Effect of Energy Drink on Bone Formation in the Expanded Inter-Premaxillary Suture.

Maxillary expansion of the median palatal suture is a common procedure in orthodontics. Even after retention, there is a strong tendency to relapse in the expanded suture. The authors' objectives are to accelerate the bone formation process in the expanded suture and to reduce the required retention time by using an energy drink (ED). Twenty rats were divided into 2 groups (n = 20). The expansion-only group was defined as the control group (Group C). The other group was defined as the expansion-plus-energy drink group (Group ED). In Group ED, ED was administered systemically through oro-gastric tubes after the expansion period. After 5 days of expansion, the springs were removed and replaced with short lengths of rectangular retaining wire. Tooth separation was maintained for 12 days. Histomorphometric analysis showed significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of newly formed bone (P = 0.018) and the bone area (P = 0.007). For the parameters that were investigated, Group ED had better results than Group C. These results show that systemic administration of an ED during the early stages of the orthopedic expansion of the inter-maxillary suture areas can stimulate bone formation and decrease the time required for retention.

The Effects of Nigella Sativa Seed Extract on Bone Healing in an Experimental Model.

The purpose of this study was to histologically evaluate the effects on bone healing of nigella sativa seed extract applied on calvarial defects in an ovariectomized rat model. The study included 32 female rats weighing 280 to 310 g with an average age of 3 months. A defect was created with a trephine burr on each rat calvarium. The rats were divided into 2 groups (control and study) of 8 animals each. All the defects were grafted with a gelatin sponge mixed with normal saline. In the study group, nigella sativa seed extract was applied systemically using an oro-gastric tube. Half of the animals in each group were sacrificed after 2 weeks, and the others after 4 weeks. In the control groups, the defects were not completely filled with regenerated bone. Osteoblast cells were observed more in the study groups. A higher rate of osteoclasts was determined in the control groups. In addition, the nigella sativa group had a statistically greater amount of bone formation than the others group at both 2 weeks and 4 weeks (P <0.05). The systemic application of nigella sativa seed extract demonstrated incredibly positive effects on enhanced bone healing in this experimental osteoporotic model.

Effects of different biomaterials on augmented bone volume resorptions.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), deproteinized bovine bone graft (DBBG), and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) biomaterials on total volume resorption levels and bone augmentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups (PRF, DBBG, and BCP). Two titanium barriers were fixed bilaterally to each rabbit's calvarium; a total of 18 titanium barriers were used. All barriers were removed on the 90th day. Computed tomography (CT) images of the animals were taken on the 90th, 120th, 150th, and 180th days. RESULTS: When the resorption level of the total volume in all groups on the 120th, 150th, and 180th days was compared with that of the 90th day, no significant differences among all groups were found in all intervals. According to the total volume on the 90th and 180th days, statistically significant differences between groups DBBG and BCP were not found; however, statistically significant differences were found between group PRF and the others groups (P < 0.001). On the other hand, there were statistically significant differences in regenerated bone area between group PRF and BCP. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, grafts such as DBBG or BCP must be used to augment bone volume sufficiently in guided bone regeneration.

Effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on wound healing in calvarial defects.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to analyze histologically the effect of CAPE on bone healing of Critical Size Defect (CSD) in rat calvaria. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty-two 3-month-old male rats were used. The animals were randomly divided into four groups. Group A received isotonic saline solution, Group B received CAPE (50 mmol/kg) locally, Group C received CAPE (100 mmol/kg) locally and Group D received CAPE (10 mmol/kg/day i.p. for 28 days) systematically. A 5-mm diameter calvarial defect was created in the right side of the parietal bone without damaging the underlying dura mater. Twenty-eight days after the surgery, all the animals were sacrificed. The original defect area was removed from the animal's calvarium bone en bloc. Beginning at the center of the surgical defect, serial sections of 6 µm thick were cut longitudinally. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for analysis under a light microscope. The sections were analyzed for the presence of inflammatory infiltrate, connective tissue formation and new bone formation. Computer-assisted histomorphometic measurements were carried out with an automated image analysis system. RESULTS: The total new bone areas were significantly greater in group D than in all groups and group C was statistically insignificant from the other groups (p < 0.05). Group B had a greater, but not statistically significant (p > 0.05), amount of total regenerated bone area than the control group. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that 100 mmol/kg topical and 10 mmol/kg/day systemic application of CAPE increases bone healing, especially with systemic application.

The effect of local simvastatin application on critical size defects in the diabetic rats.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate bone-healing effects of local simvastatin application to critical size defects (CSDs) in the experimental diabetes mellitus (DM) rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 35 male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 350 g and aged 3 months were used in this study. The rats were divided into five groups of seven animals each: passive control (group A), active control (group B), 0.5 mg simvastatin (group C), 1.0 mg simvastatin (group D), and 1.5 mg simvastatin (group E). Streptozotocin was used to induce Type 1 diabetes in all rats. Eight mm CSDs were created under anesthesia in each rat calvarium. CSDs were left empty in group A. Defects in group B were grafted alone with a gelatin sponge mixed with normal saline. Defects in the experimental groups (groups A, B, and C) were grafted with gelatin sponge mixed saline solutions contain 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mg simvastatin. Rats were sacrificed after 1 month, and the defects were prepared for radiologic and histomorphometric assessment of regenerated bone. RESULTS: None of the specimens exhibited complete closure of new bone across the 8-mm defect. A correlation between computed tomography and histomorphometric analysis was not determined. Both amount of volume and area of regenerated bone were found higher in the experimental groups than in the control groups. However, these values were not found statistically significant degree (P < 0.05) for each groups. The density of regenerated bone in the region of interest was higher in the control groups in contrast to in the experimental groups. However, statistical significance was just found between groups C and A and between groups C and B (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The local simvastatin application enhanced healing of the bone defects in the diabetic rat model CSDs.

Comparison of the influence of ozone and laser therapies on pain, swelling, and trismus following impacted third-molar surgery.

This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the ozone and laser application in the management of pain, swelling, and trismus after third-molar surgery. Sixty consecutive patients with asymptomatic impacted mandibular third molars were recruited into the study. Patients were randomized into three treatment groups of 20 patients each: two study groups (group 1 = low-level laser therapy (LLLT), group 2 = ozone therapy) and a control group (no-LLLT or ozone therapy). Twenty teeth extractions were performed in each group. Evaluations of postoperative pain, the number of analgesics tablets taken, trismus, swelling, and quality of life (Oral Health Impact Profile-14 questionnaire) were made. The sample consisted of 28 female and 32 male patients, whose total mean age was 23.5 ± 3.4 (range, 18-25) years. The pain level and the number of analgesics tablets taken were lower in the ozonated and LLLT applied groups than in the control group. This study showed that ozone and low power laser therapies had a positive effect on the patients' quality of life. Trismus in the LLLT group was significantly less than in the ozonated and control groups (p = 0.033). Ozone application showed no superiority in regards of postoperative swelling; however, LLLT group had significantly lower postoperative swelling. This study demonstrates that ozone and laser therapies are useful for the reduction of postoperative pain and they increase quality of life after third-molar surgery. Although the ozone therapy had no effect on postoperative swelling and trismus after surgical removal of impacted lower third molars, LLLT had a positive effect.

Ectopic tooth in the maxillary sinus diagnosed with an ophthalmic complication.

Ectopic teeth erupt into regions other than the natural position or should be impacted in unusual location. Etiology of these teeth includes trauma, infection, and developmental diseases; however, in many cases, it is idiopathic. In addition, dentigerous cysts that are related with ectopic teeth may also affect adjacent anatomic regions. The occurrence of ophthalmic complications related with ectopic teeth is a rare situation. In this article, we aimed to present a patient who had a blurred vision thought that resulted from the dentigerous cyst associated with the ectopic third molar in the maxillary sinus roof.

Effects of energy drinks on soft tissue healing.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an energy drink (ED) on soft tissue wound healing in the rat model. Thirty-six male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 2 groups. A full-thickness paravertebral linear incision wound model was created. The experimental group (EG) received an ED (Red Bull), and the control group (CG) received water. Red Bull (3.57 mL/kg/d) was administered to the rats by the oral gavage method on the day before the skin incision and continued for 14 days. The rats were sacrificed (n = 6 in each group) on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th day of the study. Sections were obtained from excised linear wound healing site and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichrome for morphological analysis. To assess angiogenesis on the sections, immunohistochemical studies were carried out using vascular endothelial growth factor antibody and alpha smooth muscle actin Ab-1. The breaking strength of the wound healing site was measured in Newtons using a tensiometer. Morphological analysis showed that collagen deposition in the wound areas was statistically higher in the EG compared with that of the CG at both the third and seventh days (P < 0.05). Re-epithelialization on healing sites in the EG was statistically higher than in the CG on the seventh day (P < 0.05). The results of the immunohistochemical studies indicated that the numbers of new blood vessels in the wound healing sites of the EG were significantly higher at the 7th and 14th days when compared with the CG (P < 0.05). The breaking strength of the wound healing sites was also significantly higher on the 7th and 14th days in the EG (P < 0.05). The results demonstrate that ED accelerates soft tissue wound healing and that its effect may be due to increased collagen deposition, re-epithelialization, and new blood vessel formation in the wound.

Comparative investigation of the effects of different materials used with a titanium barrier on new bone formation.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to study the effects on new bone formation of autogenous blood, deproteinized bovine bone graft (DBBG), and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) bioceramic graft materials placed under titanium barriers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four adult male New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. Two titanium barriers were fixed on each rabbit's calvarium. The study included four groups, one of which was a control group. The experiment groups, autogenous blood, DBBG (Bio-Oss(®) ; Geistlich Biomaterials, Wolhusen, Switzerland) and BCP (4Bone(TM) ; Biomatlante, Vigneux de Bretagne, France) were placed under titanium barriers; in the control group, no materials were used. Half of the animals were sacrificed after 1 month, and the rest were sacrificed after 3 months. After this, micro-computerized tomography images were taken, and a histomorphometric evaluation was carried out. RESULTS: The amounts of new bone formation were found to be higher at the third month than at the first month. The differences between the groups were examined with both a micro-computerized tomography and histomorphometric analysis, and no statistical significance was noted in the first month. In contrast, the increase in the amount of new bone formation at the third month was found to be statistically significant only between the DBBG and control groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Autogenous blood with titanium barriers in guided bone regeneration seems to be as successful as DBBG and BCP bioceramic graft material.

An unforeseen complication arising from inferior alveolar nerve block: is anemia possible?

Complications after administration of local anesthesia for dental procedures are well recognized. We present here 2 cases of patients with anemic areas on their faces resulting from inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB). The precise cause of this complication is unknown; however, it may be derived from anastomosis of the maxillary artery, rapid injection of local anesthetic solution, misdirection of the needle, and spread of the solution to the upper region of the mandible. Although neurologic occurrences resulting from IANB are rare, dentists should keep in mind that certain dental procedures such as administering IANB could cause anemic areas on the face. Henceforth, dentists should consider the possibility of anemia after administration of IANB and pay attention to avoid complications during the procedure.

Effects of laser and ozone therapies on bone healing in the calvarial defects.

This study aims to analyze the effect of the low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and ozone therapy on the bone healing of critical size defect (CSD) in rat calvaria. A total of 30 Wistar male rats were used. A 5-mm-diameter trephine bur was used to create CSD on the right side of the parietal bone of each rat calvarium. Once the bone was excised, a synthetic biphasic calcium phosphate graft material was implanted to all the bone defect sites. The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups as follows: the control group (n = 10), which received no LLLT or ozone therapy; the LLLT group (n = 10), which received only LLLT (120 seconds, 3 times a week for 2 weeks); and the ozone therapy group (n = 10) (120 seconds, 3 times a week for 2 weeks). After 1 month, all the rats were killed, and the sections were examined to evaluate the presence of inflammatory infiltrate, connective tissue, and new bone formation areas. Histomorphometric analyses showed that in the LLLT and ozone groups, the new bone areas were significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). In the LLLT group, higher new bone areas were found than in the ozone group (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that both ozone and laser therapies had a positive effect on bone formation in rat calvarial defect, compared with the control group; however, ozone therapy was more effective than LLLT (808 nm; 0.1 W; 4 J/cm(2); 0.028 cm(2), continuous wave mode).

Musculoskeletal complaints among oral and maxillofacial surgeons and dentists: a questionnaire study.

OBJECTIVE: This is a questionnaire study aimed to collect information from Turkish dentists and oral and maxillofacial surgeons concerning common occupation-related health problems, their knowledge about these problems and the precautions they commonly took. STUDY DESIGN: This study involved a postal questionnaire survey of oral and maxillofacial surgeons and other dentists working in various regions of Turkey in both public and private dental institutions in 2010. RESULTS: A total of 608 dentists (337 female, 271 male) were included in the study group and evaluated for musculoskeletal complaints. The mean age of participant was 27.63 ± 9.5, ranging from 22-63 years old. Working position is very important for development of pain. This study exhibited that a significant proportion of dentists with pain worked in standing or sitting alternately working positions (p < 0.001). This study found that 39% of dentists worked in standing position with loading on the right foot, 14.6% loading on left foot and 46.4% loading on both the right and left foot alternately to balance their body weights. It was found that 57% of respondents had worked with a dental assistant and 43% had not. CONCLUSION: In this study, it was found that musculoskeletal complaints were most frequently seen at dentists and oral and maxillofacial surgeons who have long working hours per day, working in sitting or standing positions alternately and intermittent working designs.

Characteristics of 351 supernumerary molar teeth in Turkish population.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the demographic profile of supernumerary molar (SM) teeth in people in various regions of Turkey. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective analysis was carried out on an initial sample of 104,902 subjects drawn from the ortopantographics files from 10 clinics in 7 Turkish cities with documentation of demographic data, the presence of SM teeth, their location, eruption, morphology, and position within the arch. In one region associated patho-logies and treatments were also evaluated. RESULTS: Three hundred fifty-one SMs were detected in 288 patients, constituting 0.33% of the study subjects, with a greater frequency in females (56.4%). SMs were found more frequently in the maxilla (87.7%) than in the mandible, and distomolars (62.9%) were more common than paramolars. The SMs encountered were mostly of conical shape (45.7%), impacted (81.1%), and in a vertical position (52.1). The 33% of SM teeth were related to impacted molar teeth. CONCLUSION: The most common complication involving these teeth was soft tissue irritation. Demographic data from such specific extensive studies are crucial for improved diagnosis of SM teeth. Early detection allows for measures against complications and more successful therapy.

Analysis of different type of transmigrant mandibular teeth.

OBJECTIVE: Until recently, most reports about transmigration have documented that the canine is the only tooth which can migrate to the opposite side of the arch. The goal of the study was to define the transmigration of different types of teeth in people in various regions of Turkey. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 112,873 panoramic radiographic files from seven different Turkish cities were inspected. The following data were evaluated according to age, gender, number of transmigrant teeth, localization, eruption status, side, unilaterally or bilaterally and associated pathology or dental abnormalities. RESULTS: Of the 112,873 radiographs included in the study, 90 were seen to present as transmigrant in 87 patients, representing 0.079% of the sample. There were only two (0.0017%) transmigrant lateral (TML) teeth and only three (0.0026%) transmigrant premolar (TMP) teeth encountered. The mean age at the time that the transmigrant mandibular teeth were identified was 29.9 years, with a range from 10 to 66 years. Out of the 87 cases, 51 were female and 36 were male, with a male:female ratio of 1:1.41. Transmigrants were more commonly seen unilaterally (96.5%). The most frequent associated pathology was odontoma. CONCLUSIONS: Because early detection is vital to prevent complications and ensure more successful treatment, these extensive studies are crucial. In this extensive study, we indicated cases of transmigration of premolar and lateral teeth as a variant. Demographic variables and properties of all transmigrants (TM) were also presented.

Neoplasms of the salivary glands in a Turkish adult population.

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study aimed to investigate the types and distribution of neoplasm of salivary glands in a Turkish population. STUDY DESIGN: The histological diagnosis records of the Department of Pathology at Cumhuriyet University were reevaluated for 125 patients who were treated for salivary gland tumors from 1987 to 2008. The neoplasms were analyzed for histological diagnosis, age, sex, and site. The histological diagnoses were analyzed according to the 2005 WHO classification. RESULTS: A total of 125 primary salivary gland neoplasms, consisting of 95 (76%) benign and 30 (24%) malignant groups were recorded. The most common major and minor salivary gland sites were the parotid (61.6%) and palatal glands (9.6%), respectively. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most frequent benign tumor followed by Warthin's tumor. Among the malignant group, adenoid cystic carcinoma was the most prevalent. Age for all cases ranged from 16-80 years; mean age was 41.97 years, with a female to male ratio of 1:1.15. CONCLUSIONS: Although there were some discrepancies, the characteristics of salivary gland tumors of Turkish patients are in line with those of patients from other countries according to tumor type, tumor site distribution, and age and sex of patients.

Effects of Ankaferd BloodStopper on bone healing in an ovariectomized osteoporotic rat model.

Bone defects resulting from oncological surgical resections, congenital facial anomalies, trauma or infection represent a significant and common clinical problem. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a commercially-available medicinal plant extract product, Ankaferd BloodStopper (ABS), on bone healing. The present study was performed on 24 female ovariectomized (OVX) rats. A defect on each rat calvarium was created using a trephine burr prior to the rats being divided into two groups. Defects were grafted with a gelatin sponge soaked with normal saline (control group) or plant extract (experimental group). Half of the animals were sacrificed after 2 weeks and the others after 4 weeks. In the control group, the defects were not filled with regenerated bone. By contrast, in the experimental group, all defect areas had an increased amount of regenerated bone and connective tissue. Osteoblastic activity appeared to be greater in the experimental group however, osteoclastic activity was observed to be higher in the control group. At 2 and 4 weeks, there was a significant difference in the amount of newly regenerated bone observed in the experimental group compared with the control group (P<0.05). Therefore, the results of the present study indicated that local ABS application had a positive effect on bone healing in the OVX rat model.

Accelerated tooth movement with piezocision and its periodontal-transversal effects in patients with Class II malocclusion.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the extent of canine distalization and the transversal changes, postdistalization gingival indices, and mobility scores between patients who were undergoing orthodontic treatment involving upper premolar extraction with (experimental group) or without piezocision. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty maxillary canines of 10 patients were evaluated with split mouth design. Pre- and postdistalization dental casts were prepared and scanned with an orthodontic scanner to compare the extent of distalization and transversal changes between the two groups. The pre- and postdistalization gingival indices and mobility scores were also calculated. RESULTS: Three-dimensional analysis of the models revealed significant differences in tooth movement (lesser anchorage loss and greater canine distalization) between the experimental and control groups. Furthermore, the distalization time was shortened in the experimental group. There were no differences in the transversal changes, pre- and postdistalization gingival indices, or mobility scores between groups. CONCLUSION: Piezocision-assisted distalization accelerates tooth movement, decreases the anchorage loss for posterior teeth, and does not induce any maxillary transversal change. Moreover, piezocision does not have any adverse effects on periodontal health.

Does watching a video on third molar surgery increase patients' anxiety level?

OBJECTIVE: To identify the effects of watching live taping of third molar removal on patients' anxiety levels before and after extraction. STUDY DESIGN: This study was based on a prospective, cross-sectional, observational investigation of the different patient education techniques about the effect of third molar removal on patients' anxiety level. A total of 333 patients were randomized into three groups: two study groups (for group 1, basic information was given verbally; for group 2, which was the study group, basic information was given verbally and through a movie on third molar extraction); and a control group (basic information was given verbally; it did not include information on operative procedures and recovery). Anxiety levels were assessed by using the Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Pain was assessed with a visual analog scale. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 16.0. RESULTS: Group 2 patients were significantly more anxious before the surgical procedure, and the most significant decreases in DAS and STAI scores were observed in that group. The age, surgery time, and education level were not correlated with anxiety or pain levels; however, female patients had high levels of anxiety (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Preoperative multimedia information increases the anxiety of patients undergoing third molar surgery.

Effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on bone formation in the expanded inter-premaxillary suture.

BACKGROUND: Narrow maxilla is a common problem in orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. To solve this problem, a procedure called rapid maxillary expansion (RME) has been used. However, relapse tendency is a major problem of RME. Although relapse tendency is not clearly understood, various treatment procedures and new applications have been investigated. The present study aimed to investigate the possible effectiveness of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on new bone formation in rat midpalatal suture after RME. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty male Sprague Dawley rats were used in this study. The animals were randomly divided into two groups as control and CAPE group. In the CAPE group, CAPE was administered systemically via intraperitoneal injection. RME procedure was performed on all animals. For this purpose, the springs were placed on the maxillary incisors of rats and activated for 5 days. After then, the springs were removed and replaced with short lengths of rectangular retaining wire for consolidation period of 15 days. At the end of the study, histomorphometric analysis was carried out to assess new bone formation. RESULTS: New bone formation was significantly greater in the CAPE group than the control group (P<0.05). CAPE enhances new bone formation in midpalatal suture after RME. CONCLUSION: These results show that CAPE may decrease the time needed for retention.

Effectiveness of two different splints to treat temporomandibular disorders.

Nearly 5% of the the world's population has temporomandibular disorder (TMD) severe enough to make them seek treatment. A third of the total population has at least one TMD symptom. There are different types of splints to treat TMD. In our study, we compared the success of two different appliances [stabilization splint (ss), nociceptive trigeminal inhibition splint (NTI)] by using Fonseca's questionnaire, the OHQoL-UK and visual analog scale (VAS). A total of 40 patients suffering from TMD were included in this study and answered questionnaires twice, at the beginning of the treatment and 3 months later. Regarding TMD alone, 39 patients (97.5%) had some degree of the disorder, 7 of of these cases being mild (17.5%), 15 moderate (37.5%), and 17 severe (42.5%). We analyzed posttreatment changes compared to baseline. Pain complaints decreased in both groups, and the OHQoL-UK revealed better quality of life after treatment. Based on the posttreatment Fonseca's questionnaires, significant changes in the patients' complaints in the group SS (p < 0.01) were observed. The group NTI also displayed changes but these were not statistically significant after treatment (p > 0.05). Patients in both groups had fewer TMD complaints after TMJ treatment. According to the Fonseca's questionnaire, the patients' major TMD complaint was clenching-grinding, followed by pain in the craniomandibular joint, or earache.