Ravulizumab (ALXN1210) vs eculizumab in adult patients with PNH naive to complement inhibitors: the 301 study.

Ravulizumab (ALXN1210), a new complement C5 inhibitor, provides immediate, complete, and sustained C5 inhibition. This phase 3, open-label study assessed the noninferiority of ravulizumab to eculizumab in complement inhibitor-naive adults with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Patients with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ≥1.5 times the upper limit of normal and at least 1 PNH symptom were randomized 1:1 to receive ravulizumab or eculizumab for 183 days (N = 246). Coprimary efficacy end points were proportion of patients remaining transfusion-free and LDH normalization. Secondary end points were percent change from baseline in LDH, change from baseline in Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue score, proportion of patients with breakthrough hemolysis, stabilized hemoglobin, and change in serum free C5. Ravulizumab was noninferior to eculizumab for both coprimary and all key secondary end points (Pinf < .0001): transfusion avoidance (73.6% vs 66.1%; difference of 6.8% [95% confidence interval (CI), -4.66, 18.14]), LDH normalization (53.6% vs 49.4%; odds ratio, 1.19 [0.80, 1.77]), percent reduction in LDH (-76.8% vs -76.0%; difference [95% CI], -0.83% [-5.21, 3.56]), change in FACIT-Fatigue score (7.07 vs 6.40; difference [95% CI], 0.67 [-1.21, 2.55]), breakthrough hemolysis (4.0% vs 10.7%; difference [95% CI], -6.7% [-14.21, 0.18]), and stabilized hemoglobin (68.0% vs 64.5%; difference [95% CI], 2.9 [-8.80, 14.64]). The safety and tolerability of ravulizumab and eculizumab were similar; no meningococcal infections occurred. In conclusion, ravulizumab given every 8 weeks achieved noninferiority compared with eculizumab given every 2 weeks for all efficacy end points, with a similar safety profile. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02946463.

Prognostic factors and follow-up parameters in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH): experience of the Austrian PNH network.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare hematologic disease characterized by a deregulated complement system, chronic Coombs-negative, intravascular hemolysis, and a variable clinical course with substantial risk to develop thromboembolic events. We analyzed diagnostic and prognostic parameters as well as clinical endpoints in 59 adult patients suffering from PNH in 5 hematology centers in Austria (observation period: 1978-2015). Median follow-up time was 5.6 years. The median clone size at diagnosis amounted to 55% and was higher in patients with classical PNH (81%) compared to patients with PNH associated with aplastic anemia (AA) or myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) (50%). The clone size also correlated with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. In one patient, anemia improved spontaneously and disappeared with complete normalization of LDH after 16 years. Seventeen patients received therapy with eculizumab. The rate of thromboembolic events was higher in the pre-eculizumab era compared with eculizumab-treated patients but did not correlate with the presence of age-related clonal hematopoiesis or any other clinical or laboratory parameters. Peripheral blood colony-forming progenitor cell counts were lower in PNH patients compared with healthy controls. Only two patients with classical PNH developed MDS. Overall, 7/59 patients died after 0.5-32 years. Causes of death were acute pulmonary hypertension, Budd-Chiari syndrome, and septicemia. Overall survival (OS) was mainly influenced by age and was similar to OS measured in an age-matched healthy Austrian control cohort. Together, compared with previous times, the clinical course and OS in PNH are favorable, which may be due to better diagnosis, early recognition, and eculizumab therapy.

Normal and pathological erythropoiesis in adults: from gene regulation to targeted treatment concepts.

Pathological erythropoiesis with consequent anemia is a leading cause of symptomatic morbidity in internal medicine. The etiologies of anemia are complex and include reactive as well as neoplastic conditions. Clonal expansion of erythroid cells in the bone marrow may result in peripheral erythrocytosis and polycythemia but can also result in anemia when clonal cells are dysplastic and have a maturation arrest that leads to apoptosis and hinders migration, a constellation typically seen in the myelodysplastic syndromes. Rarely, clonal expansion of immature erythroid blasts results in a clinical picture resembling erythroid leukemia. Although several mechanisms underlying normal and abnormal erythropoiesis and the pathogenesis of related disorders have been deciphered in recent years, little is known about specific markers and targets through which prognosis and therapy could be improved in anemic or polycythemic patients. In order to discuss new markers, targets and novel therapeutic approaches in erythroid disorders and the related pathologies, a workshop was organized in Vienna in April 2017. The outcomes of this workshop are summarized in this review, which includes a discussion of new diagnostic and prognostic markers, the updated WHO classification, and an overview of new drugs used to stimulate or to interfere with erythropoiesis in various neoplastic and reactive conditions. The use and usefulness of established and novel erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for various indications, including myelodysplastic syndromes and other neoplasms, are also discussed.

Resolution of extravascular hemolysis with oral iptacopan monotherapy in a patient with treatment experienced paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH).

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired hematologic disorder characterized by a loss of glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol-linked (GPI) proteins on various hematopoietic cells. Some GPI proteins are involved in the regulation of the complement system, and their absence renders erythrocytes susceptible to complement-mediated lysis. Current standard of care in PNH is to block the complement system at the level of C5 using ravulizumab or eculizumab; however, some patients with PNH may develop extravascular hemolysis (EVH) during treatment with C5 inhibitors. The proximal complement inhibitor iptacopan has recently been shown to be efficacious in patients with PNH. This article reports on a 43-year-old female patient with PNH who was successfully treated with iptacopan. The patient had received ravulizumab for several years and developed a clinically relevant EVH. After obtaining informed consent, the patient received oral iptacopan 200 mg twice daily and ravulizumab was discontinued. Over the next few weeks hemoglobin levels and reticulocyte counts normalized. The patient reported mild flushes with erythema, chills, and mild muscle pain, all of which resolved during follow-up. No breakthrough hemolysis occurred, and no severe adverse events were recorded.

Phase 3 Study of Subcutaneous Versus Intravenous Ravulizumab in Eculizumab-Experienced Adult Patients with PNH: Primary Analysis and 1-Year Follow-Up.

INTRODUCTION: This study compared the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the ravulizumab on-body delivery system for subcutaneous (SUBQ) administration with intravenous (IV) ravulizumab in eculizumab-experienced patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). METHODS: Patients with PNH received SUBQ ravulizumab (n = 90) or IV ravulizumab (n = 46) during the 10-week randomized treatment period; all patients then received SUBQ ravulizumab during an extension period (< 172 weeks; data cutoff 1 year). Primary endpoint was day 71 serum ravulizumab trough concentration (Ctrough). Secondary endpoints were ravulizumab Ctrough and free C5 over time. Efficacy endpoints included change in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), breakthrough hemolysis (BTH), transfusion avoidance, stabilized hemoglobin, and Treatment Administration Satisfaction Questionnaire (TASQ) score. Safety, including adverse events (AEs) and adverse device effects (ADEs), was assessed until data cutoff. RESULTS: SUBQ ravulizumab demonstrated PK non-inferiority with IV ravulizumab (day 71 SUBQ/IV geometric least-squares means ratio 1.257 [90% confidence interval 1.160-1.361; p < 0.0001]). Through 1 year of SUBQ administration, ravulizumab Ctrough values were > 175 µg/mL (PK threshold) and free C5 < 0.5 µg/mL (PD threshold). Efficacy endpoints remained stable: mean (standard deviation, SD) LDH percentage change was 0.9% (20.5%); BTH events, 5/128 patients (3.9%); 83.6% achieved transfusion avoidance; 79.7% achieved stabilized hemoglobin. Total TASQ score showed improved satisfaction with SUBQ ravulizumab compared with IV eculizumab (mean [SD] change at SUBQ day 351, - 69.3 [80.1]). The most common AEs during SUBQ treatment (excluding ADEs) were headache (14.1%), COVID-19 (14.1%), and pyrexia (10.9%); the most common ADE unrelated to a device product issue was injection site reaction (4.7%). Although many patients had ≥ 1 device issue-related ADE, full SUBQ dose administration was achieved in 99.9% of attempts. CONCLUSIONS: SUBQ ravulizumab provides an additional treatment choice for patients with PNH. Patients may switch to SUBQ ravulizumab from IV eculizumab or ravulizumab without loss of efficacy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03748823.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare blood disorder characterized by the destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis) within blood vessels. In addition to hemolysis, patients with PNH are susceptible to life-threatening blood clots (thromboses). Eculizumab and ravulizumab are types of treatments for PNH, called C5 inhibitors. In the blood, these treatments bind to C5 protein and prevent the destruction of red blood cells, reducing the symptoms and complications of PNH. Both treatments are approved for use via intravenous (through the vein) administration. Ravulizumab is also approved in the USA for use via subcutaneous (under the skin) administration. This study compared subcutaneous ravulizumab with intravenous ravulizumab in patients with PNH who had previously been treated with eculizumab. During the initial treatment period of 71 days, 90 patients received subcutaneous ravulizumab and 46 received intravenous ravulizumab. Following this period, all patients received subcutaneous ravulizumab. At day 71, the amount of ravulizumab in the blood of patients taking subcutaneous ravulizumab was no less than in patients taking intravenous ravulizumab and was maintained over 1 year of treatment. Efficacy measures (how well it works) remained stable in patients taking subcutaneous ravulizumab for 1 year and side effects were comparable with those of intravenous ravulizumab. Patients reported more satisfaction with subcutaneous ravulizumab than intravenous eculizumab, as assessed by the Treatment Administration Satisfaction Questionnaire. This study showed that patients with PNH can switch from intravenous eculizumab or ravulizumab to subcutaneous ravulizumab without loss of efficacy. Subcutaneous ravulizumab provides an additional treatment choice for patients with PNH.

Desmoplakin and KIF20B as target antigens in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria.

At least two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the mechanism of clonal expansion of mutant cells in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH). One hypothesis assumes an immune escape mechanism and another proposes an intrinsic second mutational event within clonal cells. We hypothesised that autoantibodies detected in PNH patients could identify antigens that might play a role in the pathophysiology of this disease and screened a human fetal liver cDNA library for serological reactivity against haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells antigens using the SEREX approach. Two antigens were identified that are constitutively expressed in CD34(+) cells. Three and four of 10 PNH patients showed antibody responses against kinesin family member 20B (KIF20B) (previously termed M-phase phosphoprotein 1, MPP1) and desmoplakin (DSP) respectively. We also found an antibody response in one of 20 healthy volunteers against desmoplakin, yet at a much lower titre than in PNH patients. No response to KIF20B or desmoplakin was detected in five patients with aplastic anaemia without a glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol -deficient clone. We conclude that KIF20B and desmoplakin have been shown to be the first known auto-antigens to be recognised by the immune system of patients with PNH. The analysis of the mechanisms underlying the autoimmune response might contribute to our understanding of the clonal expansion in PNH.

Risk factors and mechanisms contributing to TKI-induced vascular events in patients with CML.

Vascular adverse events (VAE) are an emerging problem in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) receiving second-generation BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Relevant VAE comprise peripheral, cerebral, and coronary artery changes in patients receiving nilotinib, venous and arterial occlusive events during ponatinib therapy, and pulmonary hypertension in patients receiving dasatinib. Although each TKI binds to a unique profile of molecular targets in leukemic cells and vascular cells, the exact etiology of drug-induced vasculopathies remains uncertain. Recent data suggest that predisposing molecular factors, pre-existing cardiovascular risk factors as well as certain comorbidities contribute to the etiology of VAE in these patients. In addition, direct effects of these TKI on vascular endothelial cells have been demonstrated and are considered to contribute essentially to VAE evolution. In the current article, we discuss mechanisms underlying the occurrence of VAE in TKI-treated patients with CML, with special emphasis on vascular and perivascular target cells and involved molecular (vascular) targets of VAE-triggering TKI. In addition, we discuss optimal patient selection and drug selection through which the risk of occurrence of cardiovascular events can hopefully be minimized while maintaining optimal anti-leukemic effects in CML, thereby following the principles of personalized medicine.

Evaluation of efficacy of alemtuzumab in 5 patients with aplastic anemia and/or myelodysplastic neoplasm.

Patients with aplastic anemia or hypoplastic myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) may respond to immunosuppressive therapy, including the anti-CD52 antibody alemtuzumab. We analyzed treatment responses to alemtuzumab in 5 patients with MDS or aplastic anemia (AA) evolving to MDS. Two patients with hypoplastic MDS (hMDS) showed a partial response (PR) to alemtuzumab. In both responding patients, a concomitant paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) clone was detected before therapy. One responder relapsed after 15 months and underwent successful allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Both patients are still alive and in remission after 40 and 20 months, respectively. The other patients showed no response to alemtuzumab. One patient died from pneumonia 4 months after treatment. In summary, our data confirm that alemtuzumab is an effective treatment option for a subset of patients with MDS, even in the presence of a PNH clone.

Highly refractory acute myeloid leukemia.

In this study we evaluated 103 patients suffering from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who did not respond to induction chemotherapy and defined a sub-group of patients with highly refractory disease characterized by a persistence of more than 1 G/L blast cells in the peripheral blood between days 12 and 16 of the first induction cycle. Only seven patients (one female, six males) met these criteria. Their median age was 65 years (range 41-82 years). Four had de novo AML and three secondary AML. Cytogenetic analysis was performed in six patients: complex aberrations were detected in four patients and, unexpectedly, normal karyotypes were found in the other two. Analysis of multidrug-resistance factors revealed high co-expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and lung resistance protein (LRP) in all four patients with highly refractory disease tested a finding in only 6% of patients with refractory disease and 3% of patients who achieved complete remission (CR) of disease. Furthermore, patients with highly refractory AML had substantially higher leukocyte counts than patients with refractory AML or CR, although this was not significant statistically. Overall, patients with highly refractory AML are characterized by a high incidence of complex cytogenetic aberrations and marked expression of drug transporters.

Evaluation of treatment responses and colony-forming progenitor cells in 50 patients with aplastic anemia after immunosuppressive therapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a single-center experience.

We analyzed the clinical course and outcome in 50 patients (27 males, 23 females) suffering from aplastic anemia (AA), treated in our department between 1987 and 2007. The median age was 37 years (range: 14-70 years). A total of 42 patients received antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine A (CSA). Seven patients were transplanted using a matched sibling donor upfront, and one patient was treated with CSA and growth factors only. A total of 34 patients (68 %) achieved a complete remission, and 7 (14 %), a partial remission. Eight patients (16 %) did not respond to treatment, and one died shortly after transplantation. Relapses of AA occurred in eight patients (20 %). No obvious correlations between clinical parameters, including age, karyotype, existence of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clones, pretreatment blood counts, progenitor cell counts, and the response to immunosuppressive therapy (IST), were found. We also examined the numbers of colony-forming progenitor cells (CFUs) before and after therapy. In most responding patients, CFU numbers increased substantially after successful therapy. However, even in patients without a substantial increase in CFU, stable remissions were observed. Together, both IST and stem cell transplantation are reasonable treatment options for patients with AA.

Treatment of refractory or relapsed acquired aplastic anemia: review of established and experimental approaches.

In a substantial number of patients with aplastic anemia (AA), immunosuppressive therapy (IST) with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine A (CSA) leads to long-lasting remissions and is thus regarded as standard therapy. However, no consensus exists on how to treat refractory or relapsed AA, especially when no related stem cell donor is available. For selected patients, matched unrelated donor stem cell transplant (MUDSCT) is an option. In addition, umbilical cord blood and haploidentical donors have been considered as an alternative source of stem cells. Patients without a suitable donor may benefit from a second cycle of ATG and CSA. Alternatives are alemtuzumab and high dose cyclophosphamide, both of which induce remission in more than 50% of patients with relapsed AA. Further experimental drugs are androgens, hematopoietic growth factors (interleukins IL-3, IL-6, and IL-11 and stem cell factor [SCF]), and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-targeting agent etanercept. Clinical trials with these agents are ongoing and will explore long-term outcomes and potential beneficial effects of drug combinations.

Dose study of the multikinase inhibitor, LY2457546, in patients with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia to assess safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics.

BACKGROUND: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a life-threatening malignancy with limited treatment options in chemotherapy-refractory patients. A first-in-human dose study was designed to investigate a safe and biologically effective dose range for LY2457546, a novel multikinase inhibitor, in patients with relapsed AML. METHODS: In this nonrandomized, open-label, dose escalation Phase I study, LY2457546 was administered orally once a day. Safety, pharmacokinetics, changes in phosphorylation of target kinases in AML blasts, and risk of drug-drug interactions (DDI) were assessed. RESULTS: Five patients were treated at the starting and predicted minimal biologically effective dose of 50 mg/day. The most commonly observed adverse events were febrile neutropenia, epistaxis, petechiae, and headache. The majority of adverse events (81%) were Grade 1 or 2. One patient had generalized muscle weakness (Grade 3), which was deemed to be a dose-limiting toxicity. Notably, the pharmacokinetic profile of LY2457546 showed virtually no elimination of LY2457546 within 24 hours, and thus prevented further dose escalation. No significant DDI were observed. Ex vivo flow cytometry studies showed downregulation of the phosphoproteins, pcKIT, pFLT3, and pS6, in AML blasts after LY2457546 administration. No medically relevant responses were observed in the five treated patients. CONCLUSION: No biologically effective dose could be established for LY2457546 in chemotherapy-resistant AML patients. Lack of drug clearance prevented safe dose escalation, and the study was terminated early. Future efforts should be made to develop derivatives with a more favorable pharmacokinetic profile.

Evaluation of angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in the bone marrow of patients with aplastic anemia.

It is generally appreciated that bone marrow function and growth of myelopoietic cells depends on an intact microvasculature. A pivotal regulator of angiogenesis is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Here, we describe analysis of VEGF expression and microvessel density in the bone marrow of patients with aplastic anemia by immunohistochemistry. Bone marrow was examined at diagnosis and at the time of hematological remission after immunosuppressive therapy using anti-thymocyte globulin, cyclosporin A, and glucocorticoids or allogeneic stem cell transplantation. At diagnosis, both VEGF expression and microvessel density were found to be significantly lower in aplastic anemia compared to normal bone marrow (aplastic anemia, 1.1 +/- 0.7 events per field, versus controls, 5.9 +/- 3.0 events per field; P < 0.05). In response to successful therapy, VEGF and microvessel density in the bone marrow increased substantially. Serum VEGF levels were also found to be significantly lower at diagnosis in aplastic anemia compared to healthy controls (aplastic anemia, 51 +/- 35 pg/ml versus controls, 444 +/- 220 pg/ml; P < 0.05). VEGF in the serum increased substantially after successful immunosuppressive therapy or stem cell transplantation (P < 0.05). Taken together, these data show that aplastic anemia is associated with reduced angiogenesis and reduced VEGF expression.

Clonal T cell-mediated cyclic thrombocytopenia.

Cyclic thrombocytopenia is a rare disorder characterized by periodic platelet count fluctuations of unknown aetiology. We report on a female patient with cyclic changes of platelet counts ranging from 6 x 10(9)/l to 753 x 10(9)/l in 4-week intervals. Platelet counts were inversely correlated to thrombopoietin levels suggesting production failure. Reticulocyte counts and neutrophil counts showed similar, but less prominent, fluctuations. Clonal T-cell receptor rearrangement was detected in bone marrow samples as well as in peripheral blood. Cell typing of blood lymphocytes revealed a relative increase in CD3+ T cells. Treatment with cyclosporine A resulted in a substantial improvement of platelet counts. Taken together, we provide evidence for clonal T-cell mediated bone marrow failure with cyclic impairment of thrombopoiesis responsive to cyclosporine therapy.