Morphological and odorant-binding protein 1 gene intron 1 sequence variations in Anopheles stephensi from Jaffna city in northern Sri Lanka.

Three Anopheles stephensi biotypes have historically been differentiated through variations in the mode numbers of egg ridges and adult spiracular indices. Anopheles stephensi odorant-binding protein 1 gene (AsteObp1) sequences in Iran and Afghanistan have been recently interpreted to suggest that the three biotypes are sibling species. AsteObp1 intron 1 sequences, mode numbers of egg ridges and spiracular indices of An. stephensi in Jaffna city in Sri Lanka were therefore investigated in field-collected mosquitoes and short-term laboratory colonies established from them. AsteObp1 intron 1 sequences revealed the region to be polymorphic with four unique sequences, ASJF1-4, present in both short-term laboratory colonies and field-collected An. stephensi. The spiracular index did not relate to the mode number of egg ridges in Jaffna An. stephensi. The results suggested that numbers of egg ridges, spiracular indices and AsteObp1 intron 1 sequences were not useful for differentiating An. stephensi biotypes in Jaffna. It is proposed that the observed differences between An. stephensi mosquitoes in Jaffna now result from normal population variance in the context of rapidly changing bionomics in India and northern Sri Lanka.

Transcriptomic, proteomic and ultrastructural studies on salinity-tolerant Aedes aegypti in the context of rising sea levels and arboviral disease epidemiology.

BACKGROUND: Aedes aegypti mosquito, the principal global vector of arboviral diseases, lays eggs and undergoes larval and pupal development to become adult mosquitoes in fresh water (FW). It has recently been observed to develop in coastal brackish water (BW) habitats of up to 50% sea water, and such salinity tolerance shown to be an inheritable trait. Genomics of salinity tolerance in Ae. aegypti has not been previously studied, but it is of fundamental biological interest and important for controlling arboviral diseases in the context of rising sea levels increasing coastal ground water salinity. RESULTS: BW- and FW-Ae. aegypti were compared by RNA-seq analysis on the gut, anal papillae and rest of the carcass in fourth instar larvae (L4), proteomics of cuticles shed when L4 metamorphose into pupae, and transmission electron microscopy of cuticles in L4 and adults. Genes for specific cuticle proteins, signalling proteins, moulting hormone-related proteins, membrane transporters, enzymes involved in cuticle metabolism, and cytochrome P450 showed different mRNA levels in BW and FW L4 tissues. The salinity-tolerant Ae. aegypti were also characterized by altered L4 cuticle proteomics and changes in cuticle ultrastructure of L4 and adults. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide new information on molecular and ultrastructural changes associated with salinity adaptation in FW mosquitoes. Changes in cuticles of larvae and adults of salinity-tolerant Ae. aegypti are expected to reduce the efficacy of insecticides used for controlling arboviral diseases. Expansion of coastal BW habitats and their neglect for control measures facilitates the spread of salinity-tolerant Ae. aegypti and genes for salinity tolerance. The transmission of arboviral diseases can therefore be amplified in multiple ways by salinity-tolerant Ae. aegypti and requires appropriate mitigating measures. The findings in Ae. aegypti have attendant implications for the development of salinity tolerance in other fresh water mosquito vectors and the diseases they transmit.

Predatory efficacy of Culex (Lutzia) fuscanus on mosquito vectors of human diseases in Sri Lanka.

Larvae of Culex (Lutzia) Fuscanus were collected from ovitraps in a natural breeding site. Collected larvae were used to establish a self-mating colony, and larval progeny were then used to determine their predatory efficacy on larvae of 3 vector mosquito species, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles subpictus, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Statistical analysis revealed that Cx. fuscanus showed greater feeding efficacy for Ae. aegypti than for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and An. subpictus. The natural predatory role of this species can potentially be exploited for biological control of mosquito vectors in Sri Lanka.

DNA barcoding of Sri Lankan phlebotomine sand flies using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I reveals the presence of cryptic species.

Sri Lanka is known for high diversity of phlebotomine sand flies and prevalence of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis; a disease vectored by sand flies. The taxonomy of phlebotomine sand flies is complicated and often the diversity is over/underrated. The current study aims to use the cytochrome c oxidase gene subunit 1 (COI) sequence and formulate a barcode for the sand fly species in Sri Lanka. A total of 70 samples comprising seven species morphologically identified and collected from dry zone districts of Hambantota, Anuradhapura, Vavuniya, Trincomalee and Jaffna were processed. Neighbour-joining (NJ) tree created using the sequences revealed the species identity is compatible with the current morphology based identification. Further the analysis delineated morphologically identified Se. bailyi, Se babu babu and Se babu insularis into genetically distinct groups.

Biological differences between brackish and fresh water-derived Aedes aegypti from two locations in the Jaffna peninsula of Sri Lanka and the implications for arboviral disease transmission.

The mainly fresh water arboviral vector Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) can also undergo pre-imaginal development in brackish water of up to 15 ppt (parts per thousand) salt in coastal areas. We investigated differences in salinity tolerance, egg laying preference, egg hatching and larval development times and resistance to common insecticides in Ae. aegypti collected from brackish and fresh water habitats in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Brackish water-derived Ae. aegypti were more tolerant of salinity than fresh water-derived Ae. aegypti and this difference was only partly reduced after their transfer to fresh water for up to five generations. Brackish water-derived Ae. aegypti did not significantly discriminate between 10 ppt salt brackish water and fresh water for oviposition, while fresh water-derived Ae. aegypti preferred fresh water. The hatching of eggs from both brackish and fresh water-derived Ae. aegypti was less efficient and the time taken for larvae to develop into pupae was prolonged in 10 ppt salt brackish water. Ae. aegypti isolated from coastal brackish water were less resistant to the organophosphate insecticide malathion than inland fresh water Ae. aegypti. Brackish and fresh water-derived Ae. aegypti however were able to mate and produce viable offspring in the laboratory. The results suggest that development in brackish water is characterised by pertinent biological changes, and that there is restricted genetic exchange between coastal brackish and inland fresh water Ae. aegypti isolates from sites 5 km apart. The findings highlight the need for monitoring Ae. aegypti developing in coastal brackish waters and extending vector control measures to their habitats.

Effect of leptin on prolactin and insulin-like growth factor-I secretion by cultured rat endometrial stromal cells.

OBJECTIVE: To study the possible effect of leptin on PRL and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I secretion from rat endometrial stromal cells. DESIGN: The effect of recombinant murine leptin on the secretion of PRL and IGF-I by cultured rat endometrial cells was investigated. SETTING: Academic institutions. ANIMAL(S): Laboratory bred virgin female rats aged 3-4 months. INTERVENTION(S): Endometrial stromal cell (ESC) cultures in the fourth passage stimulated with 1-1,000 ng/mL of leptin for 24 hours and with 1 ng/mL leptin for 24-72 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Measurement of PRL and IGF-I levels in the conditioned media by enzyme immunoassay. RESULT(S): Endometrial stromal cells grown in vitro secreted both PRL and IGF-I into the medium and the concentrations significantly increased with passage of time even in the absence of leptin. The increase in PRL was seen mainly at 72 hours and in IGF-I at 24 and 72 hours. Presence of leptin in the culture medium (1-1,000 ng/mL) further enhanced PRL secretion in a dose-dependent manner and this effect was seen with all leptin doses used. Leptin also increased PRL secretion in a time-dependent manner and the increase was seen at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Leptin did not significantly affect IGF-I secretion either in a dose- or a time-dependent manner. CONCLUSION(S): Biological effects of leptin on the rat endometrium include dose- and time-dependent stimulatory effects on stromal cell PRL secretion.