Early events following bovine leukaemia virus infection in calves with different alleles of the major histocompatibility complex DRB3 gene.

Cattle maintaining a low proviral load (LPL) status after bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) infection have been recognized as BLV controllers and non-transmitters to uninfected cattle in experimental and natural conditions. LPL has been associated with host genetics, mainly with the BoLA class II DRB3 gene. The aim of this work was to study the kinetics of BLV and the host response in Holstein calves carrying different BoLA-DRB3 alleles. Twenty BLV-free calves were inoculated with infected lymphocytes. Two calves were maintained uninfected as controls. Proviral load, total leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, anti-BLVgp51 titres and BLVp24 expression levels were determined in blood samples at various times post-inoculation. The viral load peaked at 30 days post-inoculation (dpi) in all animals. The viral load decreased steadily from seroconversion (38 dpi) to the end of the study (178 dpi) in calves carrying a resistance-associated allele (*0902), while it was maintained at elevated levels in calves with *1501 or neutral alleles after seroconversion. Leukocyte and lymphocyte counts and BLVp24 expression did not significantly differ between genetic groups. Animals with < 20 proviral copies/30 ng of DNA at 178 dpi or < 200 proviral copies at 88 dpi were classified as LPL, while calves with levels above these limits were considered to have high proviral load (HPL) profiles. All six calves with the *1501 allele progressed to HPL, while LPL was attained by 6/7 (86%) and 2/6 (33%) of the calves with the *0902 and neutral alleles, respectively. One calf with both *0902 and *1501 developed LPL. This is the first report of experimental induction of the LPL profile in cattle.

Characterization of a soy protein hydrolyzate for the development of a functional ingredient.

Argentina is a leading country in biodiesel production from soy. Extruded soy is a low-cost byproduct of the soybean oil industry, from which animal feeds are prepared as well as flour for human consumption. Soy proteins can be isolated from flours and digested with enzymes in order to obtain bioactive fractions. In this work, a commercial soy isolate (PRO-FAM 974) was characterized. Maximal solubility was achieved at a concentration of 90 mg/mL. Protein profiles obtained by SDS-PAGE showed that the isolate was constituted mostly by globulins. Conformational and thermal analyses (differential scanning calorimetry) showed that proteins were almost completely denatured. The isolate was hydrolyzed with a commercially available enzyme (COROLASE 7089). The peptide profile (MALDI-TOF) showed peptides ranging from 800 to 10,000 Daltons. We conclude that the product obtained has the potential to be used as functional ingredient for the development of functional foodstuffs, giving the opportunity to add value to the byproducts of the soybean oil industry.

Hot topic: Bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-infected cows with low proviral load are not a source of infection for BLV-free cattle.

The bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes leukemia or lymphoma in cattle. Although most BLV-infected animals do not develop the disease, they maintain the transmission chain of BLV at the herd level. As a feasible approach to control the virus, selection of cattle carrying the BoLA-DRB3*0902 allele has been proposed, as this allele is strongly associated with a BLV infection profile or the low proviral load (LPL) phenotype. To test whether these cattle affect the BLV transmission chain under natural conditions, selected BLV-infected LPL-BoLA-DRB3*0902 heterozygous cows were incorporated into a BLV-negative dairy herd. An average ratio of 5.4 (range 4.17-6.37) BLV-negative cows per BLV-infected cow was maintained during the 20mo of the experiment, and no BLV-negative cattle became infected. The BLV incidence rate in this herd was thus zero, whereas BLV incidence rates in different local herds varied from 0.06 to 0.17 cases per 100 cattle-days. This finding strongly suggests that LPL-BoLA-DRB3*0902 cattle disrupted the BLV-transmission chain in the study period.

Mammalophilic feeding behaviour of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes collected in the cities of Chetumal and Cancun, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: The studie describes the blood-feeding behaviour of mosquitoes in Mexico, to understand host-vector relationships and dynamics of disease transmission. METHODS: From September 2012 to November 2012 and in November 2013, 911 blood-fed Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were collected with aspirators inside houses in Chetumal and Cancun. Blood meals were analysed by PCR and subsequent Sanger sequencing of the cytochrome b gene. RESULTS: 93.3% of mosquitoes fed on mammals, 6.5% on birds and 0.2% on reptiles. The most frequent vertebrate hosts were humans (65.4%), dogs (23.2%), chicken (5.4%), cattle (2.2%) and cats (1.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Cx. quinquefasciatus most frequently fed on humans and dogs in both studied cities, which is in contrast to a previous study that demonstrated lower prevalence of mammalian blood in engorged Cx. quinquefasciatus.

The skull of Liolaemus huayra compared to other species of Liolaemus and Phymaturus (Squamata, Liolaemidae).

Despite the extensive study of various aspects of the genus Liolaemus, there remains a scarcity of information regarding the osteology of species. In the last two decades, over 100 species have been described within the genus, but still less than 10% of the Liolaemus species includes any osteological data. In this study, we provide a description of the skull of Liolaemus huayra, a taxon closely related to the L. dorbignyi clade (a subset of the L. montanus group). The species was originally described in 2008 based on a few specimens from the Sierra de Quilmes, Tucumán. By obtaining new specimens from a nearby locality (La Ovejería, Catamarca), we were able to prepare the skulls of two males and two females specimens. Despite the limited sample size, we observed intra-specific variability in characters such as postorbital and nasal shape, as well as mandibular curvature. We also document some inter-specific differences based on the scarce osteological information available from other species within the genus. This description constitutes a significant contribution to the osteology of the Liolaemidae clade. We emphasize the importance of detailed descriptions that provide morphological characters suitable for inclusion in comprehensive phylogenetic analyses.

Development and evaluation of a novel 3D simulation software for modelling wood stacks.

Assessing the solid wood content is crucial when acquiring stacked roundwood. A frequently used method for this is to multiply determined conversion factors by the measured gross volume. However, the conversion factors are influenced by several log and stack parameters. Although these parameters have been identified and studied, their individual influence has not yet been analyzed using a broad statistical basis. This is due to the considerable financial resources that the data collection entails. To overcome this shortcoming, a 3D-simulation model was developed. It generates virtual wood stacks of randomized composition based on one individual data set of logs, which may be real or defined by the user. In this study, the development and evaluation of the simulation model are presented. The model was evaluated by conducting a sensitivity and a quantitative analysis of the simulation outcomes based on real measurements of 405 logs of Norway spruce and 20 stacks constituted with these. The results of the simulation outcomes revealed a small overestimation of the net volume of real stacks: by 1.2% for net volume over bark and by 3.2% for net volume under bark. Furthermore, according to the calculated mean bias error (MBE), the model underestimates the gross volume by 0.02%. In addition, the results of the sensitivity analysis confirmed the capability of the model to adequately consider variations in the input parameters and to provide reliable outcomes.

Familial chylomicronemia syndrome: A comprehensive clinical and genetic approach

Abstract The familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) is characterized by very high levels of circulating triglycerides. FCS is caused by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency resulting from homozygous or biallelic loss-of-function variants in the LPL or other related genes. Here, we report a case of severe hypertriglyceridemia refractory to conventional therapy in a male patient diagnosed at 33 years of age. LPL activity was below 20%. During the clinical course, the patient developed severe acute pancreatitis in addition to other complications. Two heterozygous variants (c.984G>A and c.1139+6T>C) which had not been previously reported in the major databases were identified in the LPL gene. Treatment with volanesorsen was proposed based on its approved indication as an adjunct to diet in adult patients with confirmed FCS and at high risk for pancreatitis. Volanesorsen was effective and well-tolerated, and the patient did not experience abdominal pain or any other manifestations. The assessment of genetic characterization is essential to guide treatment decisions during follow-up, in addition to the patient's history, their comorbidities and clinical stigmas.

Statin-associated muscle symptoms: position paper from the Luso-Latin American Consortium.

In the last two decades, statin therapy has proved to be the most potent isolated therapy for attenuation of cardiovascular risk. Its frequent use has been seen as one of the most important elements for the reduction of cardiovascular mortality in developed countries. However, the recurrent incidence of muscle symptoms in statin users raised the possibility of causal association, leading to a disease entity known as statin associated muscle symptoms (SAMS). Mechanistic studies and clinical trials, specifically designed for the study of SAMS have allowed a deeper understanding of the natural history and accurate incidence. This set of information becomes essential to avoid an unnecessary risk of severe forms of SAMS. At the same time, this concrete understanding of SAMS prevents overdiagnosis and an inadequate suspension of one of the most powerful prevention strategies of our times. In this context, the Luso-Latin American Consortium gathered all available information on the subject and presents them in detail in this document as the basis for the identification and management of SAMS.

Clinical characterization of acute and convalescent illness of confirmed chikungunya cases from Chiapas, S. Mexico: A cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The emerging chikungunya virus (CHIKV), is an arbovirus causing intense outbreaks in North America. The situation in Mexico is alarming, and CHIKV threatens to spread further throughout North America. Clinical and biological features of CHIKF outbreaks in Mexico have not been well described; thus, we conducted a cross sectional study of a CHIKV outbreak in Chiapas, Southern Mexico to further characterize these features. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We collected blood samples from patients suspected of having chikungunya fever (CHIKF) who presented to Clinical Hospital ISSSTE Dr. Roberto Nettel in Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico. In addition to the clinical examination, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) standardized for the Asian Chikungunya lineage and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin M (IgM) were used to confirm CHIKV diagnosis. Of a total of 850 patients who presented with probably CHIKV at Hospital "Dr. Roberto Nettel", 112 probable CHIKF cases were enrolled in this study from November 2014- June 2015, of which 95 patients (84.8%) were CHIKV positive and 17 were negative (15.2%). Of these 95 CHIKV positive patients, 62 were positive by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (+qRT-PCR); and 33 were seropositive to +IgM with a negative qRT-PCR. The most frequent symptoms reported were fever (100%), headache (82.3%), polyarthralgia (72.1%), and exanthem (82.3%). Biological abnormalities observed during CHIKV infection were lymphopenia (41.1%), leukopenia (51.6%), elevated transaminases (30.5%-46.3%) and high LDH (46.3%) and CRP (60.0%). CONCLUSION: Clinical and biological data obtained from this study is providing more useful information for benchmarking purposes with outbreaks from different parts of the world and would be helpful for better patient care and treatment.

Co-infection with Mycobacterium bovis does not alter the response to bovine leukemia virus in BoLA DRB3*0902, genetically resistant cattle.

High proviral load (HPL) profile in bovine leukemia virus infected animals poses increased risk of transmission, and development of HPL or low proviral load (LPL) profile may be attributed to host genetics. Genetic resistance and susceptibility has been mapped to the Major Histocompatibility Complex class II DRB3 gene (BoLA DRB3). The aim of this work was to determine the effect of Mycobacterium bovis infection on certain virological and host immunological parameters of BLV experimental infection. Twenty-six Argentinian Holstein calves carrying the resistance-associated marker allele BoLA DRB3*0902, susceptibility-associated marker allele BoLA DRB3*1501, or neutral BoLA DRB3 alleles, exposed to M. bovis were used. Twenty calves were inoculated with BLV, three were naturally infected and other three were BLV-negative. Seven from twenty six (27%) of the animals resulted positive to the PPD test. The proviral load, absolute leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, time to seroconversion, antibody titer against BLV, and viral antigen expression in vitro at various times post inoculation were determined and compared between PPD+ and PPD- animals. From a total of 23 BLV positive animals (naturally and experimentally infected), 13 (56.5%) developed HPL, and 10 (43.5%) developed LPL. None of the investigated parameters were affected by infection with M. bovis. We concluded that the ability of cattle carrying resistance-associated marker to control BLV and to progress towards a LPL phenotype was not altered by M. bovis co-infection.

Características de pacientes con diagnóstico de patologías de ATM: una serie de casos / Characteristics of patients with diagnosis of TMJ pathologies: case series

Los tejidos que conforman la articulación temporomandibular (ATM) pueden verse afectados como cualquier otra articulación del cuerpo. Entre los factores etiológicos, podemos nombrar los traumáticos, infecciosos, autoinmunes y oclusales. El diagnóstico de las patologías de la ATM debe incluir una completa historia clínica, estudios de laboratorios y de imágenes. El objetivo del siguiente trabajo es describir características de una serie de pacientes que concurrieron a la consulta con signos y síntomas de patologías de la ATM a un consultorio particular en el sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Se estudió a 30 pacientes que concurrieron a la consulta con signos y síntomas de patología de la ATM; se completaron historias clínicas, se solicitaron estudios de laboratorio para la detección de anticuerpos específicos contra bacterias y resonancia nuclear magnética. La edad promedio de la población fue de 35 años, 26 eran mujeres y 25 tuvieron resultados de estudios bacteriológicos positivos. Sobre un total de 60 articulaciones, 54 presentaron alteración en la forma y de la posición del disco articular. Se verificó la importancia en la solicitud y asociación de estudios para el diagnóstico diferencial(AU)

Primer registro documentado del Zorzal de Dorso Rojizo, Catharus fuscescens (Aves : Turdidae) para Loreto, Perú / First documented record of the Reddish back thrush, Catharus fuscescens (Aves : Turdidae) in Loreto, Peru

Resumen El 5 de octubre del 2019 se capturó un individuo de Catharus fuscescens, como parte de los muestreos mensuales del proyecto Monitoreo de las poblaciones de avifauna en el departamento de Loreto - Perú realizado por el Observatorio de Aves Loreto - LBO en la comunidad de San Rafael, distrito de Indiana, departamento de Loreto. Esta captura representa el primer registro documentado de C. fuscescens para el departamento de Loreto, confirmando la condición sugerida de migrante raro en el extremo noreste del Perú en su paso hacia el sur durante su migración hacia Sudamérica.

Abstract On October 5, 2019, an individual from Catharus fuscescens was captured, as part of the monthly sampling of the project Monitoring of birdlife populations in the department of Loreto - Peru conducted by the Loreto Bird Observatory - LBO in the San Rafael community, Indiana district, department of Loreto. This capture represents the first documentation of C. fuscescens for the department of Loreto, confirming the suggested condition of a rare migrant in the northeastern end of Peru as it moves south as its migration season to South America.

Association and epidemiologic features of Trypanosoma cruzi and human T cell lymphotropic a virus type II in inhabitants of the Paraguayan Gran Chaco.

Serologic evidence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection was demonstrated in 43.5% of 519 Paleoamerindians and in only 2.5% of 161 non-Indians (Mennonites of German descent and Paraguayans of Spanish descent) inhabiting an area of western Paraguay that belongs to the Gran Chaco territory. These people ranged in age between two and 80 years. All were also tested for infection with the human T cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II). The prevalence of HTLV-II infection was 22.1% in Indians and 3.7% in non-Indians. As determined by a multivariate logistic regression analysis that controlled for relevant confounders, an HTLV-II-infected individual was 2.28 times more likely to be seropositive for T. cruzi than an HTLV-II negative. Possible explanations for this finding are discussed. The difference in T. cruzi prevalence between Indians and non-Indians was associated with differences between these groups in exposure to known risk factors for infection with the parasite. There were significant differences in the seroprevalence of T. cruzi among the two predominant Indian groups, even when they inhabited communities that were close to each other. These differences were associated with differences in the prevalence of HTLV-II infection but not with differences in exposure to known risk factors for T. cruzi infection. Infection with T. cruzi increased with age, was greater in males than in females, and clustered in families.

17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency : biochemical and molecular findings in two sisters and their family.

OBJECTIVE: To search for molecular changes in two Argentinian sisters with a clinical and biochemical diagnosis of 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. SUBJECTS: Both patients had 46 XX karyotype, with sexual infantilism, primary amenorrhea, and hypertension. Other member of the first degree family did not have this deficiency. HORMONAL RESULTS: The patients showed high levels of gonadotrophins and progesterone along with very low cortisol and androgen levels. Basal levels of corticosterone were very high, but aldosterone was normal. Both steroids had a high response after adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation, with no changes in 17-hydroxyl progesterone and cortisol levels. Progesterone, corticosterone, and aldosterone decreased with the dexamethasone test, without modifications in 17-hydroxyl progesterone and cortisol levels. A corticosterone/aldosterone ratio was calculated from the results of the stimulation test; the ratios were similar in both patients. On administration of the ACTH test, both parents and one sister (S2) showed a marked response in corticosterone levels, their corticosterone/aldosterone ratios were also similar to each other and similar to the patients. MOLECULAR RESULTS: Molecular studies in the cytochrome P450 17 (CYP17) gene showed that exon 8 had a 4 bp duplication at codon 480 (CATC) in the two patients and their mother and in exon 1, a C to T transition at codon 96 was identified, changing CGG into TGG in the two patients, S2, and their father. CONCLUSIONS: Both patients were shown to be compound heterozygous, carrying different alleles in exon 1 and exon 8, inherited from their father and mother, respectively. The molecular results obtained on S2 confirmed the heterozygosity suggested by the stimulated hormonal test and corticosterone/aldosterone ratio.

Identidad profesional en estudiantes del sexto año de medicina humana de una universidad pública, 2013 / Professional identity in students of the sixth year of human medicine at a public university, 2013

Introducción. La identidad en los estudiantes configura su autorreconocimiento con la profesión e involucra lo personal, familiar, cognitivo, institucional y sociocultural. Objetivo. Conocer los componentes de la construcción de la identidad profesional y los principales fenómenos que interactúan en dicha construcción, en estudiantes de medicina humana de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo. Participaron del estudio 136 estudiantes del sexto año de estudios a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario de identidad profesional. A 16 estudiantes se realizó entrevista abierta. El procesamiento de los datos se realizó con el software JMP V7. Resultados. De los 136 estudiantes evaluados, 63,2% tuvieron opinión favorable respecto a la identidad profesional; 34,6%, intermedia; y 2,2%, desfavorable. Del análisis cualitativo se encontró que la identificación temprana con la profesión, el apoyo brindado por la familia, así como el soporte afectivo, social y económico, fueron componentes presentes en los estudiantes entrevistados. Conclusiones. La identidad profesional en estudiantes de sexto año de medicina humana fue mayoritariamente favorable. La construcción de la identidad profesional tuvo como componentes a la identificación temprana con la profesión, la familia, y el soporte afectivo, social y económico.

Introduction. Identity in students configures their self-recognition with the profession and involves the personal, family, cognitive, institutional and sociocultural. Objective. Know the components of the construction of the professional identity and the main phenomena that interact in said construction, in students of human medicine of the National University of San Marcos. Methods. A quantitative and qualitative study was carried out. 136 students from the sixth year of study participated in the study and were given a professional identity questionnaire. Sixteen students underwent an open interview. The processing of the data was done with the JMP V7 Software. Results. Of the 136 students evaluated, 63.2% had a favorable opinion regarding professional identity; 34.6%, intermediate; and 2.2%, unfavorable. From the qualitative analysis it was found that the early identification with the profession, the support provided by the family, as well as the affective, social and economic support, were present components in the students interviewed. Conclusions. The professional identity in sixth-year students of human medicine was mostly favorable. The construction of the professional identity had as components to the early identification with the profession, the family, and the affective, social and economic support.

Conocimiento sanitario en Perú, siglo XVII / Knowledge of health in Peru 17th century

En el Virreinato del Perú, los hospitales y universidades se desarrollaron por caridad cristiana. La enseñanza memorística, la hegemonía eclesiástica y la escasa organización frustraron las ideas innovadoras sobre las ciencias por la ausencia de una élite civil capaz de formular las políticas de una educación superior. La llegada de la Real Expedición Filantrópica de la Vacuna, en 1806, difundió conocimientos y las primeras formas de organización sanitaria. Se instauraron las Juntas Departamentales de Vacunación, cuya conducción ocurrió en contradicciones en las primeras políticas públicas de control sanitario. Esta situación se mantuvo hasta la fundación del Anfiteatro Anatómico.

During the Viceroyalty of Peru, hospitals and universities were developed by Christian charity. Rote learning process, ecclesiastical hegemony, and poor organization frustrated innovative ideas about sciences by absence of a civilian elite capable of formulating higher education policies. The arrival of the Royal Philanthropic Expedition of the Vaccine, in 1806, spread the knowledge and the basis of sanitary organization. The Departmental Vaccination Boards were established, whose management occurred within contradictions in the first public policies of sanitary control. This situation remained until the Anatomical Amphitheater was founded.

Cayetano Heredia: el punto de partida y una dilatada enfermedad / Cayetano Heredia: A departure and a prolonged illness

Sobre el profesor Cayetano Heredia se ha construido una imagen laudatoria de su labor como primer decano de la Facultad de Medicina. Sin embargo, esta es una situación de espacios interrumpidos por las crisis políticas y económicas de las primeras décadas de la república. De igual manera, poco se ha tratado sobre su salud. La revisión de fuentes primarias nos permite valorar más aún su fecunda tarea, en la medida que esta se da en medio de una enfermedad crónica que lo llevaría a la muerte. Asimismo, se discute las causales sobre su no continuidad en el cargo de decano a pesar de una labor reconocida por la sociedad médica.

Much praise has been given to Cayetano Heredia's role as first dean of the Medical College of Lima. Less common are mentions on interruptions this work suffered as a result of the Peru's first decadesÆ economic turmoil and Heredia's own ailing health. This text draws on primary sources to share a new look on Heredia's remarkable achievements, the reasons behind his departure from his role -despite ample recognition of his work in Peruvian medical society- and the chronic illness that would lead to his ultimate death.

Occurrence of bovine herpesvirus type 4 DNA in Argentinean Holstein cattle from Santiago del Estero, Argentina / Ocorrência de DNA de herpesvírus bovino tipo 4 em gado Holstein argentino de Santiago del stero, Argentina

and from cattle with a variety of clinical signs. The pathogenic role of BoHV-4 remains unclear and it is unknown whether the virus acts as a primary pathogen or whether it facilitates secondary infections After natural or experimental infections, BoHV-4 can establish latency, mainly in cells of the monocyte/macrophage linage. Latent virus can be reactivated after glucocorticoid treatment or by stress factors. In 2007, BoHV-4 was isolated for the first time in Argentina, from samples of bovine abortions. In the present study, we used viral isolation, nested PCR and restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) to investigate the presence of BoHV-4 in bovine leukocytes from a single herd of dairy cattle with reproductive problems. In this work, we demonstrated that BoHV-4 genome is present in the leukocytes of a high proportion (63.4%) of animals, probably in a latent or persistent state. BoHV-4 was isolated from one out of eleven peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) samples. By REA we demonstrated the existence of genomic variation among the strains circulating in this particular herd. Furthermore, all PBL samples evaluated in this study differed from the American prototype strain, DN 599. Overall, this work demonstrated that BoHV-4 is present in the leukocyte fraction of dairy cattle and that viral strains present in this herd are genetically divergent. Although BoHV-4 was detected in a herd with a background of reproductive disorders, it is not possible to conclude that the virus is the primary responsible for these conditions.

O herpesvírus bovino tipo 4 (BoHV-4) é um gama-herpesvírus que foi isolado de animais aparentemente saudáveis e de gado com uma variedade de sinais clínicos. O papel patogênico do BoHV-4 ainda não está claro e não se sabe se o vírus age como um patógeno primário ou se facilita infecções secundárias. Depois de infecções naturais ou experimentais, BoHV-4 pode estabelecer latência, principalmente nas células dos linhagens de monócitos/macrófagos. O vírus latente pode ser reativado após o uso de glicocorticóides ou por fatores de estresse. Em 2007, o BoHV-4 foi isolado pela primeira vez na Argentina, a partir de amostras de abortos bovinos. No presente estudo, utilizou-se o isolamento viral, nested PCR e análise com endonucleases de restrição (REA) para investigar a presença de BoHV4 em leucócitos de bovinos provenientes de um único rebanho de gado leiteiro com problemas reprodutivos. Neste trabalho, demonstramos que o genoma do BoHV-4 está presente nos leucócitos em uma elevada proporção (63,4%) dos animais, provavelmente em um estado latente ou persistente. BoHV-4 foi isolado de uma de cada onze amostras de leucócitos no sangue periférico (PBL). Por REA nós demonstramos a existência de variações genômicas entre as estirpes circulantes deste rebanho particular. Além disso, todas as amostras de PBL avaliados neste estudo diferiram da estirpe protótipo Americano, DN 599. Em geral, este estudo demonstrou que o BoHV-4 está presente na fração leucocitária do gado leiteiro e que as estirpes virais presentes neste rebanho são geneticamente divergentes. Embora que BoHV-4 foi detectado em um rebanho com história de distúrbios reprodutivos, não é possível concluir que o vírus é o principal responsável por estas condições.

Cefalometría tridimensional de la articulación temporomandibular en paciente postratamiento de patología articular sobre tomografía computadorizada / Three-dimensional cephalometry temporomandibular joint in post-treatment patient based on cone Beam computed tomography

La articulación temporomandibular (ATM)es una articulación de suma importancia para el odontólogo que va a abordar un tratamiento ortodóncico. Los tejidos duros y blandos pueden sufrir alteraciones a causa de distintos agentes etiológicos. El tratamiento de las patologías de la articulación temporomandibular a través de la utilización de la desprogramación mandibular electrónica, validada por la electromiografía de superficie, posibilita utilizar una posición muscular como refencia correcta de la mandíbula para abordar un tratamiento ortodóncico. Si bien estos parámetros permitían la obtención de mejores resultados y una mayor estabilidad, en ellos siempre quedaba en duda la ubicación del cóndilo en la fosa mandibular. El objetivo fue determinar la posición tridimensional del cóndilo en la fosa mandibular en pacientes postratamiento de patología de ATM, sobre imágenes de tomografía computadorizada de haz cónico (TCHC). Diecinueve pacientes, que habían sido tratados de sus patologías temporomandibulares, fueron estudiados por medio de imágenes obtenidas por TCHC y analizados por medio de un software de imagen de alta definición en diagnóstico, Dolphin Imaging 11,7. Un total de 38 articulaciones fueron analizadas mediante un cefalograma sagital y coronal. Los resultados indicaron que en el plano sagital, la localización anteroposterior del eje del cóndilo estuvo en una relación mesial al centro de la fosa mandibular y en el plano coronal, la evidencia estadística permitió validar la posición centrada del cóndilo. La cefalometría permitió determinar la posición tridimensional del cóndilo en pacientes tratados por patología articular. La presente investigación aporta información qeu puede ser tomada como referencia para complementar el diagnóstico ortodóncico.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ)is a relevant articulation for the professional who is going to perform an orthodontic treatment. Different etiologic agents may alter hard and soft tissues. Treatment of TMJ pathologies through electronic mandibular deprogramming, validated by surface electromyography, enables the use of a muscle position as a correct benchmark of the mandible to undergo an orthodontic treatment. While these parameters permited to get better results and more stability, doubts about condyle position in the glenoid fossa always remained in them. The aim was to determine the three-dimensional condylar position in the glenoid fossa in post-treatment patients with TMJ disorders based on Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images. Nineteen patients who had been treated for their TMJ pathologies were studied through CBCT images, and analyzed through a high-resolution image software for diagnosis,Dolphin Imaging 11,7. A total of 38 articulations were analyzed through sagittal and coronal cephalograms. Results showed that, in the plane sagittal, the anteroposterior position of the condylar axis was in a mesial relationship to the center of the glenoid fossa, and in the coronal plane, statistical evidence enabled to validate the condylar centered position. Cephalometry allowed determining the three-dimensional condiylar position in patients treated for joint pathology. The present piece of research provides information that may be taken as a benchmark to complement the orthodontic diagnosis.

Los derechos de los pacientes y el consentimiento informado en Perú / The rights of the patients and the assent informed in Peru

El presente trabajo revisa los nuevos elementos de la sociedad que transforman la relación médico paciente cambiándola de una relación paternalista a una autonomista. En este marco se discuten y esbozan los derechos de los pacientes y el papel del consentimiento informado como un instrumento que reconoce uno de estos. El consentimiento informado se constituye en un elemento de respeto al paciente y su vez una nueva forma de trabajo médico, el cual esta regulado en el Perú por la ley general de salud.