conventional devices. HFNC can reduce the requiring of intubation in patients with COVID-19, and it can decrease the length of intensive care unit stay, and complications related to mechanical ventilation. Also HFNC can in achieving apneic oxygenation in patients during airway management. Besides that, the use of high-flow oxygen cannulas can produce aerosols. So, HFNC treatment should be carried out in a negative pressure room; when it is not possible, devices should be undertaken in a single room.

Prone positioning in non-intubated patients with COVID-19.

Prone positioning is a well-known supportive maneuver to improve oxygenation for patients with moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although this technique is usually performed to sedated patients on invasive mechanical ventilation, it has been used in non-intubated patients frequently during the coronavirus diseases-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Favorable outcomes have been reported mainly in combining the prone positioning with high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) or non-invasive ventilation (NIV). Due to limited data, a standard approach for the awake prone positioning has not yet been defined. In this manuscript, we reviewed the literature data about prone positioning in non-intubated patients with COVID-19. According to available literature data, we concluded that prone positioning in non-intubated COVID-19 patients may improve oxygenation and prevent the need for invasive mechanical ventilation. But the efficacy is still controversial in the early stage of the disease due to pulmonary mechanics. Further studies are needed to the defined optimal approach of awake prone positioning in COVID-19 patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure.

Successful treatment of COVID-19 infection in a patient with tracheostomy.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been demonstrated to be the cause of emerging atypical pneumonia. In patients with tracheostomy, coronavirus hypothetically coexists with well-known bacterial agents. A 61-year-old male patient with tracheostomy was admitted to the hospital with dyspnea, fever and increased tracheal secretions. Laboratory findings revealed lymphopenia and elevated C-reactive protein and procalcitonin levels. Chest computed tomography showed consolidation areas and ground-glass opacities more prominent in subpleural areas. Although; two consecutive RT-PCR analyses of combined nasopharengeal/oropharengeal swabs were found to be negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, positivity was reported for endotracheal aspirate (ETA) sample. Significant growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was detected in the bacterial culture of ETA sample. In conclusion, clinical samples for SARS-CoV-2 should be obtained through the lower respiratory tract, if possible and if upper airway samples are negative. To the best our knowledge, our paper is the first report of the patient with tracheostomy who was treated successfully for COVID-19.

Sleep disturbances in patients with lung cancer in Turkey.

INTRODUCTION: Sleep quality is known to be associated with the distressing symptoms of cancer. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of cancer symptoms on insomnia and the prevalence of sleep-related problems reported by the patients with lung cancer in Turkey. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Assesment of Palliative Care in Lung Cancer in Turkey (ASPECT) study, a prospective multicenter study conducted in Turkey with the participation of 26 centers and included all patients with lung cancer, was re-evaluated in terms of sleep problems, insomnia and possible association with the cancer symptoms. Demographic characteristics of patients and information about disease were recorded for each patient by physicians via face-to-face interviews, and using hospital records. Patients who have difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep (DIMS) is associated with daytime sleepiness/fatigue were diagnosed as having insomnia. Daytime sleepiness, fatigue and lung cancer symptoms were recorded and graded using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale. RESULT: Among 1245 cases, 48.4% reported DIMS, 60.8% reported daytime sleepiness and 82.1% reported fatigue. The prevalence of insomnia was 44.7%. Female gender, patients with stage 3-4 disease, patients with metastases, with comorbidities, and with weight loss > 5 kg had higher rates of insomnia. Also, patients with insomnia had significantly higher rates of pain, nausea, dyspnea, and anxiety. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that patients with moderate to severe pain and dyspnea and severe anxiety had 2-3 times higher rates of insomnia. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our results showed a clear association between sleep disturbances and cancer symptoms. Because of that, adequate symptom control is essential to maintain sleep quality in patients with lung cancer.

The diagnostic role of pentraxin-3 in the differential diagnosis of pleural effusions

Background/aim: Discrimination of pleural effusion etiology is not always easy in clinical practice. Pentraxin-3 (PTX-3) is a new acute- phase protein. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of PTX-3 in the differential diagnosis of pleural effusions. Materials and methods: This prospective study enrolled all consecutive patients from two tertiary hospitals who underwent diagnostic or therapeutic thoracentesis. In a cohort of 149 subjects with pleural effusion, including transudates and malignant (MPE), tuberculous (TPE), and parapneumonic effusion (PPE), serum and pleural effusion PTX-3 concentration measurements were performed using ELISA. Serum and pleural effusion protein, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein (CRP), and adenosine deaminase levels were also assessed. Results: Of these patients, 34 had transudates, 29 had PPE, 63 had MPE, and 23 had TPE. There was a weak correlation between pleural effusion PTX-3 level and serum CRP (P < 0.01). There was a significant difference in pleural PTX-3 levels between the exudative effusion groups (P < 0.01). The median pleural effusion PTX-3 was significantly higher in patients with PPE (11.2 ng/mL, 2­17.8) than MPE (4.7 ng/mL, 1.8­13.9) and TPE (3.1 ng/mL, 2.0­4.1). At a cut-off point of 5.89 ng/mL, PTX-3 had the best discriminatory power for PPE versus other exudative effusions (sensitivity: 86.2%, specificity: 87.7%). The exudative effusion group had a significantly different pleural effusion/serum PTX-3 ratio (P = 0.03). Conclusion: PTX-3 concentration in pleural effusion was elevated without a significant correlation with serum PTX-3 in PPE. These results may suggest that PTX-3 is a local acute-phase reactant and may allow discrimination of PPE from other exudative effusions.

Intercostal Muscle Function During Noninvasive Ventilation and Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure.

BACKGROUND: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is a widely used and well-established treatment modality for respiratory failure. In patients with increased respiratory work of breathing, accessory muscles are commonly activated along with the diaphragm. Whereas diaphragm ultrasound has been utilized to assess outcomes of mechanical ventilation, the data on intercostal muscle ultrasound remain limited. We aimed to investigate the association between intercostal muscle thickening fraction (TF) and NIV failure in critical care patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure. METHODS: Critical care subjects receiving NIV for hypercapnic respiratory failure were enrolled in the study. The intercostal muscle TF was measured on admission day (day 0) and the following day (day 1). NIV failure was defined as the need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death during NIV therapy. RESULTS: A total of 158 subjects were enrolled, and 30 experienced NIV failure. Age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were similar in the NIV success and failure groups. Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores were higher in the NIV failure group. In terms of causes of respiratory failure, the COPD exacerbation rate was higher in the NIV success group. TF was higher in the NIV failure group on both day 0 and day 1. The increased TF on the ICU admission day, with a cutoff value of 12%, was associated with NIV failure after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, APACHE II, and SOFA. Persistence of a higher TF value on both day 0 and day 1 was also associated with NIV failure risk. CONCLUSIONS: There was a positive relation between intercostal muscle TF measured by ultrasound and NIV failure, even after adjusting for APACHE II and SOFA scores.

Late-Onset Noninfectious Pulmonary Complications After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Single-Center Experience.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to reveal the incidence of lateonset noninfectious pulmonary complications and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and risk factors involved in development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we retrospectively investigated 745 patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in our hospital between January 2000 and December 2020. We evaluated demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation characteristics to determine possible risk factors affecting development of lateonset noninfectious pulmonary complications and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. RESULTS: Of 745 patients, 8.9% (n = 66) had late-onset noninfectious pulmonary complications. Complications included 38 patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, 13 with venous thromboembolism, 8 with cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, 5 with pneumothorax, 4 with interstitial lung disease-restrictive graft-versus-host disease, 5 with bronchiectasis, 2 with pneumomediastinum, and 1 with pleural effusion. Patients with and without complications were not significantly differentin terms of smoking history, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation characteristics, and conditioning regimens. Patients with complications had higher busulfan and lower antithymocyte globulin use than those without complications (both P<.05). Patients with complications more commonly had hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from related donors and chronic graft-versus-host disease (P < .05). Patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome had more frequent use of busulfan (P <.05) but less frequent use of total body irradiation (P <.05) and antithymocyte globulin (P <.05) than those without this syndrome. Rate of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a related donor (P < .05) and frequency of chronic graftversus-host disease (P < .001) were significantly higher in patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, presented with bronchiectasis (78.6%), air trapping (67.9%), bronchial wallthickening (53.6%), and mosaic attenuation (39.3%) in thorax computed tomography. Pretransplant spirometry did not predict bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome development. CONCLUSIONS: Determining risk factors for late-onset noninfectious pulmonary complications is needed to aid in prevention and follow-up.

The relation of lactate level and carbon dioxide pressure discrepancies between transcutaneous and arterial measurements.

Introduction: Partial carbondioxide pressure of the arterial blood (PaCO2) is used to evaluate alveolar ventilation. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide pressure (TcCO2) monitoring has been developed as a non-invasive (NIV) alternative to arterial blood gas analysis (ABG). Studies have shown that decreased tissue perfusion leads to increased carbondioxide (CO2). The use of transcutaneous capnometry may be unreliable in patients with perfusion abnormalities. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relation between TcCO2-PaCO2 and lactate level which is recognized as a marker of hypoperfusion. Materials and Methods: In this prospective cohort study in critical care patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure (PaCO2 ≥45 mmHg) who received NIV between April 2019 and January 2020 in the intensive care unit were enrolled in the study. Patients' simultaneously measured TcCO2 and PaCO2 values of hypercapnic patients were recorded. Each paired measurement was categorized into two groups; normal lactate (<2 mmol/L) and increased lactate (≥2 mmol/L). Result: A total of 116 paired TcCO2 and PaCO2 measurements of 29 patients were recorded. Bland-Altman analysis showed the mean bias between the TcCO2 and PaCO2 and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) in all measurements (1.75 mmHg 95% LOA -3.67 to 7.17); in the normal lactate group (0.66 mmHg 95% LOA -1.71 to 3.03); and in the increased lactate group (5.17 mmHg 95% LOA -1.63 to 11.97). The analysis showed a correlation between lactate level and the difference between TcCO2 and PaCO2 (r= 0.79, p< 0.001) and a negative correlation between mean blood pressure and the difference between TcCO2 and PaCO2 (r= -0.54, p= 0.001). Multiple regression analysis results showed that lactate level was independently associated with increased differences between TcCO2 and PaCO2 (Beta= 0.875, p< 0.001). Conclusions: TcCO2 monitoring may not be reliable in patients with increased lactate levels. TcCO2 levels should be checked by ABG analysis in these patients.

Immature platelet fraction as a systemic inflammation marker in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

INTRODUCTION: Recently, there has been an increasing interest to find a simple, low cost, widely available biomarker for outcome predictors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: Absolute immature platelet count (AIPC), the percentage of AIPC to the total platelet count (immature platelet fraction [IPF%]), symptoms, spirometry results, age-dyspne-airflow obstruction index, and C-reactive protein tests of COPD patients and control group were recorded. Neutrophil/lymphocyte, monocyte/lymphocyte, and platelet/lymphocyte ratios and Charlson comorbidity index scores were calculated. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-four COPD patients and 30 healthy control subjects were included in the study. Eighty-nine patients were in exacerbation (AECOPD) and 45 of them were in stable COPD period. There was a difference between IPF% values and AIPC of COPD group and control group (3.45 ± 2.41 vs. 2.04 ± 1.12, p = 0.01; 5.87 ± 2.45 vs. 5.20 ± 3.02, p = 0.01). A positive correlation was observed between IPF% with white blood cell count and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelet/lymphocyte ratio, monocyte/lymphocyte ratio in all patients (r = 0.352, p < 0.001; r = 0.399, p < 0.001; r = 0.186, p = 0.032; r = 0.200, p = 0.021) and AECOPD (r = 0.356, p < 0.001; r = 0.414, p < 0.001; r = 0.239, p = 0.025; r = 0.273, p = 0.010). At a cut-off of 3.4, IPF% showed the highest accuracy in identifying COPD (sensitivity: 80.3%, specificity: 82.5%) using receiver-operating characteristic analysis. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to examine the relationship between AIPC, IPF%, and COPD. The higher IPF% values in COPD and the positive correlation between IPF% and other inflammatory markers are suggested that IPF may be an indicator of systemic inflammation in COPD.

Importance of mediastinal granulomatous/sarcoid-like lymphadenopathy in extrathoracic malignancies.

BACKGROUND: In patients with extrathoracic malignancies (ETM), granulomatous lymph adenopathy called sarcoid-like reactions (SLR) can be seen in the regional or draining lymph nodes. We hypothesized that SLR may be a sign of imminent metastasis and investigated the clinical course and rate of recurrence in patients with ETM and granulomatous mediastinal lymphadenopathy (MLN). METHODS: In this retrospective observational study, we reviewed the medical files of patients with known ETM and who underwent EBUS-TBNA for initial staging or detection of recurrence from 2011 to 2023. Patients with granulomatous MLN were included. RESULTS: Forty-one patients (29 female) enrolled in the study. Breast and colorectal carcinomas were the most common malignancies. A total of 81 lymph nodes were sampled. The final diagnosis of patients was five sarcoidosis, one tuberculosis, one second primary, one drug reaction, and 33 SLR. Among patients with SLR, in one patient lymph nodes progressed during the follow-up and were accepted as false-negative without confirmatory biopsy. The negative predictive value (NPV) of granulomatous MLN for metastasis was 97.05%. CONCLUSION: Granulomatous MLN may be due to tuberculosis, drug reaction, sarcoidosis, or SLR in patients with ETM. SLR has a high NPV in patients with ETM. Follow-up imaging rather than confirmatory biopsy is reasonable in these patients.

Agreement Between Transthoracic Echocardiography and Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography for Detection of Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Pulmonary Embolism.

BACKGROUND: Right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) is the main determinant of mortality in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE). Thus, guidelines recommend the assessment of RVD with transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) or computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) among these patients. In this study, we investigated the agreement between TTE and CTPA for the detection of RVD. METHODS: This single-center retrospective study included patients who were diagnosed with CTPA and underwent TTE within the first 24 hours following the diagnosis. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-eight patients met the inclusion criteria. In 71.3% (184) of them, CTPA and TTE agreed on both the presence and absence of RVD. There was a moderate agreement between the 2 tests (Cohen's kappa = 0.404, P <.001). The agreement between right ventricle dysfunction on TTE and the increased right ventricle/left ventricle (RV/LV) on CTPA was fair (Cohen's kappa = 0.388, P <.001). Three patients died due to PE, and another 5 patients required urgent reperfusion therapy. Overall, adverse outcomes occurred in 4% (8) of patients. The sensitivity of modalities in the detection of adverse outcomes was 100%. Transthoracic echocardiography was more specific compared to CTPA (43% vs. 28%). Statistically, flattening/bulging of the interventricular septum on TTE was significantly associated with adverse outcomes. No individual CTPA parameter was related to adverse outcomes. CONCLUSION: Both CTPA and TTE are reliable imaging modalities in the detection of RVD. However, TTE is more specific, and this may help in the identification and appropriate management of patients at higher risk of decompensation. A combination of CTPA parameters rather than individual RV/LV ratios increases the sensitivity of CTPA.