[The assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: the reliability and validity of the Padua inventory in a Turkish population]. / Obsesif-Kompulsif Belirtilerin Degerlendirilmesi: Padua Envanteri'nin Türk Toplumunda Geçerlik ve Güvenilirligi.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the reliability and validity of the 60-and 41-item versions of the Padua Inventory (PI and PI-R) which were developed to assess the frequency and severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, in a Turkish population. METHOD: The sample consisted of 43 OCD patients, 30 non-OCD patients with other anxiety disorders, 30 nonobsessional depressed patients, 76 healthy adults, and 181 undergraduate students. We investigated internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and factor structure, concurrent and discriminant validity. RESULTS: Psychometric analyses showed that both the original PI and PI-R had a high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. While principal factor analysis of the 41 items revealed six factors that are consistent with the PI-R, the factor structure of the original scale was not confirmed. All the subcales and total scores for both instruments were significantly correlated with the Yale-Brown scores except for the impulses subscale. There were significant differences between OCD patients and nonclinical samples in all total and subscale scores for both instruments. OCD patients scored significantly higher on the total, contamination/washing and checking subscales for both instruments than nonobsessional anxious, and depressed patients. While OCD patients scored significantly higher on the PI-R rumination scale than nonobsessional anxious patients, their PI impaired control subscale score was not different from that of the other clinical groups. CONCLUSIONS: The Turkish version of the PI has appropriate reliability and validity for assessing the frequency and severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

Serum lipid levels in patients with dissociative disorder.

OBJECTIVE: There may be an association between a low serum cholesterol level and dissociative disorders. METHOD: The subjects of the study were 16 patients with dissociative disorder and 16 normal comparison subjects (two men and 14 women in each group). Total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and very low density lipoprotein levels were compared. RESULTS: Patients with dissociative disorders had lower serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and very low density lipoprotein levels than normal comparison subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Low serum lipid concentrations may be related to a high incidence of self-injurious behaviors and borderline features in patients with dissociative disorders.

Relation between depression, some laboratory parameters, and quality of life in hemodialysis patients.

Depression is common in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Several investigators have estimated that depression occurs in about 20% to 30% of dialysis patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between depression, some laboratory parameters, and quality of life (QOL) in hemodialysis patients. Forty-three hemodialysis patients (mean age 40.5+/-15.2; M=28, F=15) were included in the study. Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), and short form with 36 (SF-36) were used for evaluation. Subsequently, patients were divided into two groups according to HAMD scores: group 1, those who had a low HAMD score (between 0 and 7), and group 2, those who had a high HAMD score (over 7). The two groups were compared in terms of anxiety scores, QOL scores, and some laboratory parameters. The group 2 patients (n=21; M= 13, F=8) had lower levels of hemoglobin than the group 1 patients (9.5+/-1.7 vs. 10.7+/- 1.4 g/dL, respectively; p<0.01). Group 2 patients also had lower SF-36 scores than group 1 patients (91.5+/-21.3 vs. 74.9+/- 13.6, respectively; p=0.03). On the contrary, the patients of group 2 had higher HAMA scores than group 1 patients (16.6+/-6.9 vs. 6.3+/-3.5, respectively; p<0.01) and CRP level (10.7+/-4.6 vs. 4.5+/-3.8, respectively; p<0.001). A significant correlation was found between depression scores and C-reactive protein (CRP) (r= 0.57, p < 0.001) and HAMA scores (r=-0.43, p<0.05). In contrast, a negative correlation was found between HAMD scores and albumin (r=-0.43, p<0.05), hemoglobin (r=-0.38, p=0.015) and SF-36 scores (r=0.39, p=0.032). These findings demonstrate that there is a relationship among high depression score, low levels of hemoglobin and albumin, high CRP level, low SF-36 score, and high anxiety score. Evaluation of psychiatric status should be part of the care provided to hemodialysis patients.