RESUMO
Tularemia is an endemic disease in Turkey. In this study, we aimed to detect Francisella tularensis by two methods from natural water supplies thought to cause tularemia epidemiologically. A total of 154 water specimens from three different outbreaks caused by drinking water were collected. Water specimens were cultured on antibiotic-added cysteine heart agar base with blood and incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO(2) for 4-10 days. The suspected colonies were confirmed by F. tularensis antiserum (BD) and the real-time TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. DNA was isolated from samples obtained from filters. The primer and probe sets targeting the ISFtu2 genome were used. A total of four F. tularensis isolates were obtained from 154 water samples. At the same time, the presence of F. tularensis DNA from 17 water specimens was shown by the real-time TaqMan PCR method. Although the DNA presence of F. tularensis has been detected from water sources by the PCR method in Turkey up to now, there has been no isolation directly from water specimens by culture. In this study, the determination of F. tularensis from water sources has been exhibited as the first data by both culture and real-time TaqMan PCR methods.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Francisella tularensis/isolamento & purificação , Tularemia/epidemiologia , Microbiologia da Água , Animais , Técnicas Bacteriológicas/métodos , Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Meios de Cultura/química , Primers do DNA/genética , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Francisella tularensis/genética , Francisella tularensis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Humanos , Umidade , Sondas de Oligonucleotídeos/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , Temperatura , Fatores de Tempo , Tularemia/microbiologia , TurquiaRESUMO
The main perspective of this study was to determine cross-transmissions amongst anthrax cases and provide detailed information regarding the genotypes of Bacillus anthracis isolates circulating in Turkey. A total of 251 B. anthracis isolates were obtained from human (93 isolates), animal (155 isolates), and environmental (three isolates) samples in various provinces of Turkey. All isolates were susceptible to quinolones, vancomycin, tigecycline, and linezolid, but not to ceftriaxone. Excluding human isolates, one of the animal isolates was found to be resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, and doxycycline. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeats analysis including 8 loci (MLVA8) revealed 12 genotypes, in which genotype 43 was observed at the highest frequency (41.8 %), followed by genotype 35 (25.5 %) and genotype 27 (10.4 %). Major subtype A3.a was the predominant cluster, including 86.8 % of the isolates. The MLVA25 analysis for the 251 isolates yielded 62 different genotypes, 33 of which had only one isolate, while the remaining 29 genotypes had 2 to 43 isolates, with a total of 218 isolates (86.9 %). These findings indicate very high cross-transmission rates within anthrax cases in Turkey. The genotypes diagnosed in Turkey are populated in the A major cluster. Penicillin prescribed as the first-choice antibiotic for the treatment of anthrax is still effective.
Assuntos
Antraz/veterinária , Bacillus anthracis/genética , Bacillus anthracis/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Antraz/epidemiologia , Antraz/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bacillus anthracis/classificação , Bacillus anthracis/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Bovinos/microbiologia , Ceftriaxona/farmacologia , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Meio Ambiente , Microbiologia Ambiental , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Geografia , Cabras/microbiologia , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Epidemiologia Molecular , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Penicilina G/farmacologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Ovinos/microbiologia , Turquia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
In 2010, 47 human cases of West Nile virus (WNV)infection, including 12 laboratory-confirmed and 35 probable cases, were identified in Turkey. These were the first cases detected during routine surveillance.The patients were from 15 provinces, mainly located in the western part of the country. Incidence was 0.19/100,000 with a maximum of 1.39 in Sakarya province.Forty of the total 47 cases showed neuroinvasive manifestation. Median age was 58 years with a range of four to 86. Ten of the patients died. Enhanced surveillance in humans and animals and mosquito control measures were implemented. The WNV infections were included in the national notifiable diseases list as of April 2011. In 2011, three probable and two confirmed cases of WNV infection were diagnosed in provinces where infections had been detected in the previous year, supporting a lower activity than 2010. However,detection of WNV infections in humans in 2010 and 2011 consecutively, may indicate that WNV has become endemic in the western part of Turkey. Field epidemiological studies were undertaken to understand more about the nature of infection in Turkey.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Febre do Nilo Ocidental/epidemiologia , Vírus do Nilo Ocidental/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Algoritmos , Animais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico , Notificação de Doenças/normas , Encefalite/diagnóstico , Encefalite/etiologia , Doenças Endêmicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitalização/tendências , Humanos , Controle de Infecções , Insetos Vetores , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Controle de Mosquitos , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Viagem , Turquia/epidemiologia , Febre do Nilo Ocidental/diagnóstico , Febre do Nilo Ocidental/microbiologiaRESUMO
Our purpose was to evaluate the natural epidemiological history of circulating Bordetella pertussis clinical isolates in Turkey, comparing isolates by means of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles according to years, geographic regions, vaccination status, and demographic characteristics. We analyzed genotypically a collection of 92 clinical isolates recovered during the period 2001-2009 at the National Pertussis Reference Laboratory by PFGE. A total of 61 genotypes were identified among the 92 isolates. Fifteen of 61 genotypes were a cluster including 46 isolates, and the remaining 46 genotypes were unique. The clustering rate was 50% (46/92). The size of the cluster varied from 2 to 14 clinical isolates. There was no association between clustering rates and age, gender, or quarterly season. The clustering rate was significantly higher in 2006. When the isolates were grouped according to similarity coefficient higher than 85%, 89 (96.7%) of the 92 isolates were clonally related. There was one major group including 65.2% of the isolates mainly observed. This is the first study on the molecular characterization of B. pertussis isolates in Turkey. We consider that this study lays a good foundation for further monitoring of the circulating B. pertussis clinical isolates in Turkey.
Assuntos
Bordetella pertussis/classificação , Bordetella pertussis/genética , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Tipagem Molecular , Coqueluche/epidemiologia , Coqueluche/microbiologia , Bordetella pertussis/isolamento & purificação , Pré-Escolar , Análise por Conglomerados , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Epidemiologia Molecular , Turquia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii. In Turkey, it has been reported from the late 1940s that Q fever is endemic in humans and animals. Our objective was to evaluate the seroprevalence in Samsun Tekkeköy (north Turkey), where an outbreak of Q fever occurred in 2002. In this cross-sectional study, subjects were selected by the random proportional sampling method. All subjects were healthy with no specific symptoms and tested by the microimmunofluorescent antibody test. In total, we tested 407 subjects; 33 (8.1%) of them were identified as past evidence of infection and 22 (5.4%) were considered as evolutive form of Q fever (17 acute and five chronic forms). The seroprevalence was significantly higher among people over 30 years of age, hunters, and slaughters than the others (p = 0.001, p = 0.034, and p = 0.006, respectively). We found 13.5% seropositivity among healthy subjects, confirming that Q fever is prevalent in our region and is often asymptomatic.
Assuntos
Coxiella burnetii/imunologia , Febre Q/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ocupações , Distribuição Aleatória , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Turquia/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We present a preliminary report of 12 laboratory-confirmed cases of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Turkey, diagnosed between January and May 2009 according to the clinical symptoms and serological confirmation. Studies are still ongoing to better understand the dynamics of the reservoir population as well as the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors among humans.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Infecções por Hantavirus/epidemiologia , Orthohantavírus/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Infecções por Hantavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Hantavirus/etiologia , Infecções por Hantavirus/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Turquia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Following the declaration by the World Health Organization (WHO) of human cases of infection with a new influenza A(H1N1)v virus of swine origin, the Turkish Ministry of Health launched a case-based reporting of influenza A(H1N1)v throughout the country on 27 April 2009. The index case was detected on 15 May 2009. As of 17 July 2009 the number of laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza A(H1N1)v totaled 128 of whom 38 were indigenous cases.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1 , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/patogenicidade , Influenza Humana/diagnóstico , Influenza Humana/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vigilância da População/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Viagem , Turquia/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate whether there was a significant difference in high-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) between vancomycin-sensitive enterococci (VSE) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Vancomycin resistance was determined in 116 Enterococcus isolates using brain-heart infusion agar containing 6 micrograms/ml vancomycin. HLAR was determined by both standard agar screening and disk diffusion methods. Streptomycin and gentamicin were used as predictors of HLAR. Vancomycin resistance and HLAR were found in 17 (14.7%) and 41 (35.3%) of the Enterococcus strains, respectively. HLAR was found in 11 of 17 VRE and 30 of 98 VSE strains. HLAR in VRE strains was significantly higher than in VSE. More enterococcal strains were found to be resistant to both gentamicin and streptomycin (29) than to gentamicin (one) or streptomycin (11) alone. The HLAR rate in VRE was two-fold higher than in VSE. The synergistic bactericidal effect of aminoglycosides and beta-lactam or glycopeptide antibiotics is lost if there is high-level resistance to aminoglycosides.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Enterococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência a Vancomicina , Aminoglicosídeos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Enterococcus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Fusidic acid is an antibiotic active against staphylococci and other bacterial pathogens. It is used in the treatment of staphylococcal infections usually in combination with other antibacterial agents. Reports of the clinical effects of antimicrobial combinations containing fusidic acid have been somewhat inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antagonism of fusidic acid and quinolones. Twenty-six staphylococci strains isolated from various clinical samples were tested. After detecting the diameter of the zone of inhibition around fusidic acid, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and moxifloxacin for each strain, in vitro antagonism between fusidic acid and each quinolone was investigated using disk approximation. In all 26 strains, quinolones and fusidic acid were antagonist in vitro. The reason for this antagonistic effect and its clinical implications are not known. However, care should be exercised in prescribing quinolones and fusidic acid in combination.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/antagonistas & inibidores , Anti-Infecciosos/administração & dosagem , Compostos Aza , Fluoroquinolonas , Ácido Fusídico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Fusídico/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinolinas , Staphylococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciprofloxacina/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Levofloxacino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Moxifloxacina , Ofloxacino/administração & dosagem , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus/isolamento & purificaçãoAssuntos
Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Vírus da Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia-Congo , Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia/etiologia , Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia/fisiopatologia , Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia/transmissão , Humanos , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Turquia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
SUMMARY: Although brucellosis may be present in various systems, osteoarticular brucellosis is a serious complication of human brucellosis. We present two cases of Brucellar spondylitis (BS) having paraspinal abscess with epidural extension. The first case of non-complicated paraspinal abscess was treated effectively with percutaneous abscess drainage and antibrucellar chemotherapy. However, the second case with disseminated BS and multiseptated large abscess did not respond to needle drainage with medical treatment. Because of the persistence and re-growth of the abscess, he was treated with percutaneous catheter drainage using the Seldinger technique. They showed adequate radiological and clinical response to drainage and antibrucellar chemotherapy.
RESUMO
Specimens of the millipede, Nopoiulus kochii (Gervais) were seen in faeces and vomit of a 14-year-old boy residing in Oltu, Erzurum, Turkey. The patient complained of a burning sensation in his throat and stomach-ache. Physical examination revealed no pathological findings, and how the patient became infected was unknown. Anti-parasitic drugs (niclosamide, albendazole), which he had been taking intermittently for 2 years by the prescription of a physician, had not resolved the problem.
Assuntos
Artrópodes , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Adolescente , Animais , Fezes/parasitologia , Humanos , Masculino , Turquia , Vômito/parasitologiaRESUMO
Scorpion stings are common in Turkey due to its geographical location, climate and socioeconomic structure. Scorpion envenomation cases are a considerable public health problem in all regions of the country. Important health-threatening scorpions in Turkey are Androctonus crassicauda, Leiurus quinquestriatus, Mesobuthus gibbosus and M. eupeus, all of which belong to the Buthidae family. They are described to be potentially dangerous to humans. So far, there is no study about scorpion sting incidence covering all geographical regions of Turkey; therefore, in this study, we analyzed the frequency of scorpion sting cases in the country. A total of 24,261 scorpion sting cases were reported during 2005. Most of which (about 80%) occurred in the Southeastern Anatolia (30.4%), Mediterranean Sea (24.9%) and Aegean regions (23.5%), where medically important scorpion species are found. The sting cases mostly occurred during the summer period. Our results suggest that scorpion stings are an important problem in Turkey. This simple descriptive study will help develop interventions to prevent scorpion stings, which should take local sting cases into consideration.
RESUMO
The two most venomous species of the family Buthidae, Leiurus quinquestriatus and Androctonus crassicauda, are found in Africa and in the Middle East. Potency and paraspecific activities of A. crassicauda antivenom (RSHC anti-Ac) were tested against L. quinquestriatus venom. The sera produced by Refik Saydam Hygiene Center (RSHC) showed strong reactivity against the venoms of A. crassicauda and L. quinquestriatus in western blotting and dot-blot analysis. RSHC anti-Ac presents immunoactivity and neutralizing potential against Leiurus quinquestriatus venom. Neutralization capacity of antivenom was found to be 400 µL against 40 minimum lethal doses (MLD) of A. crassicauda scorpion venom and 10 MLD of L. quinquestriatus venom. This study indicates that the RSHC anti-Ac could be used for treating L. quinquestriatus stings.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Venenos de Escorpião , Antivenenos , AndroctonusRESUMO
Scorpion stings are common in Turkey due to its geographical location, climate and socioeconomic structure. Scorpion envenomation cases are a considerable public health problem in all regions of the country. Important health-threatening scorpions in Turkey are Androctonus crassicauda, Leiurus quinquestriatus, Mesobuthus gibbosus and M. eupeus, all of which belong to the Buthidae family. They are described to be potentially dangerous to humans. So far, there is no study about scorpion sting incidence covering all geographical regions of Turkey; therefore, in this study, we analyzed the frequency of scorpion sting cases in the country. A total of 24,261 scorpion sting cases were reported during 2005. Most of which (about 80 percent) occurred in the Southeastern Anatolia (30.4 percent), Mediterranean Sea (24.9 percent) and Aegean regions (23.5 percent), where medically important scorpion species are found. The sting cases mostly occurred during the summer period. Our results suggest that scorpion stings are an important problem in Turkey. This simple descriptive study will help develop interventions to prevent scorpion stings, which should take local sting cases into consideration.(AU)