Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on food Security in Patients With chronic Kidney Disease.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to determine the degree of Food Insecurity (FI) in adult patients with CKD during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the association between FI and food consumption. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), with and without substitutive treatment, and older than 18 years of age. Food security was measured using the Mexican Food Security Scale (MFSS). Sociodemographic data and a food frequency questionnaire were obtained. Multinomial logistic regression was performed using the 4 categories of food security (food security as reference); principal component analysis was also performed to assess the relationship between food consumption patterns and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: The prevalence of FI in patients with CKD was 71.6%, the most prevalent degree of FI was moderate. As FI increased, a greater amount of beans, eggs, sweets/desserts, soft drinks, and artificial juices (P < .001) was consumed. The risk factors of FI were diabetes, hypertension, unpaid occupation, living in the country's capital, having children at home, or a decrease in income due to the pandemic. Four main components were identified that were associated with the different degrees of FI. CONCLUSION: The present study allowed us to conclude that more than 70% of CKD patients in the study cohort had some type of FI, which makes it difficult to adhere to treatment and may increase the risk of advanced CKD. A less healthy food pattern is associated with greater FI.

Does dietary potassium intake associate with hyperkalemia in patients with chronic kidney disease?

BACKGROUND: Dietary potassium restriction is a strategy to control hyperkalemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, hyperkalemia may result from a combination of clinical conditions. This study aimed to investigate whether dietary potassium or the intake of certain food groups associate with serum potassium in the face of other risk factors. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis including a nondialysis-dependent CKD (NDD-CKD) cohort and a hemodialysis (HD) cohort. Dietary potassium intake was assessed by 3-day food records. Underreporters with energy intake lower than resting energy expenditure were excluded. Hyperkalemia was defined as serum potassium >5.0 mEq/L. RESULTS: The NDD-CKD cohort included 95 patients {median age 67 [interquartile range (IQR) 55-73] years, 32% with diabetes mellitus (DM), median estimated glomerular filtration rate 23 [IQR 18-29] mL/min/1.73 m2} and the HD cohort included 117 patients [median age 39 (IQR 18-67) years, 50% with DM]. In NDD-CKD, patients with hyperkalemia (36.8%) exhibited lower serum bicarbonate and a tendency for higher serum creatinine, a higher proportion of DM and the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers, but lower use of sodium bicarbonate supplements. No association was found between serum and dietary potassium (r = 0.01; P = 0.98) or selected food groups. Conditions associated with hyperkalemia in multivariable analysis were DM {odds ratio [OR] 3.55 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-11.72]} and metabolic acidosis [OR 4.35 (95% CI 1.37-13.78)]. In HD, patients with hyperkalemia (50.5%) exhibited higher serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen and lower malnutrition inflammation score and a tendency for higher dialysis vintage and body mass index. No association was found between serum and potassium intake (r = -0.06, P = 0.46) or food groups. DM [OR 4.22 (95% CI 1.31-13.6)] and serum creatinine [OR 1.50 (95% CI 1.24-1.81)] were predictors of hyperkalemia in multivariable analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary potassium was not associated with serum potassium or hyperkalemia in either NDD-CKD or HD patients. Before restricting dietary potassium, the patient's intake of potassium should be carefully evaluated and other potential clinical factors related to serum potassium balance should be considered in the management of hyperkalemia in CKD.

Nutritional status, hyperkalaemia and attainment of energy/protein intake targets in haemodialysis patients following plant-based diets: a longitudinal cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing haemodialysis (HD) are often discouraged from eating fruits and vegetables because of fears of hyperkalaemia and undernutrition, yet evidence to support these claims is scarce. We here explore the association between adherence to a healthy plant-based diet with serum potassium, surrogates of nutritional status and attainment of energy/protein intake targets in HD patients. METHODS: We performed an observational single-centre study of stable patients undergoing HD with repeated dietary assessment every 3 months. Patients were provided with personalized nutritional counselling according to current guidelines. The diet was evaluated by 3-day food records and characterized by a healthy plant-based diet score (HPDS), which scores positively the intake of plant foods and negatively animal foods and sugar. The malnutrition inflammation score (MIS) and serum potassium were also assessed at each visit. We used mixed-effects models to evaluate the association of the HPDS with markers of nutritional status, serum potassium levels and attainment of energy/protein intake targets. RESULTS: After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 150 patients contributing to 470 trimestral observations were included. Their mean age was 42 years [standard deviation (SD) 18] and 59% were women. In multivariable models, a higher HPDS was not associated with serum potassium levels or odds of hyperkalaemia {potassium >5.5 mEq/L; odds ratio [OR] 1.00 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94-1.07] per HPDS unit higher}. Patients with a higher HPDS did not differ in terms of energy intake [OR for consuming <30 kcal/kg day 1.05 (95% CI 0.97-1.13)] but were at risk of low protein intake [OR for consuming <1.1 g of protein/kg/day 1.11 (95% CI 1.04-1.19)]. A higher HPDS was associated with a lower MIS, indicating better nutritional status. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing HD, adherence to a healthy plant-based diet was not associated with serum potassium, hyperkalaemia or differences in energy intake. Although these patients were less likely to reach daily protein intake targets, they appeared to associate with better nutritional status over time.

Frequency of Intradialytic Hypotension Events Do Not Increase with Oral Nutritional Supplementation during Hemodialysis Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the effect of the use of a renal-specific oral nutritional supplement (RS-ONS) during hemodialysis sessions and the use of RS-ONS at home on the incidence of intradialytic hypotension. METHODS: A single-center, 12-week, open-label, randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted. The intervention was a RN-ONS divided into two portions: 100 and 137 mL. The first portion was given after 1 hour of hemodialysis (HD) treatment, while the second portion was given 45 minutes before the end of HD. The research staff registered the baseline and final nutritional parameters and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) from the screen of the HD device during 36 HD sessions. Hypotension symptoms were also recorded every hour during each HD session. The nutritional and functional status was also assessed. RESULTS: We registered a total of 16 hypotensive events during 1082 HD sessions: 9 were in patients supplemented at home (551 HD sessions) and 7 occurred in patients supplemented during HD P = .668. Incidence of intradialytic hypotension (IH) during 1082 HD sessions was 1.4%. The total malnutrition inflammation score (MIS) decreased in both groups (P < .01), and the percentage of cachexia improved in the supplemented-during-HD group (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: In this randomized controlled trial, intradialytic hypotension events did not increase with the RS-ONS during HD treatment. This strategy appears to be a safe anabolic nutritional strategy for the prevention of PEW, selecting stable patients and administering a fractioned volume of the supplement after the first hour of HD treatment. More studies with larger samples size are required to confirm these findings.

Relationship between protein-energy wasting in adults with chronic hemodialysis and the response to treatment with erythropoietin.

BACKGROUND: It is known that one of the leading causes of morbidity in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the anemic syndrome. Although the pathogenic mechanisms of anemia are multiple, erythropoietin deficiency appears as the dominant factor. Patients in hemodialysis (HD) have a high prevalence of protein energy wasting (PEW) that may explains the poor response to Erythropoietin (EPO). METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of patients on HD from January to December 2014. The participants were classified according to a diagnostic of PEW using the "Malnutrition Inflammation Score" (MIS) and bioimpedance analysis (BIA) measurement of body composition at the start of erythropoietin therapy and after 3 months of follow up. We performed descriptive statistics and analyzed the differences between groups with and without PEW considering their responsiveness. In addition, we calculated the relative risk of EPO resistance, considering p value < 0.05 as statistically significant. RESULTS: Sixty-one patients ended the follow up. Both groups were similar in basal hemoglobin, hematocrit and other hematopoiesis markers (p = NS). Patients without PEW have a decrease risk for poor response to treatment with EPO (RR = 0.562 [95% CI, 0.329-0.961-]) than those with PEW. Finally, hemoglobin concentrations were evaluated at baseline and every four weeks until week 12, finding a statistically significant improvement only in patients without PEW according MIS (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PEW is an incremental predictor of poor responsiveness to EPO in HD patients, thus, it is important to consider correcting malnutrition or wasting for a favorable response to treatment with EPO.

Development of an online tool for sodium intake assessment in Mexico.

Excess sodium intake is associated with adverse health effects, and reducing its intake is a strategy that improves population health. However, estimating sodium intake is challenging and new options for assessment are needed. This review describes the design and development of a web-based, publicly-accessible, dietary sodium intake screening tool (Calculadora de Sodio) for individuals in Mexico. Sodium data from 2017 - 2018 for 3 429 packaged foods, 655 restaurant and cafeteria foods, and 320 home-style meals and street foods (determined by chemical analysis) comprised the 71-question tool. It was piloted with 10 nutrition experts for feedback on content and face validity; and with 30 potential users to test its usability and interface. Improvements were made to content, language, and formatting following the pilot. Its predictive validity will be established in the future. The Calculadora de Sodio provides instant feedback on an individual's average daily sodium intake, computed by frequency of intake, average number of servings, and sodium content per serving of each sodium-focused food category. This is the first web-based dietary sodium screening tool developed for the general population of Mexico. It is an efficient and practical way to assess sodium intake and can serve as a model for similar tools for other countries and regions.

La ingesta excesiva de sodio se asocia a efectos nocivos para la salud y su reducción constituye una estrategia para mejorar la salud de la población. Sin embargo, es complicado estimar la ingesta de sodio y se necesitan nuevas alternativas para evaluarla. En este examen se describe el diseño y la creación de una herramienta en línea y de acceso público con el fin de establecer la ingesta de sodio en la alimentación (denominada la "calculadora de sodio") para la población de México. La herramienta, consistente en 71 preguntas, incluye los datos de sodio correspondientes al 2017-2018 de 3 429 alimentos envasados, 655 alimentos de restaurantes y cafeterías y 320 comidas caseras y alimentos de puestos de venta de la calle (determinados mediante análisis químicos). Se hizo una prueba piloto con diez nutricionistas que aportaron su opinión experta en materia de validez del contenido y diseño, además de 30 usuarios potenciales que probaron la facilidad de uso y su interfaz. Tras la prueba piloto, se incluyeron mejoras de contenido, idioma y formato. En el futuro se podrá determinar su valor predictivo. La calculadora de sodio ofrece una evaluación instantánea sobre la ingesta de sodio promedio diaria de una persona, calculada según la frecuencia de la ingesta, la cantidad promedio de raciones y el contenido de sodio por ración de cada categoría de alimentos con sodio. Esta es la primera herramienta en línea de detección de sodio en los alimentos creada para la población general de México. Es una manera eficaz y práctica de evaluar la ingesta de sodio, y puede servir de modelo para herramientas similares en otros países y regiones.

A ingestão de sódio em excesso está associada a efeitos adversos à saúde, e a redução do consumo alimentar de sódio é uma estratégia que contribui para a melhoria da saúde das pessoas. Porém, como é difícil estimar a ingestão de sódio, são necessários novos métodos de avaliação. Neste estudo são apresentados o projeto e o desenvolvimento de um instrumento on-line e aberto ao público (denominado ''calculadora de sódio'') para a triagem da ingestão alimentar de sódio por indivíduos no México. O instrumento contém 71 perguntas preparadas com base em dados do teor de sódio, coletados no período de 2017 a 2018, de 3.429 alimentos embalados, 655 alimentos comercializados em restaurantes e lanchonetes e 320 refeições do tipo caseiro e comidas de rua (medidos com análises químicas). Um teste-piloto foi realizado com 10 especialistas em nutrição, que fizeram observações sobre a validade de conteúdo e a validade aparente do instrumento, e 30 possíveis usuários que avaliaram sua usabilidade e interface. O conteúdo, os enunciados e o formato foram aperfeiçoados após o teste-piloto. A validade preditiva do instrumento será determinada futuramente. A ''calculadora de sódio'' proporciona uma avaliação imediata da ingestão alimentar média de sódio de uma pessoa, calculada pela frequência de consumo, número médio de porções e teor de sódio por porção de cada categoria de alimento que contém sódio. Este é o primeiro instrumento on-line para a triagem de sódio alimentar desenvolvido para a população do México. É um recurso eficiente e prático para avaliar a ingestão de sódio e pode servir de modelo para o desenvolvimento de instrumentos semelhantes em outros países e regiões.

SURVEY ON THE PERCEPTION OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS ON THE USE OF INTRADIALYTIC ORAL NUTRITION IN PATIENTS UNDER HEMODIALYSIS.

BACKGROUND: Intradialytic oral nutrition (ION) has been shown to improve many clinical outcomes, including lowering mortality, in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Despite the benefits, ION is underused in many countries. OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to determine the perception of health-care professionals (HCP) in our environment of the use of ION in patients undergoing HD. METHODS: Survey applied to HCP in Mexico who worked or had worked in an HD unit in their locality. RESULTS: From 272 HCP who answered the survey, 74.3% believed that the use of ION has at least one beneficial effect; of these, the most frequently mentioned were an improvement in quality of life (QoL) (54.7%) followed by an improvement in serum albumin (37.9%) and muscle anabolism (31.6%). However, 49% consider that its use involves some risks. Of the respondents, 22% reported that their HD units allowed patients to consume food or supplements during HD sessions; the main reason given to forbid the introduction of food or supplements was the clinic's policy (41%). CONCLUSIONS: The personnel surveyed heterogeneous opinions regarding ION, but most believe that it may improve the QoL or the nutritional status of the patients. Nevertheless, the use of ION is uncommon in our country as it is against the internal regulations of most HD units.

Global Prevalence of Protein-Energy Wasting in Kidney Disease: A Meta-analysis of Contemporary Observational Studies From the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism.

OBJECTIVE: To better define the prevalence of protein-energy wasting (PEW) in kidney disease is poorly defined. METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis of PEW prevalence from contemporary studies including more than 50 subjects with kidney disease, published during 2000-2014 and reporting on PEW prevalence by subjective global assessment or malnutrition-inflammation score. Data were reviewed throughout different strata: (1) acute kidney injury (AKI), (2) pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD), (3) nondialyzed CKD 3-5, (4) maintenance dialysis, and (5) subjects undergoing kidney transplantation (Tx). Sample size, period of publication, reporting quality, methods, dialysis technique, country, geographical region, and gross national income were a priori considered factors influencing between-study variability. RESULTS: Two studies including 189 AKI patients reported a PEW prevalence of 60% and 82%. Five studies including 1776 patients with CKD stages 3-5 reported PEW prevalence ranging from 11% to 54%. Finally, 90 studies from 34 countries including 16,434 patients on maintenance dialysis were identified. The 25th-75th percentiles range in PEW prevalence among dialysis studies was 28-54%. Large variation in PEW prevalence across studies remained even when accounting for moderators. Mixed-effects meta-regression identified geographical region as the only significant moderator explaining 23% of the observed data heterogeneity. Finally, two studies including 1067 Tx patients reported a PEW prevalence of 28% and 52%, and no studies recruiting pediatric CKD patients were identified. CONCLUSION: By providing evidence-based ranges of PEW prevalence, we conclude that PEW is a common phenomenon across the spectrum of AKI and CKD. This, together with the well-documented impact of PEW on patient outcomes, justifies the need for increased medical attention.

The effects of resistance exercise and oral nutritional supplementation during hemodialysis on indicators of nutritional status and quality of life.

BACKGROUND: Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is common in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Studies have assessed the positive effect of oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) or resistance exercise (RE) on nutritional status (NS) markers in patients undergoing HD. METHODS: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of ONS and RE on NS and the quality of life (QOL) of 36 patients undergoing HD. In a randomized clinical trial, patients were divided into the following two groups: a control group (ONS) that received a can of ONS during their HD sessions and an intervention group (ONS + RE) that received a can of ONS and underwent a 40-min session of RE during their HD sessions. Both interventions lasted 12 weeks. The patients' anthropometric, biochemical, dietetic and bioelectrical impedance measurements as well as their QOL, evaluated using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form, were recorded. RESULTS: At baseline, 55.5% of patients presented with PEW according to International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism criteria (20 patients). We found statistically significant changes from baseline in both groups, such as increases in body weight, body mass index, midarm circumference, midarm muscle circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, fat mass percentage, handgrip strength, phase angle and serum albumin. A decrease in the prevalence of PEW was observed in both groups at the end of the intervention. A delta comparison between groups showed no statistically significant differences in the anthropometric and biochemical parameters. No significant improvement was observed in QOL and body composition measured by bioimpedance vector analysis. Dietary energy and protein intake increased significantly during the study period for all patients. CONCLUSION: Oral nutritional supplementation during HD improves NS. The addition of RE during HD does not seem to augment the acute anabolic effects of intradialytic ONS on NS.

Dieta de la Milpa: A Culturally-Concordant Plant-Based Dietary Pattern for Hispanic/Latine People with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) disproportionately affects minorities in the United States, including the Hispanic/Latine population, and is a public health concern in Latin American countries. An emphasis on healthy dietary patterns, including the Mediterranean and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets, has been suggested as they are associated with a lower incidence of CKD, slower CKD progression, and lower mortality in kidney failure. However, their applicability may be limited in people from Latin America. The Dieta de la Milpa (Diet of the Cornfield) was recently described as the dietary pattern of choice for people from Mesoamerica (Central Mexico and Central America). This dietary pattern highlights the intake of four plant-based staple foods from this geographical region, corn/maize, common beans, pumpkins/squashes, and chilies, complemented with seasonal and local intake of plant-based foods and a lower intake of animal-based foods, collectively classified into ten food groups. Limited preclinical and clinical studies suggest several health benefits, including cardiometabolic health, but there is currently no data concerning CKD. In this narrative review, we describe and highlight the potential benefits of the Dieta de la Milpa in CKD, including acid-base balance, protein source, potassium and phosphorus management, impact on the gut microbiota, inflammation, and cultural appropriateness. Despite these potential benefits, this dietary pattern has not been tested in people with CKD. Therefore, we suggest key research questions targeting measurement of adherence, feasibility, and effectiveness of the Dieta de la Milpa in people with CKD.

Does intradialytic oral nutrition impact hemodialysis patients' quality of life, appetite, and safety? A pilot study of a crossover clinical trial.

Introduction: Introduction: due to the catabolic characteristics of hemodialysis (HD), patients should consume foods or supplements during this treatment to meet their energy requirements and maintain a neutral nitrogen balance; however, there are some outcomes in which the effect of intradialytic oral nutrition (ION) is scarcely known. Objectives: this study aims to evaluate the effect of two types of ION (liquid and solid) on Quality of Life (QoL), appetite, and safety in HD patients. Methods: a pilot randomized, crossover clinical trial was performed in 18 patients on chronic HD. One group received ION for 18 HD sessions, after the crossover continued for 18 more sessions in the control group, and vice versa. We recorded QoL, appetite, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and intradialytic hypotension (IH) events. Results: clinical improvement was observed for most QoL components. Regardless of the consistency of supplementation, SBP increased to 4.10 mmHg. Both study groups reported a "very good-to-good" appetite. Conclusion: favorable clinical changes were observed in QoL scores during the study. Five of six IH events were reported for patients in the ION group, and SBP increased within the safe range (≤ 10 mmHg); appetite remained stable in both groups. Therefore, we concluded that this strategy, regardless of implementation consistency, is safe to be used in stable patients.

Introducción: Introducción: debido a las características catabólicas de la hemodiálisis (HD), los pacientes deben consumir alimentos o suplementos durante este tratamiento para cubrir sus requerimientos energéticos y mantener un balance nitrogenado neutro; sin embargo, existen algunos desenlaces en los que el efecto de la nutrición oral intradialítica (NOID) es poco conocido. Objetivo: este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto de dos tipos de NOID (líquido y sólido) sobre la calidad de vida, el apetito y la seguridad en pacientes en HD. Métodos: se realizó un estudio piloto en forma de ensayo clínico aleatorizado y cruzado con 18 pacientes en HD crónica. Un grupo recibió NOID durante 18 sesiones de HD, después del cruzamiento continuaron durante 18 sesiones más en el grupo de control, y viceversa. Se registraron la calidad de vida, el apetito, la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y la hipotensión intradialítica (HI). Resultados: se observó mejoría clínica en la mayoría de los componentes de la calidad de vida. Independientemente de la consistencia de la suplementación, la PAS aumentó hasta 4,10 mmHg. Ambos grupos de estudio informaron de un apetito "muy bueno-bueno". Conclusiones: se observaron cambios clínicos favorables en las puntuaciones de calidad de vida durante el estudio. Cinco de seis eventos de HI se reportaron en pacientes del grupo de NOID y la PAS aumentó dentro del rango seguro (≤ 10 mmHg); el apetito se mantuvo estable en ambos grupos. Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que esta estrategia, independientemente de la consistencia implementada, es segura para ser utilizada en pacientes estables.

Is intradialytic oral nutritional supplementation safe and effective on clinical outcomes? A systematic review with conventional meta-analysis and network meta-analysis.

AIM: determine the effect of intradialytic oral nutrition (ION) on clinical and safety outcomes. DESIGN: Systematic Review with conventional Meta-analysis, and a Network Meta-analysis (NMA) as sensitivity analysis. We searched on MEDLINE, LILACS, CENTRAL, and EMBASE in June 2020, and the last update was until August 2022. We selected observational and randomized controlled trials with ION for at least four weeks. Primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and quality of life (QoL); adverse events, physical performance, and appetite were secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Seven clinical trials and three observational studies were selected. Even when we did not obtain significant differences in physical performance and gastrointestinal symptoms, we identified a clinical improvement in the QoL's physical role, bodily pain, and physical performance domains. After pooling the data on mortality, a protection rate trend was observed in the ION group without statistical significance. The home-prepared ION was the best nutritional supplementation when assessing the appetite outcome through NMA. CONCLUSIONS: ION seems to have a protective trend in mortality risk; the current evidence is insufficient to establish a relationship with adverse events or other clinical outcomes. The lack of homogeneity in the trials makes it difficult to generalize these results. PROSPERO REGISTRATION: CRD42020186311.

Nutritional Status and Other Clinical Variables Are Associated to the Resting Energy Expenditure in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Validity Study.

Background: Estimating energy requirements (ER) is crucial for nutritional attention to chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Current guidelines recommend measuring ER with indirect calorimetry (IC) when possible. Due to clinical settings, the use of simple formulas is preferred. Few studies have modeled equations for estimating ER for CKD. Nevertheless, variables of interest such as nutritional status and strength have not been explored in these models. This study aimed to develop and validate a model for estimating REE in patients with CKD stages 3-5, who were not receiving renal replacement therapy (RTT), using clinical variables and comparing it with indirect calorimetry as the gold standard. Methods: In this study 80 patients with CKD participated. Indirect calorimetry (IC) was performed in all patients. The calorimeter analyzed metabolic measurements every minute for 15 min after autocalibration with barometric pressure, temperature, and humidity. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) was performed. Fat-free mass (FFM) was registered among other bioelectrical components. Handgrip strength (HGS) was evaluated and an average of 3 repetitions was recorded. Nutritional status was assessed with the subjective global assessment (SGA). Patients categorized as B or C were then considered as having malnutrition. Results: We analyzed 71 patients and 3 models were generated. Model 1a included FFM; Model 2a included weight; Model 3c included handgrip strength (HGS). All other variables were stepwise, computer-selected with a p < 0.01 significance level; Malnutrition was consistently associated with ER among other clinical variables in all models (p < 0.05). The model that included BIA-FFM had R 2 adjusted = 0.46, while the model that included weight (Kg) had an adjusted R 2 adjusted = 0.44. The models had moderate concordance, LC = 0.60-0.65 with the gold standard, whereas other energy expenditure estimation equations had LC = 0.36 and 0.55 with indirect calorimetry. Using these previously validated equations as a reference, our models had concordance values ranging from 0.66 to 0.80 with them. Conclusion: Models incorporating nutritional status and other clinical variables such as weight, FFM, comorbidities, gender, and age have a moderate agreement with REE. The agreement between our models and others previously validated for the CKD patient is good; however, the agreement between the latter and IC measurements is moderate. The KDOQI lowest recommendation (25 Kcals/kg body weight) considering the 22% difference with respect to the IC for total energy expenditure rather than for REE.

Is there a relationship between oral hygiene and nutritional status in peritoneal dialysis patients?

Introduction: Brackground: in the early stages of kidney disease, oral manifestations (gingivitis and periodontitis) may cause premature tooth loss and limit food intake. There is scarce evidence of the relationship of oral hygiene and nutritional status in patients on Peritoneal Dialysis (PD). Objective: we aimed to assess the relationship of oral hygiene with nutritional, clinical, and physical performance parameters in PD patients. Methods: this cross-sectional study included outpatients aged 34-69 years. Oral health questionnaire, nutritional, functional, and clinical assessment tools such as Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS), Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), handgrip strength, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms Questionnaire (GSQ) were applied. Patients were divided according to debris, calculus, and Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) in two groups: "clean-slightly dirty" and "dirty-very dirty". Results: in total, 41 patients were included, those in the "dirty-very dirty" group had a worse nutritional status with higher scores on the MIS tool and worse nutritional diagnosis with SGA as compared to the "clean-slightly dirty" group. The handgrip strength was higher in patients in the best category of oral hygiene, and those with the worst hygiene presented greater severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. The risks of malnutrition in the three indices of oral hygiene with the worst category were statistically significant. Conclusion: poor oral hygiene was associated with poorer nutritional status, lower handgrip, and worse GSQ. Poor oral hygiene might be related to persistent inflammation status and catabolism that favored protein-energy wasting.

Introducción: Introducción: en las primeras etapas de la enfermedad renal, las manifestaciones orales (gingivitis y periodontitis) pueden causar la pérdida de dientes prematura y limitar la ingestión de los alimentos. Existe poca evidencia de la relación entre la higiene bucal y el estado de nutrición en los pacientes con Diálisis Peritoneal (PD). Objetivos: evaluar la relación de la higiene bucal con los parámetros nutricionales, clínicos y de funcionalidad física en pacientes con DP. Métodos: este es un estudio transversal que incluyó a pacientes ambulatorios de 34 a 69 años. Se aplicó un cuestionario de salud bucal, herramientas de evaluación nutricional, pruebas de funcionalidad y un cuestionario de síntomas gastrointestinales, con las herramientas MIS (Malnutrition Inflammation Score), SGA (Subjective Global Assessment); fuerza de prensión de mano y el cuestionario de síntomas gastrointestinales GSQ (Gastrointestinal Score Questionnaire). Los pacientes fueron agrupados de acuerdo con los índices de placa, cálculo y OHI-S (Simplified Oral Hygiene Index) en dos grupos: "limpio-ligeramente sucio" y "sucio-muy sucio". Resultados: se incluyeron 41 pacientes en total, aquellos en el grupo "sucio-muy sucio" presentaron un peor estado nutricional con mayores puntajes de la herramienta MIS y peor diagnóstico nutricional con la SGA comparado con el grupo "limpio-ligeramente sucio". La fuerza de prensión de mano fue mayor en los pacientes con la mejor categoría de higiene bucal, y aquellos con peor higiene presentaron mayor gravedad de síntomas gastrointestinales. El riesgo de desnutrición en los tres índices de higiene bucal con la peor categoría fueron estadísticamente significativos. Conclusiones: la mala higiene bucal se asoció con un peor estado nutricional, menor fuerza de prensión de la mano y peor GSQ. Una higiene bucal deficiente podría estar relacionada con un estado de inflamación y catabolismo persistentes favoreciendo el desgaste proteínico energético en pacientes en diálisis peritoneal.

Hydration status according to impedance vectors and its association with clinical and biochemical outcomes and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Introduction: Background: the evaluation of hydration status and body composition in patients with kidney disease is vital for proper management, since overhydration is associated with cardiovascular complications. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) begin to show perceptible alterations in hydration during the intermediate stages of the disease; however, there is little information regarding the evaluation of blood volume status through bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) in this population. Objective: to determine the association between hydration status measured with BIVA and biochemical and clinical parameters and mortality in patients with stage G3a, G3b and G4 CKD. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with patients with stage G3a, G3b and G4 CKD who underwent bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The following biochemical and clinical parameters were determined: serum and urinary albumin, hematocrit, serum electrolytes and creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, using the CKD-EPI formula), 24-hour urine output and blood pressure. The clinical and biochemical variables were associated with the components of the BIA. According to the resistance/height (R/H) and reactance/height (Xc/H) values, the BIVA results were individually plotted on reference ellipses to identify patients with abnormal hydration states. The patients were classified by group according to hydration status and CKD stage z-scores, and differences in clinical, biochemical and BIA parameters were identified. Mortality was determined by hydration status. Results: a total of 138 subjects, 69 men and 69 women, were studied. An association was found between the BIVA components (R/H, Xc/H and phase angle (PA) and serum albumin (albumin and R/H, r = -0.38, p = 0.001; Xc, r = 0.59, p = 0.000; PA, r = 0.58, p ≤ 0.0010). When the biochemical and clinical parameters were compared by hydration status, significant differences were found in eGFR (p = 0.01), serum calcium (p ≤ 0.001), serum albumin (p ≤ 0.001), hemoglobin (p = 0.04), hematocrit, (p = 0.04) and mean arterial pressure (p = 0.03). The patients were followed for a median of 65.5 months (IQR: 53.0 to 207.0), and 12 (8.6 %) patients with CKD died. The Kaplan-Meier curves showed that patients with overhydration had a significantly higher risk of death than patients with normal hydration. Conclusions: there is an association between the hydration status evaluated by BIVA and clinical and biochemical variables. Patients with overhydration are significantly more likely to die than patients with normal hydration.

Introducción: Antecedentes: la evaluación del estado de hidratación y la composición corporal es imprescindible para los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en estadios intermedios, ya que en esta etapa inician con alteraciones hídricas perceptibles; sin embargo, existe poca información en dicha población sobre la evaluación del estado de volemia mediante el análisis de vectores de bioimpedancia eléctrica. Objetivo: asociar el estado de hidratación medido por BIVA con parámetros bioquímicos, clínicos y mortalidad en pacientes con ERC G3a G3b y G4 Material y métodos: estudio transversal en el cual se incluyó a pacientes con ERC en estadios G3a G3b y G4 a los que se les realizó un análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica y en los que se determinaron parámetros bioquímicos y clínicos. Las variables clínicas y bioquímicas se asociaron con los componentes de la IBE. Los valores de resistencia/estatura (R/H) y reactancia/estatura se graficaron individualmente sobre las elipses de referencia para identificar a pacientes con estados de hidratación anormales. Se ubicaron grupos según el estado de hidratación y estadio de ERC en z-score y se identificaron las diferencias de parámetros clínicos, bioquímicos y de IBE. Se determinó la mortalidad según el estado de hidratación. Resultados: se estudiaron 138 sujetos 69 hombres y 69 mujeres. Se encontró una asociación entre los componentes de los BIVA y albúmina sérica (albúmina y R/H, r = -0,38, p = 0,001; Xc, r = 0,59, p = 0,000; ángulo de fase, r = 0,58, p ≤ 0,00110). Al comparar los parámetros bioquímicos y clínicos por estado de hidratación se encontraron diferencias significativas en TFGe (p = 0,01), calcio sérico (p ≤ 0,001), albúmina sérica (p ≤ 0.001), hemoglobina (p = 0,04), hematocrito (p = 0.04) y presión arterial media (p = 0.03). Se identificó el fallecimiento de 12 (8,6 %) pacientes con ERC, con una mediana de seguimiento de 65,5 meses (RIC: 53,0 a 207,0). Las curvas de Kaplan-Meier mostraron que los pacientes con sobrehidratación tenían significativamente mayor riesgo de morir que los pacientes con normohidratación. Conclusiones: existe asociación entre el estado de hidratación evaluado por BIVA y variables clínicas y bioquímicas. Los pacientes con sobre hidratación son significativamente más propensos a morir que los pacientes con normohidratación.

Effect of Intradialytic Oral Nutritional Supplementation with or without Exercise Improves Muscle Mass Quality and Physical Function in Hemodialysis Patients: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) with or without exercise (EX) could improve muscle mass (MM) in chronic kidney disease. METHODS: Patients were randomized into two groups: (1) ONS and (2) ONS + EX. Thigh muscle area (cm2) and intramuscular lipid content via attenuation were evaluated at baseline and 6 months with computed tomography (CT) to measure MM quantity and quality. Physical function was measured by six-minute walk test (6 MWT), gait speed, handgrip strength (HGS), and Time Up and Go test (TUG) at baseline and 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: The ONS group (n= 14) showed statistically significant improvement in gait speed and HGS; ONS + EX group (n = 10) showed differences in gait speed, in 6 MWT, and HGS. In the ANOVA (3 times × 2 groups), no differences were observed between groups. Greater effect sizes in favor to ONS + EX group were observed in the 6 MWT (d = 1.02) and TUG test (d = 0.63). Muscle quality at six months revealed a significant trend in favor of the EX-group (p = 0.054). CONCLUSIONS: Both groups had improved physical function, and greater effect sizes were seen in the ONS + EX group for the 6 MWT and TUG test. Neither MM quantity or quality was improved in either group.

Sleep Quality After Intradialytic Oral Nutrition: A New Benefit of This Anabolic Strategy? A Pilot Study.

Background: Since disturbances of appetite and sleep are closely related and both affect metabolic disorders, it would be expected that a renal specific oral nutritional supplement (RS-ONS) that covers the energy the patient does not consume on the HD day, could contribute to improve the nutritional status and body composition, as well as sleep quality. There is still scarce information related to this topic. Aim: To evaluate the effect of the use of intra-dialytic RS-ONS vs. RS-ONS at home on sleep quality, nutritional status, and body composition in patients on HD. Methods: Adult patients < 65 years, with ≥3 months on HD were invited to participate in an open randomized pilot study (ISRCTN 33897). Patients were randomized to a dialysis-specific high-protein supplement provided during the HD session (Intradialytic oral nutrition [ION]) or at home (control), during non-HD days (thrice weekly, for both) 12 weeks. The primary outcome was sleep quality defined by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score. Nutritional assessment included Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS), bioelectrical impedance analysis, anthropometry, 3-day food records, and routine blood chemistries. Results: A total of 23 patients completed the study. Age was median 35 (range 24-48 years), 42% were women. At baseline, the PSQI score was median 4 (range 2-7), and MIS showed a median of 6 (range 5-8); there were no baseline differences between groups. After intervention, both groups improved their MIS scores and similarly when we analyzed the whole cohort (pre- vs. post-intervention P < 0.01). Patients in the ION group improved the overall PSQI score to median 3 (2-5), and assessment of sleep duration and sleep disturbances (pre- vs. post-intervention P < 0.05), with a trend toward an effect difference compared to patients consuming the supplement at home (P for treatment-effect across arms 0.07 for PSQI score and 0.05 for sleep latency). Conclusion: Oral supplementation improved nutritional status in the whole cohort, but only ION improved the PSQI score. More studies are needed to explore the nutritional strategies that influence the relationship between sleep and nutritional status in HD patients.

Agreement between vector analysis and body composition measurements by four types of bioelectrical impedance technology in hemodialysis patients.

Introduction: Background: the differences in bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) results from different analyzers that use different bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measurement technologies are not known. This study aimed to identify the degree of agreement between the BIVA results of four different BIA measurement techniques and to evaluate the degree of agreement between their estimates of fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) and those determined by the gold-standard method of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in a subgroup of patients without overhydration. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted with hemodialysis (HD) patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) aged 18 to 65 years. BIA was measured with four different techniques: spectroscopic (BIA-BIS), multifrequency (BIA-MF), single-frequency (BIA-SF), and segmental multifrequency (BIA-MS) techniques. The differences and concordance between the components of the BIA (resistance, reactance, and phase angle) of the four devices were analyzed. Patients with a normal hydration status were identified, and concordance between FM and FFM measurements with each impedance device and DEXA was observed only in these patients. Results: thirty patients were included. The concordance between the components of BIA ranged from good to excellent (phase angle: intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.82, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.77-0.93; resistance: ICC = 0.98, 95 % CI: 0.92-0.99). The overall concordance for BIVA diagnosis between the analyzers was substantial for hydration (k = 0.71, 95 % CI: 0.71-0.72) and for body tissues (k = 0.68, 95 % CI: 0.67-0.68). Bland-Altman plots showed the lowest bias between BIA-BIS and DEXA for both FM and FFM. Conclusions: the agreement among the four devices was good for diagnosis by BIVA. The BIA-BIS analyzer and DEXA had the lowest bias for both FFM and FM, although with higher limits of agreement. The lowest limits of agreement were found with the BIA-MS analyzer.

Introducción: Antecedentes: se desconoce si existen diferencias en el diagnóstico dado por el análisis de vectores de impedancia bioeléctrica (BIVA por sus siglas en inglés) entre los analizadores que utilizan distintas tecnologías de medición de impedancia bioeléctrica (IBE). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar el grado de concordancia entre el diagnóstico por BIVA de cuatro técnicas diferentes de medición de IBE, así como evaluar el grado de concordancia entre sus estimaciones de masa magra (MM) y masa grasa (MG) en comparación con el método de absorciometría de rayos X de energía dual (DEXA) en un subgrupo de pacientes sin sobrecarga de volumen. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica avanzada (ERCA) en hemodiálisis (HD) con edades entre los 18 a 65 años. La IBE se midió con cuatro diferentes tecnologías: espectroscópica (IBE-BIS), multifrecuencia (IBE-MF), una sola frecuencia (IBE-SF) y multifrecuencia segmental (IBE-MS). Se analizaron las diferencias y concordancias entre los componentes de la IBE (resistencia, reactancia y ángulo de fase) de los cuatro analizadores. Se identificaron pacientes con estado de hidratación normal, y solo en ellos se evaluó la concordancia de FFM y FM entre cada analizador de impedancia y DEXA. Resultados: se incluyeron 30 pacientes. La concordancia entre los componentes del IBE varió de buena a excelente (ángulo de fase: coeficiente de correlación intraclase (ICC) = 0,82, IC del 95 %: 0,77-0,93; resistencia: ICC = 0,98, IC del 95 %: 0,92-0,99). La concordancia general en el diagnóstico de BIVA entre los analizadores fue substancial para la hidratación (k = 0,71, IC del 95 %: 0,71-0,72) y los tejidos corporales (k = 0,68, IC del 95 %: 0,67-0,68). Los gráficos de Bland-Altman mostraron un sesgo más bajo entre BIA-BIS y DEXA tanto para FM como para FFM. Conclusiones: la concordancia entre el diagnóstico por BIVA, entre los cuatro dispositivos, fue sunstancial. El analizador BIA-BIS y DEXA mostraron los sesgos más bajos, tanto para FFM como para FM, aunque con límites de concordancia más altos. Los límites más bajos de concordancia se encontraron con el analizador BIA-MS.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 is associated with increased serum total antioxidant capacity and oxidized lipoproteins in humans with different stages of chronic kidney disease.

Background and aims: Oxidative stress (OS) induces the production of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Previous data have revealed that FGF21 protects cells from OS injury and death, making it a potential therapeutic option for many diseases with increased OS. However, the association of this growth factor with OS markers in humans with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unknown. This study aims to evaluate the association of serum FGF21 with serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and oxidized low-density lipoproteins (OxLDL) in subjects in different stages of kidney disease. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that included 382 subjects with different stages of CKD, irrespective of type 2 diabetes (T2D) diagnosis. Associations of serum FGF21 with OxLDL, TAC, sex, age, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), T2D, and smoking, were evaluated through bivariate and partial correlation analyses. Independent associations of these variables with serum FGF21 were evaluated using multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Serum FGF21 was significantly and positively correlated with age (r = 0.236), TAC (lnTAC) (r = 0.217), and negatively correlated with eGFR (r = -0.429) and male sex (r = -0.102). After controlling by age, sex, BMI, T2D, smoking, and eGFR; both TAC and OxLDL were positively correlated with FGF21 (r = 0.117 and 0.158 respectively, p < 0.05). Using multiple linear regression analysis, eGFR, male sex, T2D, OxLDL, and TAC were independently associated with serum FGF21 (STDß = -0.475, 0.162, -0.153, 0.142 and 0.136 respectively; p < 0.05 for all) adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, and fasting plasma glucose. Conclusion: A positive association between serum FGF21 and OS has been found independently of renal function in humans. Results from the present study provide novel information for deeper understanding of the role of FGF21 in OS in humans with CKD and T2D; mechanistic studies to explain the association of serum FGF21 with oxidative stress in CKD are needed.

Association between Serum Uric Acid Levels, Nutritional and Antioxidant Status in Patients on Hemodialysis.

PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between uric acid (UA) and nutritional and antioxidant status in hemodialysis (HD) patients, given that hyperuricemia could be an indicator of good nutritional status possibly because of the antioxidant properties of UA. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 93 patients on HD. Hyperuricemia was considered as UA ≥6.0 mg/dL in females and ≥7.0 mg/dL in males. Nutritional variables were registered. Blood samples were taken before the dialysis session to determine oxidative damage as plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and antioxidant capacity measuring 2,2-diphenyl-piclrylhidrazil radical (DPPH●) scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) value. RESULTS: Patients with hyperuricemia had higher creatinine (11.9 vs. 10.5 mg/dL; p = 0.004), potassium (5.5 vs. 5.0 mg/dL; p = 0.014) levels; phase angle (5.8 vs. 4.9; p = 0.005), protein consumption (normalized protein nitrogen appearance, nPNA, 1.03 vs. 0.83; p = 0.013) than normouricemic patients. DPPH● scavenging activity was higher in hyperuricemic subjects (1.139 vs. 1.049 mM Trolox equivalents; p = 0.007); likewise, hyperuricemic subjects had less oxidant damage measured by MDA (10.6 vs. 12.7 nmol/mL; p = 0.020). Subjects with normouricemia were at higher risk of having a reactance to height (Xc/H) ratio less than 35 (OR 2.79; 95% CI, 1.1-7.017, p = 0.028); nPNA < 1.0 (OR 3.78; 95% CI, 1.4-10.2, p = 0.007), diagnosis of cachexia (OR 2.95; 95% CI, 1156-7.518, p = 0.021), potassium levels <5 (OR 2.97; 95% CI, 1.136-7.772, p = 0.023) and PA < 5.5° (OR 3.38; 95% CI, 1.309-8.749, p = 0.012.) Conclusions: Patients with hyperuricemia had higher antioxidant capacity and better nutritional status. Purines and protein restrictions in HD patients with hyperuricemia need to be reviewed individually for each patient. More studies are needed to stablish a cut point of UA levels in renal population.